1.

0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN LABOUR IN MALAYSIA

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Foreign workers are vital labour forces that has become some portion of Malaysia's
life and economy. Such employees are non- Malaysia citizens hired on an impermanent to
fulfil the hole in hiring workers. Most of these migrant employees come from
neighbouring countries such as Nepal, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Bangladesh. Certainly,
Malaysia is considered to be Asia's biggest net employee importer and this demonstrates
that our industries rely upon them exceptionally[CITATION Wai18 \l 17417 ].
The utilizations of foreign labours are essential for 3D (dirty, dangerous and difficult)
segments that are ignored by Malaysian labourers. [ CITATION Nur171 \l 17417 ]The
construction industry could be too closely linked with the term 'foreign labourers'
[CITATION Kev17 \l 17417 ]. In Malaysia, the manufacturing, construction, plantation,
farming, services and domestic section were hired from foreign country. The services
sector consists of 11 sub-part for example, restaurant, cleaning services. More than 2
million foreign labour is being hired in the nation. A number of the foreign labourers
reached the country lawfully or unlawfully. The enrolment of foreign labourers needs to
go through several procedures. It will take a long time to finish. Datuk Seri Najib Abdul
Razak said the process of stopping foreign labour enrolment will be undertaken slowly so
that it would not have an economic impact on the country [CITATION Rah17 \l 17417 ].
The Ministry of Home Affairs stated that about 450,364 foreign labourers were hired
by the construction industry in 2015, causing this industry to hire the third largest number
of foreign labour (21.1%), under manufacturing (34.9%) and agriculture (23.3%) in
Malaysia. Currently, recruiting migrant labour as a construction labour is currently
viewed as a trend and this is mostly attributable to labour scarcity. They are qualified to
work and the low-cost foreign labour from nearby nations may be obtained. As the
Ministry of Home Affairs stated in 2015, there is an estimate of 2.13 million foreign
labours in Malaysia and that figure has exceeded the 2.06 million Indian ethnic
community (Wai Fun Choong, 2018). However, 93 per cent of construction labours are
foreign labourers (Arunandy, 2016). It is also obvious that Malaysia is flooded with
foreign labours.
 According to [ CITATION Moh15 \l 17417 ], utilizing foreign employees also created
a few issues on the Malaysian construction companies work rate. One of these is the poor
effort to obtain more efficient and modern construction techniques. Next, various migrant
employees require more construction skills, resulting in low work rates and low work
quality. Communication differences between the employer and foreign labours that
contribute to misinterpretation, which would decrease the level of work performed by
such a project [ CITATION PUA17 \l 17417 ]. In many cases had been detail for that a
portion of foreign labourers had been reported for not being able to adapt to new
environment of working in huge scope projects since they need more training in
concerning to their works even not had practical experience in their works.
Furthermore, the flood of foreign labour has influenced many social and economic
issues in Malaysia, starting from diseases to offense such as malaria, cholera, trafficking
and robbery [ CITATION PUA17 \l 17417 ]. Improved and more transparent political
discourse between main players such as government, local employers, employees, non-
governmental organisations and independent policy analysts will discuss these impacts
resulting from foreign employees [CITATION bdu15 \l 17417 ]. It will help to encourage
harmonious and fair working and industrial relations depends on economic and social.
Although the existence of foreign labour has a beneficial effect on Malaysia's economy, it
is unable to denied that it has a negative effect on the social, economic and political
aspects. [ CITATION Aru16 \l 17417 ]
Although, a few investigations endeavoured to analyse foreign workers problems in
Malaysia, there is no critical attempt has been made to evaluate the effect of foreign
workers on Malaysian economic growth. [ CITATION Aru16 \l 17417 ]. Therefore, this
research intentionally to give an overview about impacts of foreign labours in Malaysian
Construction Industry. Moreover, by doing so it will provide construction workers full
knowledge on issues that become apparent by employing foreign workers. Besides that, it
will prepare construction workers towards readiness to face those challenges in the future.
1.2 Problems in Malaysia construction Industry by Foreign Labour

1.2.1 Dangerous disease spreading

There are a few situations in which illnesses are carried by migrant labourers
from the home countries because of the absence of screening processes conducted by
the authorities as these foreigners walk through the country's borders. This can
transmit diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis and hepatitis to the population
[ CITATION Moh15 \l 17417 ]. In addition, infected labours rarely seek doctors as
the consulting costs can be expensive and their employees do not provide health
insurance plan and recompense. Some female migrant workers active in prostitution is
exposed to higher chance of growing AIDS and HIV which are untreatable diseases
[ CITATION PUA17 \l 17417 ].

1.2.2 Illegal migrant labours

Furthermore, the enormous increment in the demand of foreign workers has
triggered the beginning of a global problem which is the increment in illegal entries
for foreign labour. Foreign employees are continuously being misused and handled
poorly by their employers. There are several employers use a private agency to hire
foreign labour. A few agencies demanded high charges and produced fake agreements
for non-existent occupation that made foreign labour illegal (Arunandy 2016). Then
such illegal migrant labour is implicated in sexual slavery, mistreatment, and human
trafficking (Mohd Arif Marhani 2015).

1.2.3 Construction sector flooded with foreign labours

Occupations in the construction sector in Malaysia turn out to be controversial
as more foreign employees in that field and the working population are industrialized
in the country. Foreign employees in the construction sector have tended to decrease
labour shortages because they are concentrated, sometimes problematic, and to some
degree. Since the 1980s, the construction industry has faced serious shortages of jobs.
This issue will act successfully to deal with the issues linked to dropping the province
on foreign labours and associated with department that ought to be accountable and to
 boost the Construction Company's realization to the negative effect that comes along
with the amount of foreign labours.

1.2.4 Less involvement of local in Construction Industry

Lack of involvement of local youth who are eager to enter the construction
sector is exacerbated by construction project complication. The clarification of the
cause for the issues starts as they feel the construction industry has become a dirty,
dangerous and challenging profession. In the end, every foreign labour had filled local
construction industry occupations or work opportunities in construction field for
example, a site supervisor[CITATION RAZ151 \l 17417 ]. Local residents at that
point do not feel comfortable despite the restrictions on the work opportunities of
foreign employees. When the jobless rate increases, more local people decide to
migrate to another developed country to gain better income. This makes a country
more dependent on foreign labour to fulfil the needs of local labour.

1.2.5 Reluctance of the employer to hire local workers

Other than that, the growing requirement for foreign labour is a big issue for
employers because it came with high market costs and the imminent increase in the
lower wages that would be implemented in 2018 [ CITATION Ama17 \l 17417 ].
This may show that the employer is more reluctant to hire local workers due to higher
salaries and has preferred to seek illicit foreign labour that can affect the social
security of the country [ CITATION PUA17 \l 17417 ]. Malaysia should fulfil certain
requirements to tempt the nation in foreign labours. Recognizing the different factors
that affect the influx and outflow of foreign labour in Malaysia.

1.2.6 Competition with local labour

As indicated by statistics demonstrating that approximately 2.5 million jobs
are occupied in Malaysia and 11 million people are working in every field. The
presence of foreign labours in the nation was viewed as a requirement of workers in
Malaysia in spite of the interest, if they result in the emergence of workforce
surpassing the opportunities to obtain occupation for work in Malaysia, this would
positively influence the occupation to citizens. For instance, in the construction
industry many foreign employees took over the job whether they were unskilled or
 skilled. This issue arises when the distinction is made between foreign labours and the
local labours. In this respect, Foreign employees are expected to earn lower pay in
comparison to local employees (Hanum 2020). Local employees find it unfitting in
the construction sector which cause less interest in working in the construction
industry. Finally, it makes employers seek the initiative to expand foreign labour, to
work in the construction industry just as well as to limit the costs. If the circumstance
tends to cause the rate of joblessness among local employees would rise and lead
household income to decrease and cause scarcity.

1.2.7 The Language Problem

Language obstruction has been an issue among foreign labourers in Malaysia's
construction industry, particularly between the supervisor and the construction site's
foreign workers. Alluding to the statistics for the issues of the foreign workers pass in
Malaysia's construction industry, majority of foreign labours are from developing
nations with lower trade rate such as Indonesia, Nepal, Myanmar, India, Vietnam and
Bangladesh [ CITATION Won15 \l 17417 ].
Those nations are the highest choice for construction firm for
labours enrolment since the salaries they request are not high as local level.  However,
it may trigger to problems in the construction site because majority of them are unable
to comprehend or interact with their superiors in the local language, resulting in a loss
in community unity due to lack in contact. It is challenging for labours to grasp work
instructions, safety laws, and to clarify signals of safety alert[ CITATION Fal20 \l
17417 ].
This is the elements that relate to the accidents that occurs on the construction
site and carry with it enormous effect to the project, such as slowing the progress,
accident, inability  or even death of labourers, causing the company to be short-staffed
and cause misfortunes on them due to limitless recompense and delay. It would be a
disappointment for all involved parties who could have stayed away from language
lessons and more exertion to understand each other. Language is an easy matter, but it
can have major repercussions, even tragic and result include for everybody.

1.2.8 Problems about the provision of facilities for foreign labour

Most foreign labours do not get the recompense and insurance advantages
even they are legally eligible but are frequently tricked out because of their lack of
information, which is extremely unfair to them. Under section 26(2) of Malaysia's
Legislation of the Amended Workman's Compensation Act 1952, it is mandatory for
each employer to make sure that all foreign labours he hires under an authorised
insurance scheme in regard to certain responsibility (Yazdanifard, 2015). As specified
in the law of Malaysia, any employer who neglect to make sure that the foreign
labour under the plan is blameworthy of an offense and is responsible, on judgement,
to be penalty not more than RM20,000 or to imprisonment for a period not more than
2 years or both.
1.3 AIM

To explore the impact of foreign labours in Malaysia construction industry.

1.4 OBJECTIVE

1. To study the impact of foreign labours in Malaysian construction industry.

2. To investigate the factors that influencing Malaysian construction companies by
employing foreign labours.
3. To identify ways to decrease the quantity of foreign labours in construction industry

1.5 SCOPE OF RESEARCH

This research emphasizes on the impact of foreign labour in Malaysia construction

industry, investigate the factors that influencing Malaysian construction companies by
employing foreign labours and identify issues that emerging by employing foreign workers.

The research being carried out in Klang Valley. The research will be conducted by
quantitative method. The data is collected from 120 people in a selected company. The
targeted respondents are mainly from construction background courses such as contractor,
quantity surveyor, architect and consultant. Moreover, the questionnaires will be distributed
to the targeted people and collect on the spot after they answered. The questions that will be
distributed to the targeted person will be created in various questions. Reliability of the
results is ensured because Klang Valley is one of the recently developing city in Malaysia.
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The Malaysian Government performs the major roles in the construction sector.  

The government has a few specific objectives, the primary objective of which is to
disperse the wealth of the nation to the people so as to improve the quality of life. It is
achieved by raising the populace's wage and providing chances for work. Related to that,
it indicates that the government has the privilege to directly regulate the industry's
demand. (Mohd Arif Marhani 2015) depicted that the construction industry in Malaysia is
the industry that needing a higher labour force rate. Many construction processes require
intensive labourer enrolment. Employment opportunities may be expressed in the quality
of employees or in the man total hour.

The word "foreign labour" is classified as people who are employed on a short-
term basis to work in a nation of which the person is not a citizen (PUAH JIN MING
2017). In brief, foreign workers allude to those who work away from their countries of
origin due to a few factors such as higher exchange values or the foreign country's
potentially economic and political steadiness. Despite that, years ago, several foreign
labour schemes were formed and executed in a growing nation to improve shortage of
workforce. In addition, (Mohd Arif Marhani 2015) defined "foreign labour" as someone
who is a legal or illicit, skilled or unskilled labourer employed in different industries in
this country.

This chapter will cover all the matters relating to the impact of foreign labours in
Malaysian construction industry, the factors that influencing Malaysian construction
companies by employing foreign labours and issues that emerging by employing foreign
workers.
2.2 THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN LABOURS IN MALAYSIAN CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY

2.2.1 Direct Impact

The important aspect to examine is the effect of foreign labour on economy.
Economy and efficiency are not independent but they work together. The significant
commitment to the efficiency and competitive of the nation generally rely on the
economic condition, and after that the foreign investment in Malaysia is impacted.

According to [ CITATION Mel15 \l 17417 ] and[ CITATION Bor15 \l 17417 ],

foreigners had a negative effect on the incomes of the less educated Malaysians, which
mean for 14% of the total workforce and reduced their incomes by 0.74% in 2015.

Increment of foreigners will lessen the salaries for unskilled local employees. In

addition, it found that the general fiscal effect of foreign employee on the nation was low
and that the fiscal strain was borne mainly by undocumented individuals. Individuals
without documents are greater fiscal strain as they do not pay a tax, are frequently
unsecured and increase expenses related with to their medical services and incarceration.
Because of non-severe rule, there are unauthorized foreign employee who does not have
adequate documentation yet works for Malaysian firms.

According to [ CITATION Mel15 \l 17417 ], Malaysia is probably to have 1

million undocumented foreign labours. All things considered, to get them there is no
tax paid to the government. Immigration is not only a tax expense, but still unable to
observe and trace all illicit foreign labours who carry the Ringgit abroad. A huge
percentage of these migrant labours are hired in unskilled jobs in Singapore, receiving
below average salary, and consequently leading to the wage-share decrease [ CITATION
Aru16 \l 17417 ]. It has not only contributed to a reduction in the division of national
wages in overall income, but has also contributed to a rise in the income difference within
the resident workforce.
 Previous research performed in the 1990s on foreign labour in Malaysia
establish that the ratio of total foreign labour in those days also had increased. While,
local labours pay rates tended to be a downward pattern owing to the increase of foreign
labours. The examinations give the sign that the migration of foreign labour to Malaysia
has carried negative conditions to work opportunities and local employee compensation
rates. The flood of foreign labours had triggered work shortages and a decline in the pay
rate for local labours.

According to [ CITATION Aru16 \l 17417 ], in terms of employment, since

foreign labour mostly consists of unskilled employees, foreign employees are likely to
have an effect on local unskilled and salary-related term, the more notable usage of cheap
foreign workers is considered to have suppressed the increasing pressure of the unskilled
class' actual salaries. Foreign labour always been utilized to be paid lesser than
Malaysians. However, as when the Minimum Wage Policy was executed, the government
systematized the salaries for local people and foreign labours. This was also not a
safe choice to pay local people equivalent to foreign labours. Therefore, they are
preferred to carry out specific responsibilities and those occupation goes to foreign
labours.

Surveys in the previous decade have shown that the attentiveness of foreign labour
were essentially in the making of cash in Malaysia and the unlawful start-up of a business
in Malaysia. All things considered, no levy to be charged and the income produced does
not benefit the economy in Malaysia. In a study done by [ CITATION SrA18 \l 17417 ],
it was shown that Bangladeshi labours are in Malaysia to feed their family in their
country by expanding their stay in Malaysia. About the fact that earning potential is low,
but it may eventually affect the nation's economy mainly from parts of money exchange
and the nation's balance of payments (BOP) as currency value declines, and afterwards it
will influence the nation's reserve [ CITATION Nas15 \l 17417 ]

Literature has shown that the effect on economy and efficiency is mostly
attributed to problems with Ringgit's salaries, levies and outflows. This is an effect on the
country's efficiency to face local labour-force scarcity owing to income unhappiness and
countless foreign labours that are undetectable and do not contribute to income tax but
enjoy currency. Malaysia's economy cannot bear in managing this, when we have a vision
for 2020. The present currency value is universally decreasing and this shows the dire
 situation. Whenever left unattended, there would be a wide spectrum or gap inside our
culture and conflict of interest would occur.

2.2.2 Indirect Impact

The economy is not the main factor influenced by the foreign labour inflows. As
reported by Malaysia's Ministry of Home Affairs in 2014, foreigners carried out 9,496
criminal cases in Malaysia in 2014 [ CITATION Nor15 \l 17417 ]. A similar report finds
that it indicates from the discoveries of the survey interview that construction industry
faced social effects triggered by the invasion of foreign labourers in economic, social,
skill, safety, health, education, and the environment.  The flood of foreign labours brings
the negative effect like shortage of work opportunities in construction industry and
uncontrolled issues of offence.

Earlier review by [ CITATION SrA18 \l 17417 ] showed that foreign labour has
several adverse effects like poor workmanship. This is because they are poorly skilled and
most are uneducated. On the other side, local employees are less involved in construction
sector, slow progress in technological growth, raise offence and the presence of illicit
labours. Extensive utilization of semi-skilled and unqualified employees may impede the
implementation of modern technologies in industries because it becomes less expensive
to participate in labour-intensive activities utilizing old technology. In any case, foreign
workers are essential in specific parts, primarily in construction, plantation and low-end
services sectors as a few local employees are selected to work in this field. Foreign
workers are expected to take on certain sectors along these lines [ CITATION Aru16 \l
17417 ].

In reality, some contended that the flood of foreign labour would trigger issues in
the imported nation's social, economic, and political regions as many entered the country
illegally [ CITATION Nas15 \l 17417 ]. According to [ CITATION Aru16 \l 17417 ] the
national Professor Council in 2016 commented in the press on the problem of foreign
labour. The president said that long-term efficiency would be decreased by high and non-
stop reliance on foreign labours. This is because of lack of employer commitment to be
technologically advanced in their business. This statement is also supported by
[ CITATION SrA18 \l 17417 ], firms are using fewer resources and investment-focused
technology because of foreign labour influx.

As for [ CITATION Aru16 \l 17417 ], foreign labours lead to Malaysia's

destitution due to the economic effect on local peoples. In fact, foreign labours are likely
to threaten the nation's social part including health. There are foreign labours that enter
the nation without having to go through health check-ups and carry infectious disease
along with them. Over the long run, the uncontrollable entry of foreign labours would
present a challenge to national security, particularly in the economic and social sense.
This incident provided a risk to the people's peace as local labour is required to contend
with foreign labour to be hired.

Earlier research by [ CITATION Aru16 \l 17417 ], finds that the quantity of

foreign labours continually increases to help companies to reduce costs by recruiting
lower-scale wage employees. But this has contributed to rise in the rate of joblessness
among local people and is conceivable at simultaneously with the increment in such
activities as offence, social and unlawful strikes.

Besides that, it would be a problem for Malaysia to prepare the country for a high-
paying nation. Malaysia, being a multiracial country, which has several ethnicities. The
existence of foreign labours has now reached one of the ethnicities, and this may
influence Malaysia's culture as it rises. The culture dimension must be secured before it
becomes a surprise society for Malaysians.
AUTHOR [ CIT [ CITA [ CITA [ CITATI [ CITA [ CITATI Total
S NAME ATI TION TION ON TION ON Nor15 citatio
ON Bor15 \ SrA18 Aru16 \l Nas15 \ \l 17417 ] n
Mel1 l 17417 \l 17417 ] l 17417
IMPACT 5 \l ] 17417 ]
S 1741 ]
7]
Econom X X X X X 4
y
Social
Political
Cultural X
2.3 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCING MALAYSIAN CONSTRUCTION
COMPANIES
BY EMPLOYING FOREIGN LABOURS.

For two decades away, the enrolment of foreign labourers has been observed,
especially faced by developing nations, for example Malaysia. As we aware, hiring
foreign labour in Malaysia minimizes the worker's scarcity in some industries,
particularly in the incompetent field of work. [ CITATION Kev17 \l 17417 ] expressed
that foreigners ease Malaysia's economic development as their existence benefits a few
sectors, such as construction, farming and manufacturing from experience scarcity. Local
employers, in the construction industry really want to hire foreigners because of their
readiness to work in 3D (dirty, dangerous, difficult) [ CITATION Nur171 \l 17417 ].

Based on the author, the elements of employment for foreign labourers might be
grouped in terms of accessibility, salary, working hours, working climate and education
level[ CITATION Moh15 \l 17417 ]. On the other side, the requirements discussed in the
enrolment and preference of employers of migrants are education level, working
experience, nationality, demand for wages, and ability for work [ CITATION Kev17 \l
17417 ]. However, the element of foreign labour now focuses on accessibility, quality of
education and working conditions.

2.3.1 The availability

Initially, affordability has been one of the influences fostering the recruitment of
foreigners by local employers. Lack of labours issues solved by the large numbers of
immigrants coming to Malaysia and eventually get enough workforce. Malaysia has an
estimated 2.1 million recorded foreign workers that allow an employer to effortlessly get
their expertise [ CITATION Nur171 \l 17417 ].
Furthermore, permissive employment policies have caused massive entry of
immigrants to this country rising to 1,600 people per day [ CITATION Abd18 \l 17417 ].
 It would raise the amount of available unqualified workers who can operate at any time
that the local employers literally hire.
In addition, the presence of well-resourced agencies throughout the board is one
core component of successful foreigner retention as they usually have accessible foreign
labours for local employers [ CITATION Abd18 \l 17417 ]. According to [ CITATION
RAZ151 \l 17417 ] indicated that foreign labours will operate for a long time although
being paid with low wages in comparison to local employees who are continuously
seeking new employment that will give them a better deal.
In addition, foreign labours accessibility describes their readiness to work at over
time. They were less worried about doing overtime even during public holidays and
festivals. Hence,they did not take any additional leave [ CITATION SrA18 \l
17417 ].  The hiring of foreign labours was not beneficial, but their adaptability and
accessibility of working time has impacted the local employers to hire them as their
employees.

2.3.2 The education levels.

In addition, the quality of education is one of the factors in hiring foreign
employees in this manufacturing industry. Relatively, the manufacturing sector needs low
skilled workers because that role requires less knowledge. According to [CITATION
SrA18 \l 17417 ] most Malaysian people are too cautious in taking employment decisions
in which they are searching for a job that fits their academic needs. This mentality has
thereby produced more job opportunities for the migrant worker to consider in any
unqualified job vacancy such as in the manufacturing and construction industries.
Therefore, according to [CITATION RAZ151 \l 17417 ] job opportunities
requires less trained workforce as our country is known as a developing country that has
generated rapid growth in industries such as manufacturing and construction. This will
raise the supply of less-skilled foreign workers as Malaysia now has many university
graduates that choose to work in a role equivalent to their educational qualifications. 
Thus, it is better to choose foreign workers, because most of them who arrive to Malaysia
were unskilled.

2.3.3 The working conditions.

Finally, the element that persuades local employers to enrol foreign labours as
their mentalities in tolerating the environment of work. As we realize, the benefit of
 hiring foreign labour is their readiness to work under whatever environment, e.g. 3D
(dirty, dangerous, difficult) work [CITATION Kev17 \m Naj19 \l 17417 \m Nur171].
That implies that foreigners do not really care about bad working conditions as long as
they get money.
Other than that, foreigner's effects on the construction sector have established that
foreigners will work in high-risk and awkward working environments [ CITATION
Nur171 \l 17417 \m RAZ151]. Some specific organizations, especially in the
construction industry, need their workers to perform in bad weather, for example, in a hot
region that not every local worker is able to do. The hot working condition exposed
employee to dangerous condition requiring medical coverage to be secured.
Furthermore, a few organizations do not care about the welfare of the employee
because they did not offer them proper advantages like insurance. According to
[ CITATION Nur171 \l 17417 ], a survey undertaken in Chicago showed that 25% of
foreigners in their nation are protected by medical coverage because their employer does
not provide it. It indicates that, foreigners are ready to work despite the majority of local
employers have not provided them medical coverage because it is not their fundamental
cause to work in a foreign nation[ CITATION RAZ151 \l 17417 ]. The harmful working
environments will not prevent them from proceeding to Malaysia organizations with their
services. In this way, the perspectives of tolerating terrible working conditions have
driven most local employers to enrol more foreign employee than local employee.

2.3.4 Organizational Performance

 Organizational success generally focuses on particular zones. For
instance, monetary, advertisement and returns from investors [ CITATION Nur171 \l
17417 ]. Concerning the budgets, it is pointing out the benefits that firm receive,
resources return, and return on investment. Though sales, market shares, shareholder
returns and economic growth are looked to for market execution.
According to [ CITATION Nur171 \l 17417 ], they clarify that
organizational outcomes can be estimated using a few standards of work performance
such as client contentment and the quality of the product and services. According to
[ CITATION Moh19 \l 17417 ], he mentioned that there are four kinds of organizational
performance which is human resource, operational, monetary and capital market
outcomes.
 Additionally, he also includes that the depletion of worker costs will provide an
excellent link to the success of the company with regard to their financial outcome. This
means that the effectiveness of migrant labour in terms of profitability will improve
financial performance of organizations.
Nevertheless, in this investigation, organizational performance pointing to the
efficiency profit from hiring foreign labour. It will improve the sales and market shares of
the company, and would clarify the execution of the market as high efficiency. It is to
decide if their efficiency assists organisations in obtaining superior results in terms of
their performance. The past investigation has progressively found that there is a
connection between high worker productivity and results in the organization [ CITATION
Moh19 \l 17417 ].

AUTHOR [ CI
NAME [ CIT [ CIT [ CIT [ CIT [ CI TA
ATIO ATI ATIO ATIO TAT TIO
N ON N N ION N
FACTOR (MOHAME Total of
S
Nur17 Abd1 D 2015)
SrA1 Kev1 Naj1 Mo citation
1 \l 8 \l 8 \l 7 \l 9 \l h19
17417 1741 1741 1741 1741 \l
] 7] 7] 7] 7] 174
17 ]
The
availability of X X X X 4
foreign labours
The education
X X 2
levels
The working
X X X X 4
conditions
Organizational
X X 2
Performance
Table 2.2.1: FACTORS THAT INFLUENCING MALAYSIAN CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES BY EMPLOYING
FOREIGN LABOURS.
2.4 Solutions to decrease the quantity of Foreign Labours in Construction Industry
When there is an issue occurred, obviously there will be an approach to solve it. In
the context of foreign labourers, we have to look at several angles such that things can be
dealt together. Foreign labour problems are no longer new to our country and this case
involves all the countries. In this situation, the parties that need to work hard are the
government, since they have the supreme power to give such orders.
Foreign labour inflows have created problems thus everyone from all sides should
take this issue seriously. In this manner, there are many different approaches to address
these problems. Authorities are to enforce lawful action on industry that does not meet the
standard enrolment of foreign labourers hence impose strict discipline on those involved
in the offence.
The Prime Minister of Malaysia officially announced in the 2016 budget that, as
of 1 July 2016, the lowest pay permitted by law will rise from RM900 to RM1,000 per
month in Peninsular Malaysia, and from RM800 to RM920 for Sabah, Sarawak and
Labuan Federal Territory. The aim is to lessen the burden of increasing living expenses.
Whatever it might be, what is the difference between local citizens and international
labour? Yeah, it will support local workers, but the drawback is that local citizens are
considered equal to migrant labour, with identical advantages.

2.4.1 Adopt More Advanced Construction Method

Industrialized Building System (IBS) is one of the most innovative construction
techniques and is widely utilized worldwide in construction. The Construction industry
Development Board (CIDB) clarifies IBS as a construction system that utilizes a
 combination of construction elements that are either constructed on or off site and
installed and mounted into building structures.
IBS adaptation in Malaysia will solve the problems of foreign employees in
Malaysia through a large-scale decrease in the quantity of on-site labourers. [ CITATION
RAZ151 \l 17417 ] stated that, as IBS construction is more dependent on modern
construction technology. Accordingly, dependence on physical labour can be minimized
and the influx of foreign workers into Malaysia also can be diminished.
Besides that, having the option to minimize the quantity of employees on site, IBS
construction often has several advantages, like improved structural efficiency, quicker
construction time and environmental supportability [ CITATION SrA18 \l 17417 ]. As
such, IBS can be seen as a valuable solution in rendering the construction industry less
reliant on foreign workers and simultaneously satisfying quality issues [ CITATION
Fal20 \l 17417 ].

2.4.2 Improving Working Conditions

According to [ CITATION SrA18 \l 17417 ], Labour Shortage Action Plan, it is
because of the poor image of the industry that are numerous individuals are moving away
from construction workers' occupations. Hence it is important to enhance the working
conditions in the construction industry. As pointed out by [ CITATION Nur171 \l
17417 ], if the construction industry has a respectable image, it would attract more local
people to adopt in construction work therefore it will minimize the dependence on foreign
workers. In addition, there are a few different solutions to enhance average working
conditions and the environment by minimizing adverse environmental impacts such as
dust, noise, waste and unsanitary discharge [ CITATION SrA18 \l 17417 ]. One of the
ways to enhance workplace environments is to have basic safety equipment such as safety
goggles, safety helmet and protective attire to reduce victims and accidents on site
[ CITATION Fal20 \l 17417 ].

2.4.3 Attract the Young Generations

As [ CITATION SrA18 \l 17417 ] pointed out, there are nearly 80 million young
people who would be in the workforce and the following skilled workers in the
construction sector. So as to be capable to attract the interest of younger generations to
take part in the construction industry, it is important to develop their attentiveness in
construction while they are still receiving school education.
 The Malaysian education system may include construction technologies and
creative construction techniques as one of the elective subjects of the local education
curriculum. If the employer could change the perception of working as a construction
worker is about operating manually and utilizing different kinds of technology and
cooling, modern apparatuses that could be utilized as a weapon and attract awareness for
young people [ CITATION RAZ151 \l 17417 ].
According to [ CITATION Aru16 \l 17417 ] Faris Hadad-Zervoz, the nation
manager of the World Bank (2015) in Malaysia, concentrated on the need to supplement
the suggestions with human development policies in order to make a sufficient supply of
properly qualified Malaysians who are competitive to fulfil the demand for labour not
only in 2020 but beyond. In essence, as the education system would make the job sector
dissimilar. Generally speaking, there is a disparity between the demands of the industry,
qualifications and education. Hence, even the low talented worker finds it hard to get a
job[ CITATION Nur171 \l 17417 ].
A great platform is one of the government's efforts to create the Skill
Development Centre. For example, the Skill Development Centre works together with
organisations in Negeri Sembilan to guarantee that the alumni obtain a job after they
finish their studies. Alongside this strategy, it ensures the local citizens are given priority[
CITATION RAZ151 \l 17417 ].

2.4.4 Implementing Strict Laws Regarding Foreign Labour Employment

The Government should execute the rules and regulations concerning the
enrolment of foreign employees in order to decrease the influx of foreign labours into
Malaysia. As [ CITATION RAZ151 \l 17417 ] points out, one of the most productive
ways to minimize the influx of migrant labour is that the government must be strict and
rigid in its policies. Regulations such that any single foreign worker employed in
construction work must undergo primary skills training before their specific visas can be
permitted [ CITATION Fal20 \l 17417 ]. Public authorities should regularly look at the
department of human resources for employers and severe outcomes would be obtained
from individuals who neglect to comply. Thus, skilled worker scarcity problems and
undocumented employee enrolment could be diminished.
Additionally, the Department of Immigration must enforce stringent rules and
regulations for employers. Legitimate visa application and documents must be compliant
and up-to-date[ CITATION Aru16 \l 17417 ]. Immigration is required to make many
 visits to industry, which mostly rely on foreign labours in Malaysia, just like construction
and manufacturing[ CITATION SrA18 \l 17417 ]. Strict enforcement must be sustained
and the agencies that involved should be granted great support by the government.

2.3.5 Hunt Down and Deport Illegal Foreign Workers

Expelling illegal immigrants has been a continues routine for the past two
decades. Over 300,000 illegal foreign labour was mobilized in 2005 as Malaysia's biggest
hunt against illegal foreign workers went down. The basic need for this quest is to
monitor offence rate and social issues in the country[ CITATION SrA18 \l 17417 ]. The
number of undocumented migrants has not decreased these days. According to
[ CITATION Fal20 \l 17417 ], the Immigration Department has now agreed to put more
energy into a crackdown on illegal foreigners. They conducted a huge-scale action to
extradite illegal foreigner not long after the conditional Compliance Card (E-Card) date
expired. After the end of E-Card expired, construction site assaults have been carried out
on a daily basis and more than 3,300 illicit labours have been charged along with 60
employers. Employers should then consent to local regulation in order to prevent delays
in their work progress due to the absence of a worker.
Malaysia is one of the Asian nations that has gained numerous foreign labours. At
the end of 2008 Malaysia registered a total of 2 million enrolled foreign labours with
documentation [ CITATION Aru16 \l 17417 ]. The government should take this seriously
as well as diminish the nation's excess of foreign labours. Each industry in this nation
must obey to any order given by certain parties, especially in the case of foreign labour.
Based on the demands of the national economy, foreign labours ought to be decreased to
make sure that existing economic conditions are consistent to be stable. One of the things
that can be done to minimize foreign labour is subject to severe qualification to ensure
that the standard is genuinely achieved by the worker. Perspectives to be used as their
background in education, earlier criminal record and etc.
AUTHOR [ CITA
NAME [ CITAT [ CITAT TION
[ CITATIO [ CITATION SrA18 \l Total of
ION ION
N Aru16 \l RAZ151 \l 17417 ] citation
Fal20 \l Nur171 \
17417 ] 17417 ]
17417 ] l 17417 ]
Solutions
Utilize More x
Developed
x x 3
Construction
Technique
Pursuing and x
Deporting
Illegals x x 3
Foreign
Employees
Implementing x
Strict Rules on
x x x 4
Hiring Foreign
Workers
Makes Interest x
in Young x x x 4
Generation
Enhance x
Working x x 3
Standards