Design optimization of a non fluid flat solar

collector

Name
Student Number
Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Environment
Northumbria University

Date

KB7043 - Multidisciplinary Design & Engineering Optimisation

Module Tutor: Dr. M.L. Combrinck
Abstract

The present deals with study of experimental of a water/ AI 2 O 3 flat plate of the nanofluid-based for
solar collector, when heat of fluid of solar saver at inlet is predisposed by occurrence of storage
tank. The nanoparticles volume fractions set to 0.1% with size of nasty particle of 20nm, at the
three rate of flow of 4, 2 and 1 L/min. Here, the ambient temperature parameters and solar
radiation are presented and uncontrolled in the transient data range of climate condition, where
might takes place at the time of summer and spring seasons. The outcomes experimental reveal
that additional nano-particles to the base fluid creates the nanofluid which has improved thermal
features, also the efficacy of thermal, in comparison as medium of absorbing to water. For any
fluid of working, flow rate is an optimum, which collector efficacy maximizes, while in the case
study, nanofluid with fluid of rate of 2 L/min is optimal one and raises the efficacy of collector
around 23.6%. In the meantime, the raise in storage tank of water temperature, confirms that the
optimal flow rate is 2 L/min of this precise nanofluid.

1. The optimum flow rate of average efficacy raised 23.5% as linked to pure water as the
waged fluid.

2. Obtained the optimum value of the rate of flow.

3. The AI 2 O 3 nanofluid impact is studied of the storage tank on water temperature.

4. Here, it studied on the efficacy the impact of solar irradiance, collector intel temperature
and rate of the flow.

5. The flat-plate solar collector thermal efficacy is investigated with nanofluid (0.1 wt% of
AI 2 O 3)

Page i of v
 14

Table of Contents

Abstract........................................................................................................................................................i
Table of Contents...................................................................................................................................ii
List of Figures.........................................................................................................................................iv
List of Tables..........................................................................................................................................vi
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................1
Figure 1: Components of PV/T collector........................................................................................4
Formulation.................................................................................................................................................4
Figure 2: Transfer paths of energy in transparent layer.........................................................5
Figure 3: Transfer paths of heat from transparent layer........................................................5
Table 1: Climate types for corrections factors.............................................................................5
Literature Survey......................................................................................................................................6
Radiation flux calculation...................................................................................................................6
Deterministic Optimisation.......................................................................................................................7
Thermal analysis...................................................................................................................................8
Figure 4: Photovoltaic cell for equivalent circuit.......................................................................12
Nondeterministic Analysis......................................................................................................................13
Electrical analysis................................................................................................................................13
Table 2: Related values to collector under analysis................................................................16
Figure 5: Thermal-electrical efficiency comparison from manufacturer and simulation
data...........................................................................................................................................................16
Result and discussion................................................................................................................................17
Figure 6: In genetic algorithm evolution process (Mostafa 2012)........................................18
Figure 7: Diagram schematic of collector under study............................................................19
Figure 8: Solution algorithm flowchart...........................................................................................21
Table 3: Geographical conditions of Tehran.................................................................................22
Table 4: Collector specifications........................................................................................................22
Figure 9: During year solar radiation............................................................................................23
Figure 10: Collector electrical efficiency at 45-degree angle, with water rate of flow
of 2 gallons per minute...................................................................................................................24
Figure 11: Collector thermal efficiency at 45-degree angle, with water rate of flow
of 2 gallons per minute...................................................................................................................24

Page ii of v
 14

Figure 12: Collector total efficiency at 45-degree angle, with rate of flow of 2
gallons per minute...............................................................................................................................25
Figure 13: Collector heat absorber in 3 specific year days in the 15th of February,
June and September............................................................................................................................25
Figure 14: Collector electricity absorbed in 3 specific year days in 30 th of February,
June and September............................................................................................................................25
Figure 15: Collector electricity absorbed in 3 specific year days in 15 th of February,
June and September............................................................................................................................26
Figure 16: Parameters of optimal values......................................................................................26
Figure 17: Parameter selection for evolution mechanism.........................................................27
Figure 18: Objective function value in various generations....................................................28
Table 5: Values of created electrical and thermal energies in specific year days......28
Table 6: Total efficiencies, thermal and electrical in specific year days..........................29
Table 7: Efficiency enhancement percentages in specific years days...................................29
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................31
Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................................32
References.................................................................................................................................................33
Appendix A-
Nomenclature--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A1

Page iii of v
 14

List of Figures

Page iv of v
 14

List of Tables

Page v of v
 14

Introduction

The demand of world energy and population in raising, and as per sources fossil fuel are
deteriorating fast. With the help of fuel burning the environment is polluting. In countries of
middle-east, the solar energy level is high and that can be an other source of energy under
conditions that user-friendly and low-cost technologies are employed. Thus, collector of solar thermal
being investigated currently which are designated by absorbing sunlight to collect the heat. Solar
collectors raised deployment for process heat supply and hot water, recommends increasing
acceptance of maturing attitude and technology concerning “green” energy source. The good solid
for storing and receiving solar energy is water, and the fastest growing technology is the solar
water heater (SWH) in renewable sector of energy, whereas well-known technology is Flat Plate
Solar Water Heater (FPSWH). The solar saver performance strongly depends on coefficient convective
of working fluids of heat transfer, while the solar water heaters thermal efficacy has enhanced by
utilizing few techniques.

Lately, many researches to raise the convective coefficient have performed the nanoparticles of the
water of the heat transfer as the fluid that is working [1-4]. This is about 2 of the decade that
term “Nanofluid” to scientific society has presented [5], while many efforts simultaneously for the
management of heat have proposed and made approaches to improve of solar collectors the
efficacy. Wang and Lenert [6] shown an experimental study and combined modeling for optimizing
the liquid-based efficacy solar receivers that is seed with carbon-coated fascinating Therminol VP-1
and nanoparticles base fluid. The efficacy raises up that is concluded to 35% with the nanofluid
and it will raise the efficacy with raises weight of nanofluid. Lu et al. [7] estimated the impact
of utilizing of nanoparticles Copper Oxide (CuO) tubular collector solar. Based the outcomes of
experiment, utilizing the nanoparticles of copper oxide importantly improves of the evaporator the
thermal performance, while the heat transferal evaporating coefficient raises more than that of 30%
compared as the working fluid to water.

In the other study, Otanicar et al. [8] that is absorbed on utilizing the nanoparticles of diversity
as fluid of the base with water for the solar collector direct absorption. As per the study, 5%
enhancement was obtained in the proficiency. Shin and Banerjee [9] novel nanomaterial applied in
the base fluid for molten salts at mass concentration of 1%. It experienced an improvement in
the efficiencies of operational, while the electricity cost was also decreased.

In mild of the findings, the cause of the existing study is experimentally check out the impact of one of the steady
nanofluids on effectivity of a collector that is symmetric. SiO2/water and water nanofluid with the fraction of mass
of 1% are examined as coolants in a collector of flat-plate. The collector is a collector of plate of symmetric with
same sides, known as the rectangular flat-plate photo voltaic collector. The thermal efficiency and the
performance of the rectangular solar collector of flat-plate are analysed.

Fazel el al. [10] estimation will be carrying out for the design to potential a lesser solar collector,
which generate the similar temperature for anticipated outcome. As per the finding, embodied and
cost of the energy savings, size reduction, leads to the raise in the efficacy and utilizing nanofluid
as the working fluid for different nanofluids. Theoretic analysis of an absorbing medium pressure
drop, improvement capabilities for the heat transfer and entropy generation with suspend various
metallic nanoparticle (Al2O3, TiO2, SiO2, CuO, disperse in water) privileged a solar collector of flat

Page B1 of 21
 14

plate achieved by one of the author Alim et al. [11] Conferring to the outcome of analytical,
nanofluid of CuO could decrease the generation of entropy more than 4%, while coefficient of
heat transfer raised up to 22%. They also determined that utilizing nanofluid has control of
pumping a little penalty. One of the author Jabari Moghadam et al. [12] examined and experiment
the impact of the nanofluid for CuO–water, as the waged fluid, of the collector of solar for flat
plate on its performance. They have presented that with the mass rate of flow of 1kg/min the
nanofluid raises the efficacy of the collector about 21.8%, while for higher rates of mass of flow,
the efficacy raise increase were less. Though, it is not the normal behaviour for all the nanofluids,
as Meibodi et al. [13] conclud experiment that the effectiveness of the collector of solar of flat
plate, working ethylene glycol (EG)/SiO2 - nanofluid of water, raises with the rate of the mass of the
flow.

Solar power is one most famous renewable strength sources that can be utilized in a system of photovoltaic or
thermal. Solar collectors play an important position in photo voltaic thermal systems. They convert radiation of
solar into transfer and heat the warmness to working fluids like air or water. Collectors of flat-plate are most
frequent kind of solar collector and generally utilized as an air heater or water heater. These collectors have low
outlet temperature and low efficiency. Lately, most researchers have endeavoured to improve the whole
performance and efficiency of flat-plate collectors via extraordinary methods. One of techniques for enhancing the
overall performance of collectors of flat-plate entails using nanofluids rather of normal fluids in solar collectors.
Suspensions of nanofluids comprising base fluids like nanoparticles and water 1–100 nm in size. These working
fluids of types have greater thermal homes than their base fluids. Various studies have been achieved across the
world regarding the utilized of nanofluids in systems of solar thermal. In the studied the thermal, economic, and
environmental influence of utilizing nanofluids to beautify the effectivity of collectors solar.

In recent years, researchers have studied the utilized of a range of nanofluids in collectors of solar. It has evaluated
the overall performance of the solar collector with minichannel-based with 4 special nanofluids: Cu/water,
SiO2/water, TiO2/water, and Al2O3/water. They confirmed that Cu/water used to be the excellent nanofluid,
presenting the best lowest entropy and outlet-temperature. It numerically examined the natural convection of
nanofluids Cu/water and Ag/water for utilize in a photo voltaic collector. They pronounced that these nanofluids
raise the effectivity of collector.

The experimentally examined the impact of a nanofluid CuO/water on thermal effectivity of a cylindrical photo
voltaic collector. They demonstrated that nanofluid can considerably improve the collector efficiency. It observed
the exergy effectivity and performed an analysis of optimization for a nanofluid Al2O3/water in the flat-plate photo
voltaic collector. They showed the superb parameter for exergy and enhanced the mass float charge and
temperature of inlet fluid. It observed the results of a low-temperature Al2O3/water nanofluid on the photo
voltaic collector of direct absorption. They presented that the use of this nanofluid as the coolant enhances the
thermophysical and optical properties, growing the efficiency of collector.

One of the specifications of the collector is the time constant, which indicates the warmth capacity of the collector.
This parameter introduces the time reaction of the solar collector, enabling the assessment of the transient
conduct of the collector. The time regular of a collector is the time wished for the coolant leaving the collector to
attain 63% of its ultimate steady-state cost after a step exchange in the incident radiation is used to estimation the
constant of time.

Page B2 of 21
 14

Design Variables

Specifications and demand parameters

Design Constraints

The properties values for water and nanoparticles are given

Main Function
Main.m
clear;
clc;
tic
%this the main file for the part a of the project 1. in this file i have
%build.
%main file will call the function to solve for the displacement repeatedly
i=input('enter the iteration');
%this is the number of random variable this will be changed every time
EBD=input('the mean of the youngs modulus BD');
ESTD=input('standard deviation of the youngs modulus of BD');
Eother=input('enter the youngs modulus of the other element');
R= normrnd(EBD,ESTD,[1,i]);

Page B3 of 21
 14

%% verification of the random variable this part is option

verify_sum=sum(R);
verify_mu=(verify_sum/i);
verify_varience=(sum((R-verify_mu).^2))/i;
verify_sigma=sqrt(verify_varience);
verify=normpdf(R,verify_mu,verify_sigma);
subplot(3,3,1)
plot(R,verify,'.')
title('verified pdf');
%% assign the random variable to the displacement function
Dout(8)=0;
for t=(1:i)
Ebd=R(t);
D=Displacement(Ebd,Eother);
Dout=[Dout;D];
end

Constrain
function K =globalstiffness2(Ebd,Eab)
%this function is to obtain the global stiffness matrix
%% generated local stiffness matrix to AB and BD element
AB=stiffness(Eab*10^9,45,4.2426);
BD=stiffness(Ebd*10^9,90,3);
CB=stiffness(200*10^9,120,3.4641);
CD=stiffness(200*10^9,0,1.73205);
AD=stiffness(200*10^9,0,3);
%above are the stiffness matrix for 5 of the elements got by assign the E
%L and theta
%% nodal assignment
i=[1,2,3,4];
p=[1,2,7,8];
r=[3,4,7,8];
t=[5,6,7,8];
v=[3,4,5,6];
e=[7,8];
x=[1,2,3,4];
g=[5,6,7,8];

Formulation

In most current studie, Shojaeizadeh et al. [14] focuse on the optimization mathematical for the
efficacy of energy of water/ AI 2 O 3 flat plate nanofluid-based solar saver. Their outcomes
presented that the optimum efficacy energy, reduces exponentially with raises the temperature of
ambient ratio to solar energy. They also presented, in study [15] water/ AI 2 O 3 efficacy flat plate
nanofluid-based collector raises with raising the mass rate of the flow to 3L/min from 1L/min,
whereas with 0.4 wt% efficacy nanofluids is less than one with the 0.2 wt%. When the fraction
volume in nanofluid of nanoparticles is less, the loss of pressure also reduces, which supports for
saving the energy pumping for collector. [16] Since, the current study was executed to examine,
for initial time, the working condition optimal of rate of the flow that is consisting of nanofluid
of AI 2 O 3 for 0.1 wt% dispers in the water. The importance of current study is underscor by
role of vital play by enhancing the parameters above-mention of heat exchanger on show in heat
exchanges of solar saver

Page B4 of 21
 14

Literature Survey

The want for power manufacturing and consumption is raising throughout tremendously the world [50]. Due to
the speedy extend in population of world, clever operation of power will assist in minimizing monetary and issues
related to environmental confronted by international locations for the duration of the technology of energy.
Presently, the fossil fuels contribution in world strength production is greater than 80%. The utility of non-
renewable electricity sources like oil, gas and coal produce higher amounts of emissions of environment consisting
of NOx, Sox and carbon dioxide, particulate count number and different poisonous gases. The productions of
dangerous contaminants into surroundings lead to international health-related troubles, acidification,
eutrophication, ozone depletion and warming globally. However, the fossil fuels application reasons serious
glitches of environment, the fossil sources consumption is cumulative by using almost 2% per year. Moreover, to
deal with troubles related to utility of fossil fuels for strength generation, the lookup is more focused on renewable
power choices. Renewable electricity choices are bioenergy, tidal, geothermal, wind and solar. Among photo
voltaic energy, renewable power resources favored due to easy supply of power, efficient and low funding cost.
Moreover, to fulfill the strength demand at a development, extra research at global level is needed in renewable
power conversion applied sciences. Renewable strength is gathered from source of natural that can refill within a
short duration. Furthermore, researchers are greater focused on photo voltaic strength, which is environmentally
pleasant, freely available, and inexhaustible [2, 6]. The gathered energy from sun can be utilized thru three high-
tech techniques conversion that contain electrical, chemical, and thermal. Solar energy can be transformed into
mechanical electricity like steam strength, hydro energy and wind energy is transformed into mechanical strength.
Solar power is accumulated via a solar collector that is a specific kind of warmth exchanger. The photo voltaic
collector changes radiation of solar into energy of thermal which is utilized for solar radiation and applications of
thermal can additionally be transformed into immediately energy of electrical as in photovoltaic utility. Throughout
thermal applications, the energy of radiant is absorbed by means of the devices of solar and transferred into
warmness. Therefore, the warmth produced through solar gadgets is utilized for the working fluid heating.

Solar collectors of flat plate these days established are extensively utilized for the home as nicely as for commercial
purposes like space heating and for water heating. Recently established solar devices are effortless to least
expensive, hold, install, and fabricate. Solar radiant electricity collectors (flat plate) are categorised into two kinds
in first kind liquid is the heat switch fluid and in second kind of flat plate, a collector in which air is utilized as a
warmth transfer fluid. In 1958 it was worked on flat plate photo voltaic collectors. Future, research used to be
finished by means of other researchers to investigate and establish the efficiency of thermal of plate collectors of
solar flat. The configuration of photo voltaic plate collector basically includes of returned sheets, absorber, header
pipes, risers, insulators and aluminum rails. The aluminum is utilized for the manufacture of welded and absorber
with the riser to working fluid heat transfer. Various researchers have utilized artificial intelligence for the
improvement of effectivity of collectors of photo voltaic. It was found that artificial neural network (ANN) and

Page B5 of 21
 14

inherited algorithm are dependable for the efficiency prediction of solar collector. It measured the thermal
effectivity of parabolic excessive trough performed optimization and collector of hybrid the utilization of Nanofluid.
The approach adopted by means of it limited genetic algorithm and sequential quadratic programming for
optimization of efficiency of collector of solar.

It worked on photo voltaic dryers in order to estimate overall presentation effectiveness utilizing neuro-fuzzy
interface machine (ANFIS) modeling approach. As this research, ANFIS precisely forecasts the presentation of
forced dryers convection. It worked on the improvement of energy effectivity of the power plant that is solar. They
utilized two exclusive analytical techniques to forecasts solar energy plant efficiency. Throughout the photo voltaic
optimization electricity plant applied ANFIS and GA algorithms, advised that each algorithm had been dependable
in the optimization of a solar energy plant. This investigated photo voltaic collector optimization flat plate the
usage of ANN algorithms which is the greatest promising and environment friendly algorithm. As per findings, ANN
forecasts accurately the mean temperature at all photo voltaic surfaces of collector.

It was labored on modeling of an evacuated tube through the software of ANN and ANFIS algorithms. The
outcomes gathered in find out about were dependable and were in precise arrangement with the outcomes
accumulated from investigational studies done via distinctive researches. Numerous different researches published
that arterial neural modelling of network is reliable and efficient in forecasting the radiations of solar. ANN method
is higher and simple than other forecasting strategies. The full presentation forecast of solar thermal power was
once performed by utilizing numerous researchers utilizing artificial neural community strategy along with photo
voltaic water heaters utilized in photo voltaic water and home applications heaters utilized on photovoltaic cells,
solar collectors, and commercial scale accomplishments. The feed-forward neural network encompassing of the
multilayer is most precise and suitable in the forecast of warmth efficiency of collection.

Many researchers have labored on ANFIS, GA and ANN in their research whereas scant literature is on hand on the
computational dynamic simulation of fluid of photo voltaic flat plate dryers and collectors. Normally, the
Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) device was connected to resolving the issues for partial non-linear difference
equations that were defined as the fluid dynamics of phenomena and behaviors. Essentially, the governing
equations had been resulting from the electricity conservation, momentum conservation and mass equations that
is conservation to solve any issues associated to engineering in warmth and mass switch.

Material
In this research the experimental materials using are AI 2 O3 nanoparticles high quality for
preparing the nanofluid. For the base fluid we are using distilled water and as stabilizer it will be

using polyethylene glycol 400. Physical features of nanoparticles AI 2 O 3 in Table 1 are summarized.
Additionally, X-ray deflection pattern (XRD) and image of transition electron microscopy (TEM) of

nanoparticle AI 2 O3 are presented in Fig 1.

Page B6 of 21
 14

The thermal performance of the solar collector was determined by obtaining the instantaneous efficiency for
different combinations of the incident radiation, ambient temperature, and inlet fluid temperature. This required
experimental measurements of the rate of incident solar radiation and the rate of energy conversion, as well as the
working fluid passing through the collector, under steady-state or quasi-steady-state conditions.

Nanofluid research

Initially, a convinced quantity of the nanoparticle of AI 2 O 3 was suspend in water that is

deionized in the apparatus of bath ultrasonic (WiseClean) for 120 min at 90 W. Afterward, AI 2 O3
nanoparticle were disperse fully by the high energy probe device of the ultrasonic (TOPSONIC) for
120 min at 400 W. (Fig 2) Additionally, (PEG) polyethylene glycol will be utilized as the stabilizer
for stability improving in base fluid of the nanoparticles. The ratio among the PEG mass and

AI 2 O 3 nanoparticles was 1:2, Fig 3 presents solution of nanofluid after preparation of 7 days,
which includes the nanofluid stability.

Deterministic Optimisation

Setup collector setup

The performance of solar collector has experiment examined at the site of solar. The angle title

for this solar collector flat plate is 45° (Fig 3). The total solar collector area is 2 m 2 and plate of
collector of 8 strips parallel (pipe of copper, inside 8 mm diameter). The specification collector is
provided in Table 2. The diagram that is schematic of the system of solar collector as presented
in Fig. 4, whereas Fig. 5 shows the images of the collector of flat plates.

The waged fluid is distributed with the help of saver by utilizing a pump of electrical . The saver is
attached with a pipe of helical which is located inside the tank. 8L is nearly the capacity of the
tank. In the cycle of the solar, this pipe of helical performances for absorbing the heat as the
heat exchanger that will be loading from the collector. Thus, the heat load can be transmitted in
the nanofluids to the water from the close solar cycle. This nanofluid cycle design will also
supports to method of the inlet flow to the steady temperature. A meter of flow was install
after the pump of the electric on the pipe. In ordering for controlling of working fluid the mass
rate of flow, a valve that is simple was installed after the pump of the electric. The heat of the
fluid at channel and inlet of collector of solar is calculated with two sensors of temperature (Fig.
4) whereas the temperature ambient by a thermometer was measured.

Page B7 of 21
 14

Page B8 of 21
 14

Thermal analysis

In this experiment, The Normal of ASHRAE is utilized for estimation of the flat plate solar saver
of the performance, which computes the standard for the performance by procurement the values
of efficacy immediately for different combination of inlet temperature of the fluid, ambient heat
and the incident radiation. This needs measurement of the experiment of the incidence solar rate
of the radiation, as well as the rate of the energy absorbed with the help of the working fluid.

The performed test to 12:00 from 10:00, for three of the volumes of working fluids of the rate
of flow (4, 2 and 1 L/min). For the working fluid the gain of the heat gain can get commuted
utilizing in the Eq. (1), while value also can get articulated in term of absorbed energy by loss of
the power and the absorber from the absorb as provided below by the Eq. (2).

In equations that are shown above, Q u is gain of heat for fluid of working , W; m is the rate of
the flow of the mass, kg/s; C P is volume of heat of nanofluid or water, J/(kg-K); T o is
temperature of channel fluid, T i is heat of inlet fluid, T a is the heat of the environment, Ac is
solar collector of area of surface , m2; , F Ris factor of heat elimination; , G T is radiation of solar,
W/m 2; τα is product for absorptance transmission; U L is the whole solar collector of loss
coefficient. The nanofluids heat capacity that contains the capacity of heat of nanofluids and base
fluid, can be estimated by Eq. (3)

Page B9 of 21
 14

Where Ψ is the fraction of volume of nanoparticle AI 2 O 3, which is 0.1% for experiment. The
capacity of heat for water as fluid that is basis is identical with 4182 J/kg-K and for nanoparticles
of aluminum oxide is 880 J/kg-K.

The collector of efficiency, which is heat gain ratio of fluid the circulate on the surface of collector to
imposing energy, can be provided by Eqs. (4) and (5).

The coefficient of loss of heat F R U L in Eqs. (2) and (5) is not as continuous, but function of
ambient temperatures and saver inlet. [17] Thus:

Assigning Eq. (6) in Eqs. (“) and (5), it has:

Thus, the flat plate efficacy saver can get written as:

Page B10 of 21
 14

The line intersection with axis verticals equals to F R(τα), where fluid temperature is entering
collector that is equals the temperature of ambient and coefficient of the collector at maximum (

ηo ). The slope states how energy is reachable from collector, which is known as energy parameter
utilization.

Thus, when efficacy of thermal in steady-state condition is performed, U L (loss of heat) and F R
(energy parameter that is absorbed) method to values that is constant, the second-order terms
consequently of Eqs. (7) and (8). For condition of steady-state, in terms if efficacy is plotted of

T i-T a/G T , to yield it is probable with slope a linear trend of F R U L, which from collector the
nearby energy.

The subsequent are ordinary error sources: unsuitable instruments, data-recording error, and calibration errors.
The uncertainty of experimental impacts was once calculated in accordance to the ASME pointers on uncertainties
of reporting in measurements experimental on groundwork of the deviation in the parameters experimental [29],
[23]. Errors in the solar-radiation dimension, temperature measurement and flow-rate measurement are the
predominant aspects of the uncertainty in the efficiency of collector. The uncertainty outcomes of the
measurements containing all the error sources.

Nondeterministic Analysis

Electrical analysis
In these experiments the evaluation of errors, or equivalently uncertainty of the experimental, is
essential to evaluate in the outcomes the confidence and accomplish the valid test. In other word,
study of the uncertainty deals with the calculation of the interval uncertainty which should relate
to an outcome of the experiment, based on explanations in the raw information of the scatter
utilized in commutating the efficacy of the collector. Equation the general form for analysis of
uncertainty is provided in Eq. (10).

Page B11 of 21
 14

The vagueness of mass rate of the flow, measured by the meter of the flow is ± 0.05 L/min,
though value, for information of heat with the exactness of the thermocouples, is ± 0.2 °C. The
SMA meter of the solar for precision is ± 2%. The computations of model designated that the
uncertainty maximum in current study in influential the efficacy of the collector was about 3.2%.
The insecurity study outcomes are shown in Table 3 containing all the errors sources.

Result and discussion

Tests of the experiment were achieved on a solar collector of the flat plate about solar noon at
time 10:30 to 12, in June 2016 on various days. In orders for studying the impact of the
nanofluid as the fluid of the working, of the system of solar saver on the performance of the
thermal, every research was achieved three times for different rate of the flow (4, 2 and 1
L/min) and information that is good were designated for the examination. The typical data that is
recorded, at 1 L/min for water base fluid is shown in Fig. 6.

The clarification of this fashion is that uncaring speed and Reynolds variety of coolant expanded when the drift
charge raised, so the charge of motion, especially Brownian movement and commotion of particles in the
nanofluid, extend in percentage to the speed and go with nanofluid flow fee.

Heat saving efficacy

The collector efficacy variation versus the parameter for reduced temperature, for every rate of
flow of working fluid for pure water are shown in Fig. 7. The numbers of Reynolds for rates of
flow of 1, 2, and 4 L.min are individually as 308, 615 and 1231 (Fig. 7).

In the subsequent steps, the nanofluids has been organised at 0.1 wt% nanoparticle AI 2 O 3as the
base fluid in the water that is distilled. Fig. 8 shows the collector efficacy behaviour for various
rates of flow for such case. As per the outcomes, when the rate of the flow raises to 1 L/min
from 2 L/min, it raises the efficacy. While raises the mass rates of the flow to 4 L/min, reasons
to reduce in the effectiveness. The rate of flow is proportionally shown in collector efficacy
calculation (Eq. 4).

Page B12 of 21
 14

Fig. 9 presents the improved conductivity of thermal as flow rates purpose of AI 2 O 3 nanofluid and
also in equation (18).

In Eq. (12), T is shown as regular of outlet and inlet temperature flow. Also, the average
temperature is relative to K eff that yield highest price for improved conductivity of thermal. The
collector efficacy variations versus the parameter of decreased temperature is separated and shown
for every rate of flow, in Fig 10 a-c.

Page B13 of 21
 14

This can get deduced with the help of comparing the efficacy parameters value which is shown is
Table 4. Another facet of the interesting experiment of the nanofluids valuation, which can get
shown debatably through associating the outcomes between various rates of the flow, this is
related to the modification in the Brownian and absorptivity motion. Accumulation nanoparticle
AI 2 O 3 to the water, generates a nanofluids with abundant less limpidity than the water that is
pure, for better absorptivity that will leads subsequently, as well as improving the conductivity of
the thermal. (fig. 3) [19] Moreover, the forces that are random, originating from the collisions
among the particles of fluid of base, provide increase of the nanoparticles to the motion of Brownian.
The nanoparticles with the Brownian motion and the effect of the dispersal hit the wall of the
pipe and absorb heat, and then with fluid bulk mix them back to cause the better transfer of the
heat. Thereby raising the rate of the flow of the working fluid, reasons more crash among the
particles and the surface of the heating, and then improves the heat coefficient of the transfer.
[20]

Temperature in storage tank of water

The temperature water curves in storing tank acts as exchanger of heat for various provided rates
of flow as presented in Fig 11 a-c. The maximum water temperature is storage tank for flow
rates of 1, 2 and 4 L/min, in nanofluid AI 2 O3 are higher than of water by 4.7, 5.2 and 4.8°C,
respectively. Though, with temperature of water rising above 55°C, the water heat increase leisurely,
and lastly, it reach the extreme value. Contrast information of both working fluid, show that peak
water heat of tank of storage, in Al2O3 system of nanofluid, raises up to 7.1, 8.4 and 7.5% in
respectively 1, 2 and 4L/min flow rate. Fig. 11 show the rise of heat of water in tank of the storage
which prove the rate of the optimum of the flow of nanofluid is 2L/min.

Conclusion

Addition nanoparticle to water that is pure can raise the efficacy of the collector of flat plate
with enhancing of working fluid the characteristics of thermal. The efficacy of utilizing nanofluid
AI 2 O3 as the medium of absorbing on the solar collector for flat plate effectiveness has been
examined. The experiment have get carried out, a city of semi-arid. The capacity nanoparticles of the
fraction were set to 0.1% with the element of the average size 20 nm. In this experimentation,
the encouragement of the rate of the flow, on the efficacy of the solar saver has also get
examined, and the working rate of the flow has been designated in the range of 4, 2 and 1
L/min. The outcome of the experiment establishes that for all the rates of the flow, the efficacy
of the saver with nanofluid of AI 2 O3, is larger as the working fluid to that of water, while the
increase of the efficacy, increases up with the rate of the flow. Though, in this case nanofluid is
utilized, the modification in the rate of the flow, exhibits no certain behaviour; the efficacy that is

Page B14 of 21
 14

highest is attained for 2 L/min, which raises average of efficacy of the collector by 23.6% in
contrast with that of water that is pure for working fluid. Similarly, this optimum rate of the
flow (2 L/min) generated the maximum improvement in the tank of the storage of the
temperature of the water, which raises up to 8.4% as compare as with the waged fluid with
water.

When the radiation of solar incident raises, the collector efficient with water as the coolant had no apparent
impact. Though, the collector efficient, for the nanofluid, was raised with a very low slope by raising radiation of
solar of incident. The efficient of square solar collector of flat-plate was raised by raising the rate of the mass of the
flow. This behaviour was same for both nanofluid of SiO2/water and water; however, nanofluid was effective than
pure water at values of higher of the flow rate.

In mild of findings, the cause of the existing learning is to check out investigational the impact of one of the steady
nanofluids on effectivity of the collector of symmetric. SiO2/water and Water nanofluid with a fraction of mass of
1% are examined as coolants in collector of flat-plate. The collector is collector of plate of symmetric with same
sides, called the rectangular flat-plate photo voltaic collector. The efficiency of thermal and the performance of the
rectangular flat-plate solar collector are analyzed.

Page B15 of 21
 14

Acknowledgements

The gratefully authors acknowledge the given financial help by Universitat Jaume I of Castellón
(P11B2015-66), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (ENE2014-53760-R) and Spanish
Ministry of Science and Innovation (CTQ2010-21321-C02-01 and CTQ2010-21321-C02-02) .

R. Mondragón, as consequent author, recognizes the accountability for honesty of all information
analyzed and collected by Prof. J.E. Julia

Page B16 of 21
 14

References
[1] Hassan Hajabdollahi, Zahra Hajabdollahi, Assessment of nanoparticles in thermo economic
improvement of shell and tube heat exchanger, Appl. Therm. Eng. 106 (2016) 827–837.

[2] Hajabdollahi, Hassan, Zahra Hajabdollahi, Investigating the effect of nanoparticle on thermo-
economic optimization of fin and tube heat exchanger, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part E: J. Process
Mech. Eng. (2016) 0954408916656677.

[3] Ehsan Ebrahimnia-Bajestan, et al., Experimental and numerical investigation of nanofluids heat
transfer characteristics for application in solar heat exchangers, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 92 (2016)
1041–1052.

[4] Deokar, Pratik Shashikant, et al., Effect of Nanoparticles Aspect Ratio on the Two Phase Flow
Boiling Heat Transfer Coefficient and Pressure Drop of Refrigerant and Nanolubricants Mixtures in a
9.5 mm Micro-fin Tube, 2016.

[5] Saleh Salavati Meibodi, et al., Second law analysis of a nanofluid-based solar collector using
experimental data, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 126 (2) (2016) 617–625.

[6] Qunzhi Zhu, et al., Characterization of thermal radiative properties of nanofluids for selective
absorption of solar radiation, Inte. J. Thermophys. 34 (12) (2013) 2307–2321.

[7] Lin Lu, Zhen-Hua Liu, Hong-Sheng Xiao, Thermal performance of an open
thermosyphonusingnanofluidsforhigh-temperatureevacuatedtubularsolarcollectors: Part 1: indoor
experiment, Solar energy 85 (2) (2011) 379–387.

Page B17 of 21
 14

APPENDIX A:

Nomenclature

Page B18 of 21
 14

APPENDIX A
MATLAB CODE:
Main.m
clear;
clc;
tic
%this the main file for the part a of the project 1. in this file i have
%build.
%main file will call the function to solve for the displacement repeatedly
i=input('enter the iteration');
%this is the number of random variable this will be changed every time
EBD=input('the mean of the youngs modulus BD');
ESTD=input('standard deviation of the youngs modulus of BD');
Eother=input('enter the youngs modulus of the other element');
R= normrnd(EBD,ESTD,[1,i]);
%% verification of the random variable this part is option
verify_sum=sum(R);
verify_mu=(verify_sum/i);
verify_varience=(sum((R-verify_mu).^2))/i;
verify_sigma=sqrt(verify_varience);
verify=normpdf(R,verify_mu,verify_sigma);
subplot(3,3,1)
plot(R,verify,'.')
title('verified pdf');
%% assign the random variable to the displacement function
Dout(8)=0;
for t=(1:i)
Ebd=R(t);
D=Displacement(Ebd,Eother);
Dout=[Dout;D];
end
%% getting the u and v and assign to elimnate the firstrow
U_temp=Dout(:,7);
V_temp=Dout(:,8);
x=[1:i];
y=[2:i+1];
V(x)=V_temp(y);
U(x)=U_temp(y);
display('monte carlo simulation')
%% find the mean and standard deviation of the displacement U
Umean=mean(U);
U_var=var(U);
U_std=std(U);
Updf=normpdf(U,Umean,U_std);
subplot(3,3,2)
plot(U,Updf);
title('normal distribution of the displacement U')
%% find the mean and standard deviation of the displacement V
Vmean=mean(V);
V_var=var(V);
V_std=std(V);
Vpdf=normpdf(V,Vmean,V_std);
subplot(3,2,3)
plot(V,Vpdf);
title('normal distribution of the displacement V')
%% this is the hist plot to show the distribution of the displacement U
subplot(3,2,4)
histfit(U);
title('normal distribution of U at B')
subplot(3,2,5)
histfit(V);
title('normal distribution of V at b')
%% to find the ub and vb at P=0.1
ub=norminv(0.1,Umean,U_std)
Vb=norminv(0.1,Vmean,V_std)
Toc

Page B19 of 21
 14

APPENDIX B
function K =globalstiffness2(Ebd,Eab)
%this function is to obtain the global stiffness matrix
%% generated local stiffness matrix to AB and BD element
AB=stiffness(Eab*10^9,45,4.2426);
BD=stiffness(Ebd*10^9,90,3);
CB=stiffness(200*10^9,120,3.4641);
CD=stiffness(200*10^9,0,1.73205);
AD=stiffness(200*10^9,0,3);
%above are the stiffness matrix for 5 of the elements got by assign the E
%L and theta
%% nodal assignment
i=[1,2,3,4];
p=[1,2,7,8];
r=[3,4,7,8];
t=[5,6,7,8];
v=[3,4,5,6];
e=[7,8];
x=[1,2,3,4];
g=[5,6,7,8];
% here odd numbers in p,r,t,v,x represents 'u' and even number 'v' at there
% respective nodes
%% getting local matrix in the 8x8 matrix with respective node
K1(p,p)=AB(i,i); % in element AB the nodes are 1,2,7,8
K2(r,r)=BD(i,i); % in element BD the nodes are 3,4,7,8
K3(t,t)=CB(i,i); % in element CB the nodes are 5,6,7,8
K4(v,v)=CD(i,i); % in element CD the nodes are 3,4,5,6
%this step this to initialize the local stiffness matrix to global
K4(e,e)=0; %this step to make sure the size of the matrix k is same to
facilitate
%addition
K5(x,x)=AD(i,i); % in element AD the nodes are 1,2,3,4
K5(g,g)=0;
%% global matrix
K=K1+K2+K3+K4+K5;

function Displacement= Displacement(Ebd,E)

Page B20 of 21
 14

K_global=globalstiffness(Ebd,E);
i=[1,2,3,4,5];
j=[3,4,5,7,8];
%% element the contrainted row and column
K(i,i)=K_global(j,j);
%% force matrix
f=[0;0;0;0;500*10^3];
%% displacement
D=K\f;
Displacement(j)=D(i);

monte carlo simulation

ub = -5.7931e+05

Vb = 4.0302e+06

Elapsed time is 61.781378 seconds.

Page B21 of 21