Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
VIBRATION OF SINGLE
CONDUCTORS: ASSESSMENT OF
THE TECHNOLOGY
Task Force 1 "Vibration Principles" Analysis of aeolian vibration behavior
of overhead conductors generally
of Working Group 11 of Study Committee 22 makes use of the so-called Energy
Balance Principle (EBP) [ I ] . The EBP
works in the frequency domain: in its
TABLE OF CONTENTS simplest form, one mode of vibration at
a time is considered and steady state
solutions computed correspond to the
SCOPE 4. INFLUENCE OF UNCERTAINTY maximum vibration amplitude which
ABOUT SELF-DAMPING AND could be excited on that conductor at
1. LAMINAR WlND POWER INPUT POWER FROM WlND ON THE ANA- that frequency. Transient effects like
those due to wind turbulence cannot
LYTICAL PREDICTION OF be taken into account. Some advanced
2. CONDUCTOR SELF-DAMPING
CONDUCTORRESPONSE analyses take into account the statisti-
cal distribution of the wind on the con-
3. COMPARISON BETWEEN EXPE- 5. CONCLUSIONS ductor, either in the time [2] or the fre-
RIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL quency [3, 41 domain. However, the
RESULTS REFERENCES straightforward EBP is considered
acceptable for use for engineering
applications and a number of computer
Document prepared by the following members and nonmembers of Task Force I: programs have been written around it,
G. Diana (Convenor), F. Tavano (past-Convenor), R. Claren, L. Cloutier, M. Ervik, P. Hage- most of which can be implemented on
dorn, C. Hardy, G. Kern, H.J. Krispin, L. Mocks, C.B. Rawlins, P. Dulhunty, A. Manenti, a personal computer.
M. Tunstall, J.M. Asselin, W. Bikkner, assisted by D.G. Havard and D. Hearnshaw
The reliability of results of these ana-
lytical computations is no better than
the background data used in them,
particulary data on the power supplied
by wind during aeolian vibration and
data on self-damping in stranded con-
ductors. This document concerns the
reliability of those results.
natives in the design or redesign pro- To make this assessment, the study
cess. In particular, this paper was done in four parts, as follows:
Scope
describes the energy balance principle I. "Laminar Wind Power Input"
which is used to estimate an upper presents a critical analysis of the avail-
bound to the expected vibratory able data pertaining to wind power
Reliable transmission line design motions, gives examples of measured input.
requires that vibration of the conduc- wind and conductor data used, and
tors due to wind is controlled below 2. "Conductor Self-damping" pre-
some comparisons with available field
critical levels to avoid fatigue damage. sents the corresponding analysis of
measurements.
Newly designed lines, lines that are data on conductor self-damping.
being modified to carry higher current As a first step in defining the dynamic In 3. "Comparison between Ana-
voltage and lines that are being behaviour of single conductors sub- lytical and Experimental Results," sev-
assessed for life extension, all require jected to aeolian vibration, studies eral of the available programs based
vibration control for safe levels. have been made of undamped single on the EBP are used to compare ana-
Approaches available to guide this conductors exposed to low turbulence lytical to experimentally determined
assessment process can be prag- winds. This is the simplest case, and vibration behavior.
matic, through design rules based on existing wind tunnel data correspond 4. "Influence of Uncertainty about
past experience. Also conditions can more closely to low turbulence winds. Self-Damping and Power from Wind
be assessed through measurement on Such winds are encountered in very on the Analytical Prediction of Conduc-
existing lines, using special purpose flat terrain, at river and straits cross- tor Response" reports results of a
measuring instruments. This paper ings, and during periods of thermal study of how uncertainties regarding
deals with an analytical approach inversion over many other types of ter- wind power input and conductor self-
which may be used to investigate alter- rain. damping are reflected in analytical pre-
1 2. AUTO-AMORTISSEMENT
DU CONDUCTEUR
methode de la puissance (PT),
consiste a rnesurer I'energie totale
transrnise au conducteur au point de
connexion avec I'excitateur de vibra-
tions. Cette energie cornprend I'ener-
peut alors 6tre extrapole pour des por-
tees reelles beaucoup plus longues.
Le Tableau 1 donne les exposants
releves par plusieurs chercheurs [ I ,
14-23] ainsi que la methode de
gie dissipee par le conducteur tant sur mesure utilisee, la longueur de la por-
L'auto-amortissernent du conducteur la portee qu'aux extrernites de la por-
[24] est une caracteristique physique tee d'essai et les conditions aux extre-
tee sous I'effet d'un amortissement mites de la portee, et enfin le nombre
du conducteur qui definit sa capacite structural et d'un arnortissernent aero-
de dissiper de I'energie interieurement de conducteurs (cibles) et les trac-
lors de sa vibration. Pour les conduc- tions choisis.
teurs toronnes classiques, on consi- * Cette Annexe est disponible sur demande au On remarquera que la methode de la
dere que la dissipation d'energie est Bureau Central. puissance pour les mesures de I'auto-
Constant tension device
Termination Termination \
Two methods have been used by most a factor of proportionality; yo is anti- Using the above empirical rule, self-
investigators in conductor vibration node displacement amplitude of vibra- damping determined in short labora-
research. tion; f is frequency of vibration and T is tory spans can then be extrapolated to
conductor tension. I,m and n are the actual, much longer spans.
One method, known as the Power
Method (PT) consists in measuring the amplitude exponent, frequency expo- Table 1 summarizes the exponents
total power transmitted to the conduc- nent and tension exponent respec- reported by a number of investigators
tor at the connection point with the tively. [ I , 14-23], together with the method of
shaker. This power comprises the
power dissipated by the conductor
both in-span and at span ends through
structural damping and aerodynamic TABLEAU I. Cornparaison des regles d e I'auto-arnortissernent d'un conducteur.
damping, and the power dissipated in TABLE I. Comparison of conductor self-darnping rules.
the terminations, if significant. When-
ever the stiffness of the terminations is P )6'frn
Regles empiriques / Empirical Rules = k --
high enough, end-span damping is L T"
mostly due to structural damping within
the conductor in a short segment near -- --
End Span no
termination clamps where it is forced Investigators Method Cond. lengtt cables
to bend severely. Span-end effects [ml X
I
I
I
I
8
I
1 1 1
i I Ill,,
i ,i
.-,
1
----- ;TI;;~ wind power !
, ---
quite different (fig.11). As already men-
0.01 0.1 ulD 1
tioned, discrepancies could be due
also to some lack in experimental data
Figure 12. Puissance transmise par le vent.
and, even if in a smaller amount, to
Figure 12. Power imparted by the wind.
some imprecision in the data used for
the EBP computations.
3.00€+02
A
--- dam (22)(23)
w1nd:rned
around one conductor diameter for all
combinations of assumed power input
function and self-damping model, and
----- damp (18) it occurs at low vibration frequencies.
windmed
This low-frequency maximum ampli-
tude is not sensitive to the choice of
self-damping model because self-
damping is small enough to be over-
shadowed by the variation of wind
tree loop amplitudes percentage difference
70 I 1 power with amplitude at these frequen-
I cies. This amplitude is also not sensi-
- w~ndmax 1 tive to the choice of wind power func-
damp ( 1 8 )
w~ndmed.
-
iI
damo ( 2 2 1 ( 2 3 ) tion, because both functions assumed
in the study cross zero power at the
damo (18) - d a l n ~ (22)(23)1
same amplitude - about one diameter.
If the upper limit of the fre-
s 30 -/--------------I -damp (18) I quency range of interest for aeolian
!
wind:max - wind:med
--damp vibration is taken as the frequency
(22)(23) where calculated vibration strain falls
aina:max - wind:med
*
oelow 30 microstrain, it appears that
it is the same for both self-damping
models.
frequency [Hz] For the lower T/w tension val-
Jes, predicted vibration amplitude is
Figure 13. Sensibilite de I'amplitude prevue (et de la deformation unitaire) par rapport aux nore sensitive to the choice of wind
incertitudes relatives a la puissance du vent et a I'auto-amortissement (T/w = 1 557 m, 3ower function (maximum variation
conducteur ACSR - diametre = 23,55 mm). letween functions around 55%) than
Figure 13. Sensitivity of predicted amplitude (and strain) to uncertainties about wind power :o the choice of self-damping model
and self-damping (T/w = 1557 m, ACSR conductor - diameter = 23.55 mm) :maximum variation between models
)f around 25%). At the higher T/w
evel, the maximum variations were
3bout the same, around 55%.
some differences remain. The differ- self-damping were assessed by calcu- t should be pointed out that self-
ence between these two models was lating predicted free loop amplitudes lamping models are obtained on the
taken as a measure of the uncertaintly for three representative conductors, m i s of the best tit 05 measured data
associated with conductor self-damp- each at two tension levels, corre- o a power law of the type reported in
ing. sponding to values of the parameter rable I. Deviation of measured values
T/w equal to 1557 and 2002 meters rom the fitted model averages around
The sensitivity of predicted amplitude respectively ( T is conductor tension ?O% in typical cases, and is better in
to uncertainties about wind power and and w is conductor weigth per unit ;ome ranges of frequency and worse
damp ( 2 2 1 ( 2 3 )
/I donnees mesurees avec une loi expo-
nentielle du type mentionne au
Tableau I. L'ecart des valeurs mesu-
0.51 - I wind:med rees par rapport au modele ajuste est
en moyenne de 20 % dans les cas
types et s'attenue dans certaines
gammes de frequences ou empire
dans d'autres, en raison de la difficulte
de ces mesures.
De toute evidence, la sensibilite indi-
strain [microstrains] quee a I'egard du choix de la fonction
600 w1nd:max
I- !
d'energie eolienne et du modele de
damp ( 2 2 1 ( 2 3 ) I'auto-amortissement aurait ete diffe-
wind:rnax rente si I'on avait integre dans I'etude
400 -- -damp ( 2 2 ) ( 2 3 )
d'autres fonctions et modeles. D'autres
300 w.nd:rned fonctions de I'energie sont presentees
a la figure 1. Une plus grande variabi-
lite due au modele d'auto-amortisse-
ment aurait ete mise en evidence si
I'on avait pris en consideration le
modele de Claren et Diana [15].
- .. . .-7
.-
dam!, ( 1 8 )
and of the distribution of vibration
... windmax amplitudes with frequency.
-
. .
-1
:=I--- damp ( 2 2 ) ( 2 3 1
wind:max
damp (221 ( D l
wind:med
The predicted amplitude level in some
cases is quite close to the measured,
but in some other cases is quite dif-
ferent, due to several reasons. As
----- damp
wmdmed
(181
1 already pointed out in the introduc-
tion, the EBP predicted amplitudes
are the maximum amplitudes which
can be excited by the wind on a cer-
tain conductor: if the mean wind
speed (independently of the turbu-
lence index) changes in time, the
steady state amplitude level can
I never be reached because the sys-
damp (221(23)1 tem is always in a transient condition.
500
-- -ciamu
windmax
(221123) 1 So the measured values are lower
than the EBP predicted ones. More-
wlnd:med
300 over the measured frequencies may
not perfectly agree with the Strouhal
formula evaluated with the wind
actual velocity, being related to a pre-
vious wind velocity. These facts could
be responsible for some disagree-
free l w p amplitudes percentage differences ment between vibration amplitude and
70 frequency predicted and measured
60 values, when the wind structure is
so damp (181 - damp I22)(23) such that constant mean speed sel-
dom occurs.
-$
6
40
damn (181 - d a m (22)(23) If the wind power functions and self-
; 30 damping models employed in the
20 rind:max - wind:med study are indicative of the range of
uncertainty in these parameters, then
10
the range of uncertainty in EBP predic-
0 tions of vibration amplitude is about
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 k 50 to 60%.
frequency [Hz]
Generally, the highest vibration strains
Figure 15. Sensibilite de I'amplitude prevue (et de la deformation unitaire) par rapport aux we .found at relatively low frequencies,
incertitudes relatives a la puissance du vent et a I'auto-amortissement (T/w = 2 002 rn, iiyhere the contribution of dampers to
conducteur ACSR - diametre = 23,55 mm). werall damping is much more impor-
Figure 15. Sensitivity of predicted amplitude (and strain) to uncertainties about wind power :ant than that from conductor self-
and self-darnping(T/w= 2002 m, ACSR conductor - diameter = 23.55 rnrn). jamping. This is not true at high fre-
quencies. Thus, the largest deviations
letween models for self-damping,
~ h i c hoccur at the lowest frequencies
3re less important than they may
in others, because of the difficulty of cated had the Claren & Diana [I51 3ppear.
such measurements. model been included.
n practice, assessment of the aeo-
Obviously, the indicated sensitivity to ian vibration condition of particular
the choice of wind power function and ines, with conductors whose
self-damping model would have been nechanical properties are poor\y
different had other such functions and
5. CONCLUSIONS lefined, or with special terrain condi-
models been included in the study. ions, may require field measure-
Other power functions are shown in nents. Techniques to perform such
Figure 1 . Greater variability due to self- The paper has shown that through pre- neasurements have been described
damping model would have been indi- dictions of aeolian vibration level in ~reviously1291.
damp (22)(;3)
R En general, les deformations unitaires
maximales creees par les vibrations
sont relevees a des frequences relati-
vement faibles, domaine dans lequel la
contribution des amortisseurs a I'amor-
tissement total est beaucoup plus
importante que celle de I'auto-amortis-
sement du conducteur. Ceci n'est pas
vrai pour les hautes frequences. Par
consequent, les plus grands ecarts
entre les modeles d'auto-amortisse-
ment, qui se produisent aux fre-
70 free loop amplitudes percentage d~fference quences les plus faibles, sont moins
I
importants qu'ils ne peuvent paraitre.
i
damp (181 - oarno ( 2 2 ) ( 2 3 ) Dans la pratique, I'evaluation de I'etat
- - - - - wrnd med des vibrations eoliennes de certaines
d a m (18) - d a m (22)(23)
lignes equipees de conducteurs dont
les proprietes mecaniques sont ma1
rind:max - wind:med
definies, ou dans des conditions parti-
culieres de terrain, peut necessiter des
mesures sur le terrain. Des techniques
permettant d'effectuer de telles
mesures ont ete decrites anterieure-
frequency [Hz]
ment [29].
Figure 16. Sensibilite de I'amplitude prevue (et de la deformation unitaire) par rapport aux
incertitudes relatives a la puissance du vent et a I'auto-amortissement (T/w = 2 002 m,
conducteur ACSR - diametre = 35,lO mm).
Figure 16. Sensitivity of predicted amplitude (and strain) to uncertainties about wind power
and self-damping (T/w= 2002 m, ACSR conductor - diameter = 35.10 mm).
(Voir anglais)
[ I 11 Farquharson & McHugh, Wind tunnel [22] Cigada, A. and Manenti, A., Sulla
REFERENCES investigation of conductor vibration misura dello smorzamento proprio dei
using rigid models Trans. AIEE, Power conduttori con il metodo dell'onda
Apparatus and System, Vol 75 part Ill, stazionaria, Rapporto lnterno del
1956 Dipartimento di Meccanica del Politec-
[ l ] CIGRE' Study Committee 22 - Work- nico di Milano 8-96, May 1996
ing Group 01 Report on aeolian vibra- [12] Brika & Laneville, A laboratory investi-
gation of the power imparted by wind [23] Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di
tion / Rapport sur les vibrations eolien-
nes - Electra, n. 124, pp 41 -77 to a conductor using a flexible model Meccanica Valutazione sperimentale
1995 IEEE (P.E.S.) Winter Meeting dello smorzamento strutturale dei con-
[2] Diana G. et al (1993) Aeolian vibra- duttori e proposta di una metodologia
tions of overhead transmission lines: [13] CIGRE' Study Committee 22 - Work- di misura da applicare a1 metodo
computations in turbulence conditions ing Group on Mechanical Oscillations dell'onda stazionaria, Tesi Laurea di
- Jour of Wind Engineering and Guide on Conductor Self-Damping G.De Nardis e A.Seveso, AA.95-96.
Industrial Aerodynamics 46 & 47 Measurements / Guide pour les
mesures d'auto-amortissement des [23b] G. Diana et al. On the measure of
(1993) 639-648. conductor self-damping, Su bmitted for
conducteurs - Electra, n. 62, Jan
[3] Noiseux et al (1986) Transformation of 1979, pp 79-90. publication on IEEE Trans on Power
wind tunnel data on aeolian vibration Delivery.
for application to random conductor [14] Tompkins J.S., Merril, L.L. and Jones,
B.L., Qualitative Relative Relationships [24] Hardy, C and Leblond, A, Comparison
vibrations in a turbulent wind - of Conductor Self-Damping Measure-
IEEEIPES 1986 Summer Meeting, in Conductor Vibration Damping, AIEE,
pp 879-96,1956 ments, CIGRE SC 22-93 (WG 11) 88."
Mexico City.
[25] C. Hardy, P. Van Dyke, Field observa-
[4] Rawlins, C.B. (1983) Model of Power [15] Claren R and Diana G Mathematical tions on wind-induced conductor
Imparted by Turbulent Wind to Vibrat- analysis of transmission line vibration, motion, CEA Montreal 1993
ing Conductor - Report No. 93-83-3, IEEE trans. Vol Pas-88, no 12,1969.
Alcoa Conductor Products Co., Spar- [26] F. Tavano, Collection of experimental
[16] Seppa, T Self-damping Measurements data on aeolian vibration on single
tanburg, SC, April, 1983. and Energy balance of ACSR Drake, conductors, CIGRE' 22-91 (WGI 1-
[5] G. Diana, M. Falco, On the forces IEEE WPM, Paper no 71 CP-161 TF1) 6.*
transmitted to a vibrating cylinder by a PWR, New York 1971.
blowing fluid (experimental study and [27] C . Rawlins, Conductor self-damping
[17] Rawlins, C.B. Notes on the Measure- data and comparison between theoreti-
analysis of the phenomenon) Mecca- ments of Conductor Self-Damping,
nica no 1 - Vol VII - 1971 cal and experimental data on aeolian
Alcoa Lab., Alcoa Conductor Products vibration on single conductor, CIGRE'
[6] Pon, Havard, Currie & Mc Donald, Co., Report No 93-83-4, July 1983. 22-92 (WGl 1-TFl) 12."
Aeolan vibrations of bundle conduc- [I81 Noiseux,D.U., Similarity Laws of the [28] C. Hardy, Comparison of theoretical
tors, Canadian Electrical Association Internal Damping of Stranded Cables calculations and field measurements
- Report nO177 T 51 0 Mar 1989 in Transverse Vibrations, IEEE T&D on single conductors CIGRE' 22-91
[7] C.B. Rawlins, Power imparted by wind Conf & Exp., Dallas, Sept 1991. (WG11-TFl) 9.*
to a model of a vibrating conductor, [29] Cigre Study Committee 22, Working
[ I 91 Tavano,F, Results of Self-Damping
Technical Report no 93-82-1 El. Prod. Group 11, Task Force 2, Guide to
Measurements on Conductors for
Div - ALCOA Lab. - Massena, N.Y. Vibration Measurement on Overhead
Overhead Lines and on Earth Wires
- 1982 with Optical Fibres, Cigre SC 22-88 Lines 1 Guide des mesures des vibra-
[8] C.B. Rawlins, Recent developements (WG 11) 18.* tions sur les lignes aeriennes, Electra
in conductor vibration research, Tech- No. 163 Dec 1995.
[20] Mocks, L and Schmidt, J, Survey of
nical Paper no 13 - ALCOA Lab. - [30] T.O. Slethey, Vibrasjon p2 kraffled-
Measurements of mechanical Self-
1958 ninger. Vindenergi og egendempning i
Damping of ACSR Conductors, CIGRE
[9] Bate, The vibration of transmission line SC 22-89 (WG 11) TFI-2.* liner, Norges Tekniske Hsgskole -
conductor - Trans. Institution of Engi- Trondheim
[21] Kraus, M and Hagedorn, P, Aeolian
neers (Australia), Vol XI 1930 [31] E.Palazuelos et al., Control of conduc-
Vibrations: Wind Energy Input Evalu-
ated from Measurements on an Ener- tors to prevent construction problems,
[ I 01 Carrol, Laboratory studies of conductor
vibration, Electrical Engineering, gized Transmission Line, IEEE Trans IEEE London.
Trans. AIEE, Power Apparatus and on Power Delivery, Vo1.6, lss.3, July
System, Vol55 1956 1991, pp 1264-70. * Not available at the Central Office