Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Physics Summary Density – ratio of mass and volume

Prepared by: Sir Ivan

𝑚
Fluids (liquid, gas, or plasma) – a substance that
𝜌=
𝑉
continually deforms (flows) under an applied
shear stress, or external force 𝑔
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1
𝑐𝑚3
𝑔
Fluid Mechanics – branch of science concerned 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 0.001225 3
with the response of fluids to forces exerted 𝑐𝑚
upon them
Relative Density / Specific Gravity – ratio of
density of a substance and density of a standard
Fluid Statics – branch of fluid mechanics that
(water for liquid, air for gas); dimensionless
deals with the study of fluids at rest

Fluid Dynamics – branch of fluid mechanics that

𝜌𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠
𝑆𝐺 =
deals with the study of fluids in motion 𝜌𝑤/𝑎
Viscosity – the measure of how compact the
molecular structure of a fluid is; high viscosity Pressure – amount of force per unit area; unit is
means difficult to flow in (N/m2 or Pa)

Newtonian Fluid – constant viscosity no matter 𝐹 𝑚𝑔

how much shear is applied to it 𝑃= =
𝐴 𝐴
Non-Newtonian Fluid - changing viscosity as
shear is applied to it 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑓 𝑔ℎ
Compressible Fluid – changing density
Atmospheric Pressure – the pressure exerted by
Incompressible Fluid – constant density the weight of the atmosphere; measured using a
barometer
Hydraulid Fluids – incompressible (mostly
liquids); water, oil, etc. Units:
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
Pneumatic Fluids – compressible (mostly gases), 1 atm = 101325 Pa
LPG, atomizers, paint sprayers 1 atm = 760 torr
1 atm = 1.01325 bar
Laminar Flow – fluid flows in parallel layers 1 atm = 760 mmHg
(smooth flow)
Notes:
Turbulent Flow – fluid flows in intersecting -At sea level, the atmospheric pressure is 1 atm.
layers (rough flow) -Total pressure is the sum of gauge pressure and
atmospheric pressure.
Steady Flow – time-independent flow
𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝐺 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
Unsteady Flow – time-dependent flow 𝑃𝐺 = 𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
 Bernoulli’s Principle – states that as the velocity
Pascal’s Principle – states when a force is applied
of the fluid increase, the pressure exerted by
to a confined fluid, the change in pressure is
that fluid decreases
transmitted equally in all parts of the fluid

Hydraulic Lift – a type of machine that uses a

hydraulic apparatus to lift or move objects using
the force created when pressure is exerted on
liquid in a piston; generating large force by
applying small force
Archimedes’ Principle – the buoyant force
exerted by an object immersed in a fluid is equal
to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object

𝑃1 = 𝑃2
Thermal Physics – branch of physics which deals
with the study of temperature, heat energy, and
𝐹1 𝐹2 their relation to matter
=
𝐴1 𝐴2 Thermodynamics – branch of thermal physics
which studies the macroscopic relationship
𝐴2 𝐹2 between heat and other forms of energy
=
𝐴1 𝐹1 Statistical Mechanics – branch of thermal
physics which quantumly studies the
microscopic relationship between heat and
Buoyant Force – an upward force exerted by a other forms of energy
fluid on an object that is wholly or partially
immersed in a fluid Kinetic Theory of Gases – deals with the
different models of thermodynamic behavior of
𝐹⃗𝐵 = 𝜌𝑓 𝑔𝑉 gases

Thermometric Properties – properties that are

-Unit is in Newtons dependent of temperature change
- Temperature – the average kinetic energy of the
molecules of a substance
A hot object has high kinetic energy because its Thermal Equilibrium – state where two objects
molecules are moving fast. with initially different temperatures achieve
equal temperatures
A cold object has low kinetic energy because its
molecules are moving slow.
1
𝑇 𝛼 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
Units of Temperature
Celsius to Fahrenheit
𝟗
℉ = ℃ + 𝟑𝟐
𝟓
Relaxation time – time required for a system to
Fahrenheit to Celsius reach thermal equilibrium
𝟓
℃ = (℉ − 𝟑𝟐)
𝟗
Type of Equilibrium Exchanged Quantity
Celsius to Kelvin
Thermal Heat
𝑲 = ℃ + 𝟐𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟓
Mechanical Volume
Fahrenheit to Rankine
Diffusive Particles
°𝑹 = ℉ + 𝟒𝟓𝟗. 𝟔𝟕

Absolute zero – the lowest limit of the Modes of Heat Transfer

thermodynamic temperature scale, a state at Conduction – heat transfer by molecular
which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal contact; most effective in solids
gas reach their minimum value, taken as zero Convection – heat transfer through density
kelvins. (0 K = -273.15 0C = -459.67 0F) differences; most effective in liquids and gases
Radiation – heat transfer by wave motion; can
Notes: occur in space
-A thermometer is usually mercury-based
because mercury has a high coefficient of
expansion
-Celsius and Fahrenheit are equal at -40.
-Other temperature measuring devices include
thermocouples, RTDs, pyrometers, etc.

Heat – energy transferred from one body to

another because of differences in temperature;
always flows from a high temp body to a low
temp body

Units of Heat – Joule or cal (1 cal = 4.184 J)

Calorimetry – the study of measuring heat

Quantity of Heat – amount of heat transferred
from one body to another to achieve thermal Linear Expansion
equilibrium (in Joules or calories)

𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇

𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

Specific heat capacity (c) - amount of energy

required to raise one gram of a substance by 1 0C
(for water, c = 1 cal/(g0C)

Latent heat (L) – amount of energy required to

change phase without change in temperature

Latent Heat of Fusion – for solid to liquid Area Expansion

Latent Heat of Vaporization – for liquid to gas

Volume Expansion

Thermal Expansion – the tendency of a matter

to expand when heated due to the increase in
vibration of the particles

Example: Railways for trains, mercury inside the

thermometer, gasoline inside a metal tank