FALLSEM2020-21 ECE4001 ETH VL2020210101924 Reference Material I 07-Sep-2020 M5.1 Bandband System

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com/view/arvindk
9/6/2020 |Dr. Arvind Kumar| https://sites.google.com/view/arvindk 2
Bandpass System-I
Gram-Schmidt QAM- Generation

Correlation
orthogonalization and detection of
receiver
procedure coherent system
(BASK, BFSK,
Error performance
BPSK, QPSK, MSK)
OUTCOME: Describe the mathematical model of a digital modulation technique, characterize the effect
of AWGN channel and determine its bit error rate performance.
Bandpass Modulation and Demodulation
• Bandpass Modulation is the process by which some characteristics of a sinusoidal
waveform is varied according to the message signal.
• Modulation shifts the spectrum of a baseband signal to some high frequency.
• Demodulator/Decoder baseband waveform recovery

Why Modulation?
• Most channels require that the baseband signal be shifted to a higher frequency
• For example in case of a wireless channel antenna size is inversely proportional to the
center frequency, this is difficult to realize for baseband signals.
For speech signal f = 3 kHz  =c/f=(3x108)/(3x103)

Antenna size without modulation /4=105 /4 meters = 15 miles -
practically unrealizable
Same speech signal if amplitude modulated using fc=900MHz will
require an antenna size of about 8cm.
• Modulation also required if channel has to be shared by several transmitters

(Frequency division multiplexing).

Digital Bandpass Modulation Techniques

Modulation Techniques

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Baseband
Data
1 0 0 1 0
ASK
modulated
signal
Acos(t) Acos(t)
• Pulse shaping can be employed to remove spectral spreading

• ASK demonstrates poor performance, as it is heavily affected by noise,
fading, and interference

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Baseband
Data
1 0 0 1
BFSK
modulated
signal
f1 f0 f0 f1
where f0 =Acos(c-)t and f1 =Acos(c+)t
• Example: The ITU-T V.21 modem standard uses FSK
• FSK can be expanded to a M-ary scheme, employing multiple
frequencies as different states

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Baseband
Data
1 0 0 1
BPSK
modulated
signal
s1 s0 s0 s1
where s0 =-Acos(ct) and s1 =Acos(ct)
• Major drawback – rapid amplitude change between symbols due to phase
discontinuity, which requires infinite bandwidth. Binary Phase Shift Keying
(BPSK) demonstrates better performance than ASK and BFSK
• BPSK can be expanded to a M-ary scheme, employing multiple phases and
amplitudes as different states

Demodulation & Detection
• Demodulation
• Is process of removing the carrier signal to obtain the original signal waveform
• Detection – extracts the symbols from the waveform

• Coherent detection
• Non-coherent detection

Coherent Detection
• An estimate of the channel phase and attenuation is recovered.
• It is then possible to reproduce the transmitted signal and demodulate.
• Requires a replica carrier wave of the same frequency and phase at the
receiver.
• The received signal and replica carrier are cross-correlated using
information contained in their amplitudes and phases.
• Also known as synchronous detection

Non-Coherent Detection
Requires no reference wave; does not exploit phase reference information (envelope
detection)
• Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK)
• Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
• Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
• Non coherent detection is less complex than coherent detection (easier to implement), but has worse
performance.

Constellation Diagram
• Graphical representation of the complex envelope of each possible symbol
state
• The x-axis represents the in-phase component and the y-axis the
quadrature component of the complex envelope
• The distance between signals on a constellation diagram relates to how
different the modulation waveforms are and how easily a receiver can
differentiate between them.

Concept of a constellation diagram

Constellation Diagram
• Properties of Modulation Scheme can be inferred from Constellation Diagram
• Bandwidth occupied by the modulation increases as the dimension of the
modulated signal increases
• Bandwidth occupied by the modulation decreases as the signal points per
dimension increases (getting more dense)
• Probability of bit error is proportional to the distance between the closest
points in the constellation.
• Bit error decreases as the distance increases (sparse).

BASK
Amplitude Shift Keying
• ASK is a type of Amplitude Modulation which represents the binary data in the form of
variations in the amplitude of a signal.
• Any modulated signal has a high frequency carrier. The binary signal when ASK modulated,
gives a zero value for Low input while it gives the carrier output for High input.
• The following figure represents ASK modulated waveform along with its input.

Binary ASK
 Modulation 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
“1”
“0”
 Average energy per bit (On-off signaling)
 Decision Region Region R Region R1

2
s2 s1

“1”
“0”

Optimum Detector

Binary ASK
 Modulation 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
“1”
“0”
 Average energy per bit (On-off signaling)
 Decision Region Region R Region R1

2
s2 s1

Probability of Error

ASK Modulator

ASK Modulator
• The carrier generator, sends a continuous high-frequency carrier.
• The binary sequence from the message signal makes the unipolar input to be either High or
Low.
• The high signal closes the switch, allowing a carrier wave. Hence, the output will be the
carrier signal at high input.
• When there is low input, the switch opens, allowing no voltage to appear. Hence, the output
will be low.
• The band-limiting filter, shapes the pulse depending upon the amplitude and phase
characteristics of the band-limiting filter or the pulse-shaping filter.

ASK Demodulator
There are two types of ASK Demodulation techniques. They are −
• Asynchronous ASK Demodulation/detection

• Synchronous ASK Demodulation/detection
The clock frequency at the transmitter when matches with the clock frequency at the receiver, it
is known as a Synchronous method, as the frequency gets synchronized.
Otherwise, it is known as Asynchronous.

Asynchronous ASK Demodulator
• The Asynchronous ASK detector consists of a half-wave rectifier, a low pass filter, and a
comparator. Following is the block diagram for the same.
• The modulated ASK signal is given to the half-wave rectifier, which delivers a positive half
output.
• The low pass filter suppresses the higher frequencies and gives an envelope detected output
from which the comparator delivers a digital output.
Synchronous ASK Demodulator
• Synchronous ASK detector consists of a Square law detector, low pass filter, a comparator, and
a voltage limiter. Following is the block diagram for the same.
• The ASK modulated input signal is given to the Square law detector.
• A square law detector is one whose output voltage is proportional to the square of the
amplitude modulated input voltage.
• The low pass filter minimizes the higher frequencies. The comparator and the voltage limiter
help to get a clean digital output.

BINARY PHASE-SHIFT
KEYING (BPSK)
Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK)
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
 Modulation
“1”
“0”
 , bit duration
 : carrier frequency, chosen to be for some fixed
integer or fc  1/ Tb
 : transmitted signal energy per bit, i.e.
 The pair of signals differ only in a 180-degree phase shift

Signal Space Representation for BPSK
 There is one basis function
with
 Then and
 A binary PSK system is characterized by a signal space

that is one-dimensional (i.e. N=1), and has two message
points (i.e. M =2)
0 s1
s2

Decision Rule of BPSK
 Assume that the two signals are equally likely, i.e.
 Then the optimum decision boundary is the midpoint of the

line joining these two message points
Region R2 Region R1
r r
0
s2 s1
 Decision rule:
 Guess signal (or binary 1) was transmitted if the
received signal point r falls in region R1
 Guess signal (or binary 0) was transmitted otherwise

Probability of Error for BPSK
 The conditional probability of the receiver deciding in favor
of given that is transmitted is
 Due to symmetry
r
0

Pe for BPSK (cont’d)
 Since the signals and are equally likely to be
transmitted, the average probability of error is
depends on ratio
 This ratio is normally called bit energy to noise density ratio

(or SNR/bit)

BPSK Transmitter
Input binary m(t)

Spectrum Product Binary PSK
data shaping filter modulator wave s(t)
Carrier wave
Rectangular
pulse

BPSK Receiver
Say 1 if threshold is exceeded

Tb Decision
 0
dt
device Say 0, otherwise
Threshold
demodulator detector
 is the carrier-phase offset, due to propagation delay or

oscillators at transmitter and receiver are not synchronous
 The detection is coherent in the sense of
 Phase synchronization
 Timing synchronization

BINARY FSK
Binary FSK
 Modulation
“1”
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
“0”
 : transmitted signal energy per bit
 fi : transmitted frequency with separation f  f1  f0

 f is selected so that and are orthogonal i.e.
(Example?)
When would s1 and s2 be orthogonal?

Signal Space for BFSK
 Two orthogonal basis functions are required
 Signal space representation
Message
point
Message point

Decision Regions of Binary FSK
 Observation vector
R2 Decision boundary
Message
point
R1
Message point
 The receiver decides in favor of s1 if the observation vector r

falls inside region R1. This occurs when r1 > r2
 When r1 < r2 , r falls inside region R2 and the receiver decides

in favor of s2
Binary FSK Transmitter
On-off signalling form

1
0

Coherent Binary FSK Receiver
Tb
 0
dt
+ Choose 1 if l>0
Decision
+ Device Choose 0 otherwise
-
Tb
 0
dt

Probability of Error for Binary FSK
 Given that s1 is transmitted,
and
 Since the condition r1 < r2 corresponds to the receiver making a
decision in favor of symbol s2, the conditional probability of error given
s1 is transmitted is given by
 Define a new random variable

 Since n1 and n2 are i.i.d with
 Thus, n is also Gaussian with

Pe for BFSK (cont’d)
 By symmetry
 Since the two signals are equally likely to be transmitted,

the average probability of error for coherent binary FSK is
3 dB worse than BPSK
To achieve the same Pe, BFSK needs 3dB more

transmission power than BPSK

Probability of Error for Binary ASK
 Average probability of error is
Identical to that of coherent binary FSK
 Exercise: Prove Pe

Probability of Error and the Distance Between
Signals
BPSK BFSK BASK
 In general,

Probability of Error for BPSK and FSK/ASK
0
10
-1
10
Probability of Bit Error ASK/FSK
-2
10
-3
10
PSK
-4
10
-5
10
3dB
-6
10
-7
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
e.g.  Eb/No in Meixia
[dB]Tao @ SJTU 22
Example
Binary data are transmitted over a microwave link at the
rate of 106 bits/sec and the PSD of the noise at the
receiver input is 10-10 watts/Hz.
a) Find the average carrier power required to maintain an
average probability of error for coherent binary
FSK.
b) Repeat the calculation in a) for noncoherent binary FSK

 We have discussed
 Coherent modulation schemes, .e.g.
BPSK, BFSK, BASK
 They needs coherent detection,
assuming that the receiver is able to
detect and track the carrier wave’s
phase Update
 In many practical situations, strict phase
synchronization is not possible. In these
situations, non-coherent reception is required.
 We now consider:
 Non-coherent detection on binary FSK
 Differential phase-shift keying (DPSK)
System Design Tradeoff
Which Modulation to Use ?
Power Limited Bandwidth Limited

Systems: Systems:
Power scarce Bandwidth scarce
Bandwidth available Power available

Practical Applications
 BPSK:
 WLAN IEEE802.11b (1 Mbps)
 QPSK:
 WLAN IEEE802.11b (2 Mbps, 5.5 Mbps, 11 Mbps)
 3G WDMA
 DVB-T (with OFDM)
 QAM
 Telephone modem (16QAM)
 Downstream of Cable modem (64QAM, 256QAM)
 WLAN IEEE802.11a/g (16QAM for 24Mbps, 36Mbps; 64QAM for 38Mbps
and 54 Mbps)
 LTE Cellular Systems
 FSK:
 Cordless telephone
 Paging system
THANK YOU!

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https://sites.google.

Gram-Schmidt QAM- Generation

9/6/2020 |Dr. Arvind Kumar| https://sites.google.com/view/arvindk 5

For speech signal f = 3 kHz  =c/f=(3x108)/(3x103)

• Modulation also required if channel has to be shared by several transmitters

9/6/2020 |Dr. Arvind Kumar| https://sites.google.com/view/arvindk 6

9/6/2020 |Dr. Arvind Kumar| https://sites.google.com/view/arvindk 7

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• Pulse shaping can be employed to remove spectral spreading

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9/6/2020 |Dr. Arvind Kumar| https://sites.google.com/view/arvindk 10

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• Detection – extracts the symbols from the waveform

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 Decision Region Region R Region R1

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 Decision Region Region R Region R1

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• Asynchronous ASK Demodulation/detection

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 The pair of signals differ only in a 180-degree phase shift

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 A binary PSK system is characterized by a signal space

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 Then the optimum decision boundary is the midpoint of the

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 This ratio is normally called bit energy to noise density ratio

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Input binary m(t)

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Say 1 if threshold is exceeded

 is the carrier-phase offset, due to propagation delay or

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 : transmitted signal energy per bit

 fi : transmitted frequency with separation f  f1  f0

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 Signal space representation

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 The receiver decides in favor of s1 if the observation vector r

 When r1 < r2 , r falls inside region R2 and the receiver decides

On-off signalling form

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 Define a new random variable

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 Since the two signals are equally likely to be transmitted,

3 dB worse than BPSK

To achieve the same Pe, BFSK needs 3dB more

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Identical to that of coherent binary FSK