Differential Equations

Linear Differential Equations:

Exponential Shift and Inverse D
Operators
 Exponential Shift
Given a linear differential equation in the form
f n
( D) y = r ( x)
where
yc = C1 y1 + C2 y2 + ⋯ + Cn yn
is the complementary solution.
The particular solution can be obtained by
ax
e f n
( D) yp = f n
( D − a ) ( y pe ax
)
 Example
Problems:
1. ( D 2 + 4 D + 4 ) y = 64 x 2 e − x
2. ( D 3 + 4 D 2 − 3D − 18 ) y = 24 x3e−3 x
3. ( D 5 + 25 D 4 + 250 D 3 + 1250 D 2 + 3125 D + 3125 ) y = 120 xe −5 x
 Example
Solution:1. ( D 2 + 4 D + 4 ) y = 64 x 2e− x
yc : m 2 + 4m + 4 = 0, m = −2, −2
yc = ( C1 + C2 x ) e −2 x
y p : e x ( D 2 + 4 D + 4 ) y p = 64 x 2

(( D − 1) 2
)
+ 4 ( D − 1) + 4 ( y p e x ) = 64 x 2

(D 2
+ 2 D + 1)( y p e x ) = 64 x 2 New LDE
m = −1, −1; m ' = 0, 0, 0
 Example
Solution: ( p )
y e x
= A + Bx + Cx 2

D ( y p e x ) = B + 2Cx
D 2 ( y p e x ) = 2C
A + Bx + Cx 2 + 2 B + 4Cx + 2C = 64 x 2
C = 64, B = −256, A = 384
( p )
y e x
= 384 − 256 x + 64 x 2

y p = ( 64 x 2 − 256 x + 384 ) e − x

y = ( C1 + C2 x ) e −2 x + ( 64 x 2 − 256 x + 384 ) e − x
 Inverse D Operators
The Operator 1/f(D)
f n ( D) y = r ( x)

Then yp is yp = 1
f n ( D)
r ( x)

yp = 1
f n ( D)
e ax

yp = 1
f (a)
n e ax
, f n (a) ≠ 0
 Example
Problems:
1. ( D 2 + 3D + 2 ) y = 24 cos 3x
2. ( D 3 − 9 D ) y = 10e −2 x
3. ( D 3 + 4 D 2 + 5D ) y = 20e−5 x
 Example
Solution:
1. ( D 2 + 3D + 2 ) y = 24 cos 3 x
yc : m 2 + 3m + 2 = 0, m = −1, −2
yc = C1e − x + C2 e −2 x
y p : m ' = ±3 j
yp = 1
D2 +3 D + 2
( 24 cos 3x ) D =3 j
y p = − 84
65 cos 3 x − 108
65 j cos 3 x
 Example
Solution:
y p = − 84 − 65 D ( cos 3 x )
36
65 cos 3 x
y p = − 84
65 cos 3 x + 108
65 sin 3 x

y = C1e − x + C2 e −2 x − 84
65 cos 3 x + 108
65 sin 3 x
 Inverse D Operators
If f(a) = 0, the characteristic roots are repeated
f ( D) y = r ( x)
n

φ ( D )( D − a ) y = e ax
n

Then yp is yp = φ 1
e ax
( D )( D − a )n

yp = xn
n!φ ( a )
ax
e , φ (a) ≠ 0
 Example
Problems:
1. ( D 3 + 6 D 2 + 9 D ) y = 12e−3 x
2. ( D 4 + 5 D 3 + 6 D 2 − 4 D − 8 ) y = 60e −2 x
 Example
Solution:
1. ( D 3 + 6 D 2 + 9 D ) y = 12e −3 x
yc : m = 0, −3, −3
yc = C1 + ( C2 + C3 x ) e−3 x
y p : m ' = −3, n = 2
yp = (12e ) = −2 x e
x2
2!( D )
−3 x
D =−3
2 −3 x

y = C + (C + C x − 2x ) e
1 2 3
2 −3 x
 Inverse D Operators
For complex-conjugate roots that are repeated
The solution yp is

yp = 1
D2 +b2
r ( x) or yp = 1
D2 +b2
r ( x)
= 1
D2 +b2
sin bx = 1
D 2 +b2
cos bx
= − 2xb cos bx = x
2b sin bx
 Example
Problems:
1. ( D 3 + 6 D 2 + 13D ) y = 36e −3 x sin 2 x
2. ( D 3 − 2 D 2 + 16 D − 32 ) y = 60 cos 4 x
 Example
Solution:
1. ( D 3 + 6 D 2 + 13D ) y = 36e −3 x sin 2 x
yc : m = 0, −3 ± 2 j
yc = C1 + e −3 x ( C2 cos 2 x + C3 sin 2 x )
y p : m ' = −3 ± 2 j

( ( D − 3) 3
)
+ 6 ( D − 3) + 13 ( D − 3) ( y p e3 x ) = 36sin 2 x
2

(D 3
− 3D 2 + 4 D − 12 )( y p e3 x ) = 36sin 2 x New LDE
m = 3, ±2 j , m ' = ±2 j
 Example
Solution:
( p )=−
y e 3x
( ( ) )(
x
2 2
1
D −3 ) ( 36 cos 2 x ) D =2 j
( p ) = ( 1327 + 1813 j ) ( x cos 2 x )
y e 3x

y p = e −3 x ( 13
27
13 x sin 2 x )
x cos 2 x − 18

y = C1 + e −3 x ( ( C2 + 13
27
13 x ) sin 2 x )
x ) cos 2 x + ( C3 − 18