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RSCH299 Section 2
University of Belize
May 9, 2010
The Determinant Factors 2
Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................4
Introductory Paragraphs...............................................................................................................4
Statement of Problem..................................................................................................................4
Purpose........................................................................................................................................5
Significance of Study...................................................................................................................5
Background......................................................................................................................................7
Literature Review........................................................................................................................7
Definition of Terms...................................................................................................................10
Methodology..................................................................................................................................11
Instrumentation..........................................................................................................................12
Analysis Plan.............................................................................................................................13
Assumptions..............................................................................................................................15
Results............................................................................................................................................16
The Determinant Factors 3
Description of Sample...............................................................................................................16
Analyses.....................................................................................................................................17
Summary....................................................................................................................................23
Discussion..................................................................................................................................23
Recommendations......................................................................................................................24
Bibliography..................................................................................................................................26
Appendix........................................................................................................................................27
The Determinant Factors 4
Introduction
Introductory Paragraphs
Discrimination has been around for a very long time. Most people, if not all, know what
classmate, many people have seen and felt the effects of being discriminated against. The effects
of discrimination range from a person having low self-esteem to running the risk of having
serious emotional problems which can then lead to physical problems. It is important to be aware
of what discrimination really is, and the damaging effects it causes so that it can be prevented
In terms of ethnic discrimination, the effects can be more severe because people are being
treated according to who they are, the way they were made, which is something they cannot
change. Social complexes may be formed as well as deeply embedded self-esteem issues, which
is not healthy for someone living the student lifestyle. Being a student means that you are
required to meet many different requirements and deadlines; a student is constantly pressured to
do well which in turn causes stress. If a student has to deal with all of that as well as being
discriminated against, the combination may easily cause a break down or something of the sort.
For all these reasons the causes and effects of discrimination need to be unveiled so that students
can be helped.
Statement of Problem
introduction, ethnic discrimination causes undue stress to students as they study at the University
The Determinant Factors 5
of Belize. This ethnic discrimination is an undercurrent among University of Belize students and
is not obvious to the majority of the population. However, this discrimination disturbs students
who are of the minority ethnic groups in Belize. They may say that it doesn’t, but stereotypes
have been formed in many generations past; these stereotypes are passed down from generation
to generation and therefore many people unconsciously discriminate because prejudices towards
certain cultures are passed down from generation to generation. Therefore we must fight this
Purpose
The goal of this study is to understand the cause and effect of ethnic discrimination on
students so that they may receive help in the future so as to recover and cope.
Significance of Study
This study will reveal very important information for students, teachers, parents, and
counselors of the University of Belize about how to deal with discrimination and to reduce ethnic
discrimination on campus. An insight into the lives of students will be gained and how they deal
with discrimination. It is very important for teachers, parents, and counselors to be aware of the
campus life that students have so that they can better communicate and understand then on a
more personal level. This study will not only help to prevent discrimination but also help
5) How does ethnic discrimination affect the social behavior and well-being of students?
Background
Literature Review
Discrimination has been around in society since the dawn of time and will most likely
never be completely eradicated. However, all of society can work together to understand it and
therefore lessen the causes and effects of discrimination because discrimination, in particular
ethnic discrimination, can have many harmful effects. Therefore it must be understood why
people discriminate and in particular, why people at the University of Belize discriminate against
other ethnicities. By this understanding, it can be seen how it affects academic performance, the
social behavior, and psychological well-being of the students at the University of Belize. Thus
different methods can be discovered and created to reduce ethnic discrimination. By reducing
Understanding Society, three theories have been used to explain why some people have been
singled out for discrimination: the deficiency theory, the bias theory and the structural
discrimination theory[CITATION Eit85 \p 320 \l 1033 ]. The theory that concerns Belize and
therefore the University of Belize, when it comes to discrimination among ethnic groups, is the
bias theory. It blames the members of the majority; in particular the minorities blame the
prejudiced attitudes of majority members. Prejudiced attitudes are the cause of discriminatory
actions. A researcher, Gunnar Myrdal said that inferior status of minorities reinforces negative
stereotypes that in turn justify the prejudice of the majority. The process is a vicious cycle that
1033 ]. Thus it is the educated person’s responsibility to understand that all races are to be
assume that these causes also affect ethnic discrimination at the University of Belize. Katherine
Mendez[CITATION Pre02 \n \t \l 1033 ] states that this discrimination which is passed down
through generations goes all the way back to colonialism and slavery. Back in those times, the
slave masters stereotyped certain ethnic groups as bad and someone who a person should not be
associated with (qtd. in Premdas). This stereotyping is passed on to the younger generations by
seemingly harmless jokes, which is “one mechanism through which this stereotype is taught to
discrimination; no ethnic group wants to give up their right for the land.
In relation to the issue of citizenship and belonging, while it was repeatedly asserted that
Belize was “a country of migrants,” a statement found everywhere in schoolbooks and tourist
literature alike, the problem of priority in migration has become contentious. No ethnic
community is prepared to take a back seat to the claims for priority and status by another
The minority groups are usually discriminated against because their characteristics “are
salient: they are visible, though not necessarily physical, but they make a difference”[CITATION
Eit85 \p 310 \l 1033 ]. Thus it is logical that when the majority group looks for a target for ethnic
discrimination, they would target the minorities. It is human nature that certain ethnic groups will
target other ethnic groups with discrimination, because ethnic discrimination has been passed
the reason why the interactions between ethnic groups are not violent in Belize is that each one
The Determinant Factors 9
is the top in its own geographical area and this reduces clashes over power, recognition, and
resources. For example the Mestizos are the majority in Corozal and Orange Walk Districts, the
Creole are the majority in Belize District, the Mayans are the majority in Toledo, and the
Definition of Terms
Ethnicity
race, class, and gender, is a social construction, a set of ideas or ideology about people’s identities
and relations. It is an aspect of culture that is created, challenged, and redefined by people even while
it constrains them”. In this paper ethnic groups can also be referred to as cultures.
Discrimination
Discrimination is the actions resulting out of prejudice, which take away the fair access to
rights, privileges, and opportunities from minority groups in a society [CITATION Inc90 \p 275 \l
1033 ].
Ethnic discrimination
Ethnic discrimination is therefore, the loss of certain rights, privileges, and opportunities
from ethnic groups based on their ethnicity, and caused by the dominant ethnic group.
Stereotype
Methodology
This research will determine factors and effects among university students as they relate
to ethnic discrimination at the University of Belize. This research is important so that we can
understand the causes and learn to alleviate the negative effects ethnic discrimination creates on
the University of Belize students’ academic performance, social behaviour, and psychological
5) How does ethnic discrimination affect the social behavior and well-being of students?
The population for this study is defined as all students of the University of Belize. We
drew out a sampling size of 35 students to be representative of the population. From the
numerous sampling methods available, the non-probability procedure known as the accidental or
convenience sampling procedure was used to select our sample from the population. This is a
sample population selected because it is readily available and convenient. This sampling method
involves the sample being drawn from that part of the population which is close to hand. In other
words, the sample being drawn for this research was the students who were readily available to
The Determinant Factors 12
the researcher. In other words the researchers chose participants who were there at that given
time and place in the University’s campus when he/she wanted to do the research.
Instrumentation
This project will utilize both quantitative and qualitative data collection tools, but is
rooted in a qualitative epistemological position that recognizes the importance of locating the
research within a particular social, cultural, and historical context. It also takes seriously the
social construction of these contexts and the identities participants construct within them.
determinant factors and effects in students regarding ethnic discrimination in the University’s
instrument used is defined to be questionnaires which were first developed and distributed to our
sample for them to be filled out. The questionnaire consisted of a combination of structured and
unstructured questions. A copy of the actual questionnaire used to measure determinant factors
and effects in students regarding ethnic discrimination in the University’s community is found in
the appendix of this research project. The results from this research project shall become an asset
This research began couple weeks ago on April 14th, 2010 and ended on May 5th, 2010; in
other words it took three weeks to complete this research paper. It took a lot of time and effort by
each individual in this research group to complete this paper. Questionnaires were handed out to
individuals to answer in order to collect necessary data needed for the paper. The participants
were told to complete the document in order for us to receive accurate data. After we received
Analysis Plan
The analysis of the results was carried out by analyzing the results from the
This research question will be analyzed by tabulating the results from question
number eleven in the questionnaire in Microsoft Excel. Then a graph will be generated from
the table of results. This graph will be analyzed to understand the reasons why students
discriminate.
Research question number two will be analyzed by tabulating the results from
question number thirteen in the questionnaire in Microsoft Excel 2010. Then a graph will be
generated from the table of results and will be analyzed to discover why teachers
The third research question will be analyzed by tabulating the results from question
number fifteen in Microsoft Excel 2010. A graph generated from this tabulation of results
will then be analyzed as to understand why staff members exhibit ethnic discrimination
towards students.
performance?” will be analyzed by creating two (2) tables of results from questions sixteen
and seventeen of the questionnaire in Microsoft Excel 2010. Then two graphs will be created
of this data to show respectively whether ethnic discrimination affects academic performance
and how it affects students’ academic performance. From these graphs, data will be
The Determinant Factors 14
extracted, from which conclusions will be drawn as to the fact that ethnic discrimination
actually affects the academic performance of students of the University of Belize. In this
research question ethnic discrimination and academic performance are the independent and
5) How does ethnic discrimination affect the social behavior and well-being of students?
The fifth research question will be analyzed by creating two graphs from two tables
drawn respectively from questions eighteen and nineteen of the questionnaire in Microsoft
Excel 2010. These graphs will then be analyzed further so that the theory that ethnic
discrimination affects the social behavior and well-being of students at the University of
Belize. The independent variable is ethnic discrimination and the dependent variable is the
social behavior and well-being of students; both of these variables will be considered in the
analysis.
The data needed to answer the last research question will be gathered from an
unstructured question number twenty in the questionnaire. The best responses will be listed
and stated in the recommendations part of the research paper in the form of a list.
Our group research was based on cause and effect of ethnic discrimination on students at
the University of Belize; we decided to make a survey to gather useful information for our
research. The reliability and validity of the information gathered is very important for the
research. There are no statistical tests for validity. Validity of our research was based on the
opinion of all the group members. We all gave opinions on what were the best questions to ask,
and we made sure that the questions being asked were being prepared to measure what it
The Determinant Factors 15
supposes to measure. We test the reliability of the information by putting different questions that
were intended to measure the same construct. The same questionnaires were given to thirty-five
Content validity
Our questions were based on opinion from the group members but we also made some
literature search to make sure that the questions were the adequate ones to give us the right
Assumptions
Our assumptions about the survey were that the persons, who we gave out the
questionnaires to, were going to be honest in answering the questions. The survey was designed
to get information about discrimination so we assume that we were going to get the correct
information we needed. We also assumed that the instrument was going to have reliability and
validity.
We encountered limitations while doing our research because the students were selected
without giving all the students of the University of Belize an equal chance for being selected.
Also some of the students that were asked to participate in the research were too busy or were
not interested, so we had to go around getting students that had the time to answer the
questionnaires. The research was limited to a certain time span. The university has a big
population with different ethnicities and because the sample was chosen without giving everyone
an equal chance of being selected, not all the ethnicities were given a questionnaire. Lastly not
all people answered all the questions on the questionnaire, so the data from the questionnaires is
Results
Description of Sample
Figure 1
6% Mestizo
9%
Garifuna
Maya
Chinese
23% Taiwanese
54%
Creole
East Indian
Mennonite
9% Other
As illustrated in the pie chart in figure 1 above, the largest ethnic group that participated
in the survey were the Mestizo’s who consist of fifty-four per cent (54%) of the sample
population. The second largest ethnic group is the creole ethnic group which consist of twenty-
Analyses
Figure 2
Number of People
20
15
10
5
0
Yes No
As observed in the bar graph of figure 2, most students (69%) think discrimination exists
Figure 3
Source of Discrimination
Students
Teachers
Staff
Other
Figure 3 on the pie chart above points out that students have a higher percentage (63%) of
discriminating other ethnic groups; followed by the teachers which has a percentage of twenty
(20%).
The Determinant Factors 18
Figure 4
5
4
3
2
1
0
o na a se se le an te r
tiz ir fu ay ne ne eo di ni the
es M i a r In o O
M Ga Ch iw C
st en
n
Ta Ea M
Culture
Based on the chart on figure 4, the cultures that discriminates the most are the Mestizo’s
Figure 5
6
4
2
0
le
e
te
a
an
o
r
a
he
es
es
un
tiz
eo
ay
ni
di
in
an
Ot
es
rif
no
M
Cr
In
Ch
iw
M
Ga
en
st
Ta
Ea
Culture
As illustrated in the chart in figure 5 above, the Maya’s (22%) and Mestizo’s (20%) are
Figure 6
The pie chart in figure 6 demonstrates that a percentage of forty three (43%) students
think students discriminate because they believe they are superior to others.
Figure 7
17% 8% Pleasure
6% 19% Belief of Superiority
Jealousy
Ignorance
Conceit
11%
39% Other
According to the pie chart in figure 7, thirty nine per cent of students think teachers
discriminate because of ignorance. The second biggest reason why teachers discriminate against
other ethnic groups is the belief that some cultures are superior to other cultures.
Figure 8
10
9
8
7
6
NUmber of People
5
4
3
2
1
0
re y y ce it r
su r it us an ce he
lea ir o la o or
Co
n Ot
P pe Je Ign
f Su
fo
elie
B
The bar chart in figure 8 illustrates that a percentage of twenty nine (29%) students think
Figure 9
Yes
43% No
57%
According to the pie chart in figure 9, a percentage of fifty seven (57%) students think
Figure 10
Improves Grades
Causes Lower Grades
Based on the pie chart on figure 10 above, it illustrates that eighty per cent (80%) of
students believe that ethnic discrimination causes them to receive lower grades in class.
5) How does ethnic discrimination affect the social behavior and well-being of students?
Figure 11
20%
Yes
No
80%
Eighty per cent (80%) of students state that ethnic discrimination affects both social
Figure 12
Number of People
20
15
10
5
0
Improves It Causes Negative Effects
The chart in figure 12 illustrates that a percentage of sixty eight (68%) of students think
The research participants suggested some ways in which discrimination can be reduced.
Some students suggested that activities should be carried out to promote each culture and educate
others how important each culture is in society. In addition, to reduce discrimination students
suggested that participation in an activity is important so that each culture can learn that
everyone is equal and not superior to another culture. Concluding, as a parent one should teach
their children from infancy about each culture. Some students also stated that teachers should
spend time teaching their primary level students about each culture so as to avoid discrimination.
The Determinant Factors 23
Summary
As previously stated thirty-five questionnaires were passed out and answered by the
individuals who received them. The results from these questionnaires were tabulated and
graphed. Then the graphs were analysed so that results could be drawn from that data.
It was shown from the answers received from the questionnaires that ethnic
discrimination does exist at the University of Belize. The questionnaires also stated that ethnic
discrimination comes mainly from students. Based on the survey, most students thought that
students and teachers discriminate one another because they have a mentality of superiority.
However, students thought that the staff members discriminate because of ignorance. According
to the survey, most students thought that discrimination does not affect students’ academic
performance but it does affect their social behaviour and psychological well-being.
Discussion
Based on our findings, we came to the conclusion that discrimination does exist at the
University of Belize. It has been shown that discrimination comes mostly from student and not
from lecturers, staff and other persons. The survey shows that students discriminate against other
Most students discriminate one another because they have a mentality that some ethnic
groups are superior to others. Students thought that the staff members and teachers discriminate
because of ignorance. Figure 7 stated that 39% of the teachers discriminate against students
because of ignorance and 19% because of belief of superiority while staff members discriminate
students because of ignorance. Jealousy is also a factor why people discriminate. One ethnic
The Determinant Factors 24
group may have greater achievements than the other; or one group may be more dominant than
others. The minority groups become jealous of the majority group, because the majority group
might have more opportunities and a greater control over a certain segment of society. Another
major cause of discrimination is the way people were raised. Some people grow up thinking that
According to Figure 4 the culture that discriminates the most are the Mestizo’s and
Creoles because they make up the majority of the population of Belize and therefore the
population of students at the University of Belize. We also found out that the cultures that are
discriminated the most are the Maya and Mestizo cultures. The students answered that
discrimination does affect their performance in school and affects their social behaviour and their
affected their social behaviour and psychological well-being, because ethnic discrimination will
cause more disturbances in a person’s psychological self. Ethnic discrimination was found to
lower grades and cause negative effects to a person’s psychological self. Our findings support
the existing theory that discrimination exists at the University of Belize because 69% of students
said that ethnic discrimination existed while the remainder said that ethnic discrimination does
Recommendations
Every student attending the University of Belize should be happy to see that ethnic
look at the situation in Belize and learn to appreciate one another and be happy that living
together is possible. However, no one should ignore the fact that ethnic discrimination exists
among the students, teachers/lecturers, and staff members. If everyone is aware of this, everyone
The Determinant Factors 25
could work together to reduce unconscious and masked ethnic discrimination. Some ways to
reduce ethnic discrimination are by educating people about the ethnic groups and having cultural
activities.
Parents should teach their children from a young age that everyone has the same rights no
matter what culture they are. This includes teaching children that people should not be treated
with reference to their culture. Children should also be taught about the diverse cultures of Belize
and how to appreciate them because every culture makes up a very important part of Belize’s
heritage. People should also be educated about discrimination and prejudice and how to reduce
it. The University of Belize can also help to reduce ethnic discrimination by establishing rules
about the equality of ethnic groups and cultures. The University of Belize Act has as its guiding
principle that a human person has the right to “pursue knowledge in an environment based on
merit, ability and integrity and free from any discrimination based on race, colour, creed or
school, work, home or wherever you are. Ethnic discrimination can also be reduced having more
cultural activities. UB should do a cultural activity for all the different cultures to participate.
Every ethnic group should have their own holiday. This awareness of ethnic groups can take the
way of educational programs such as multiculturalism and activities such as culture day.
The Determinant Factors 26
Bibliography
Cox, H., Larkin, L., & Bryan, J. (1984). Study Guide to Accompany Federico-Schwartz: Third
Inciardi, J. A., & Rothman, R. A. (1990). Sociology and its Applications. Chicago: Harcourt
Law Revision Commissioner. (2000, December 31). University of Belize Act: Chapter 37.
Corporation.
Premdas, R. (2002, December 28). Belize: Identity and Ethnicity in a Multi-Ethnic State. (U. o.
Indies, Editor) Retrieved October 28, 2008, from Belize Country Conference Pre-prints:
http://cavehill.uwi.edu/bnccde/belize/conference/papers/premdas.html
The Determinant Factors 27
Appendix
Questionnaire
Kindly answer the questions in this questionnaire with the assurance that any information
provided will remain in strict confidentiality. The purpose of this questionnaire is to understand
the cause and effect of ethnic discrimination on students at the University of Belize. The analysis
of the data gathered will be used in a class presentation for RSCH299. So please try your best to
1) Age:
16 – 18 22 – 24
19 – 21 > 25
2) Sex:
Male Female
3) Culture:
Mestizo Creole
Garifuna East Indian
Maya Mennonite
Chinese Other _______________
Taiwanese
5) If you answered yes for question four, where does the discrimination come from (can
more than one)?
Students Staff
Teachers Other ______________
7) If you answered yes for question six, how were you discriminated?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
__________________
8) If you answered yes for question six, by which culture are you mostly discriminated?
The Determinant Factors 28
Mestizo Creole
Garifuna East Indian
Maya Mennonite
Chinese Other _____________
Taiwanese
14) Have you been discriminated by the staff at the University of Belize?
Yes No
17) If you answered yes to question sixteen, how does it affect your academic performance?
Improves grades Causes lower grades
18) Do you think ethnic discrimination affects your social behaviour and psychological well-
being?
Yes
No
The Determinant Factors 30
19) If you answered yes to question eighteen, how does it affect your social behaviour and
psychological well-being?
Improves it Causes negative effects