FC TRAINING CENTRE

1 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT

It is a frame structure project. This project is located in Peshawar at warsak road
& consists of main building with allied facilities.

2 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

BCP-SP-07 is the governing code for design of the structures. In addition, UBC-
97 & ACI-318 is also used for design guidelines.

3 STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENTS

 Structural Arrangements for Frame Structure

The site is an area terraced below the paved road level. The column grid
spacing is mostly uniform considering both the structural requirements &
architectural aesthetics. RCC Raft foundation is proposed for structure to
safeguard building against any chances of differential settlement. This
foundation is also effective to resist seismic ground acceleration. Rest of the
arrangements are the generally adopted RCC Columns, Beams and Slabs
connected with each other at joints to act as SMRF structure.

4 LOADS ON THE STRUCTURES

The structures are subjected to some or all of the following load types:

i. Self weight of the structure

ii. Dead Load of the floor finishing, walls etc.
iii. Floor live loads
iv. Earthquake loads
 FC TRAINING CENTRE

5 DESIGN CRITERION AND PARAMETERS

Parameters used in analysis and designs are:

5.1 Load Factors and Load Combinations

The structures are investigated for the following load combinations with
appropriate load factors for different types of loads.

 Service Load Combination

U = 1.0 D + 1.0 L

 Ultimate Load Combination

U = 1.4 D + 1.4 SDL + 1.7 L

 Earthquake Load Combination

U = 1.4 D + 1.4 SDL + 1 L ± 1.5 E

Where,
D & SDL= Dead loads including self-weight of the structure, Weight of floor
finishing, walls and backfill soil if present.
L= Floor Live Loads
E= Earthquake loads

5.2 Resistance Factors

i. Flexure and tension in reinforced concrete,  = 0.90

ii. Shear and torsion in normal density concrete,  = 0.75
 FC TRAINING CENTRE

iii. Axial compression with out spirals,  = 0.65

iv. Axial compression with spirals,  = 0.70
v. Shear seismic  = 0.60

6 MATERIAL PROPERTIES & STRUCTURAL DESIGN METHOD

The concrete used for all structural members should have 28 days cylinder-
crushing strength of 4,000 Psi.
The reinforcement steel used in the structural members should be deformed bars
having minimum yield strength of 60,000 Psi conforming to ASTM standards
A615.

For structural designing the ACI methods were used and cross checked using
three-dimensional analysis software ETABS. It is based on the FINITE
ELEMENT METHOD OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS.

Elements used in Three Dimensional Structural Models:

 Shell elements with the capabilities of resisting plate bending and

membrane force (in plane actions) are used for modelling of slabs

 Frame elements are used for modelling girders/beams, columns,

etc.

7 PROCEDURE ADOPTED FOR SEISMIC/EARTHQUAKE ANALYSIS

Equivalent lateral force procedure of UBC is adopted that is based on base

shear calculation. Based on the Seismic Zoning map of Pakistan, Peshawar &
related areas fall in the moderate seismic zone (zone 2B).
 FC TRAINING CENTRE

The general form of lateral force procedure is given below:

Design Base Shear (1630.2.1)
Cv I
V W
RT

The total design base shear, need not to exceed:

2.5 Ca I
V W
R

The total design base shear shall not be less than:

V  0.11 Ca I W

Structure Period (1630.2.2)

T  Ct (hn) 3 / 4

Vertical Distribution of Forces (1630.5)

n
V  Ft   Fi
i 1
Ft = 0.07 T V
(V  Ft ) wx hx
Fx  n

w h
i 1
i i

Ft need not exceed 0.25 V and may be considered as zero where T is 0.7
Seconds or less. The remaining portion of the base shear shall be distributed
over the height of the structure, including level, n, according to the above
mentioned formula:

8 DESIGN EQUATIONS FOR CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Design equations of the Ultimate Strength Design method for various structural
components are:

Slabs and Foundation

 FC TRAINING CENTRE

Design equations for flexural design of the slabs are:

Md =  As fy (d-a/2) > Mu

As fy
a
0.75 f cb

Beams

Design equations for flexural design of beams, transoms and stiffeners

are:

Md =  As fy (d-a/2) > Mu

As fy
a
0.85 f c b

In case of doubly reinforced beams & L-Beams etc, these equations are
modified accordingly.

Design equations for shear design of normal beams are:

 Vc   2 f c b d

 Av fy d
s
Vu   Vc

Design equations for shear design of deep beams are:

 FC TRAINING CENTRE

Mu Vud
 Vc   (3.5  2.5 )(1.9 f c  2500 w )bw d
Vu d Mu

Columns

Software automatically accounts for slenderness ratios of the connecting

elements, lateral bracing (sway conditions), and relative stiffness of the
columns for design.

9 BLAST RESISTANT DESIGN PARAMETERS

Basic Principles:

The main purpose of blast resistance in the design is to prevent total structural

failure, minimizing the quantity of broken material during blast, ensuring safe

rescue of inhabitants with adequate time for evacuation.

Blasts effects & possible blast pressures:

A blast results in releasing energy in form shock wave. This wave is actually

condensed air pressure wave that travels from the source at peak velocities.

After this waves strikes a building face or travels through an area, it is followed

by negative wave that creates a vacuum which causes reapplication of loads on

structural elements.

Mostly the material used for blasting is Trinitrotoluene. The strength of this

explosive material is associated with its weight in lbs the distance of building from

source of blast.

The important blast factors are

W = weight of explosion (lbs)

 FC TRAINING CENTRE

X = distance from source of blast (ft)

Pos = peak overpressure (psi)

Pr = peak reflected pressure (psi)

Tdo = time duration of positive phase peak pressure

Tdr = time duration of peak reflected pressure

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------