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1 Introduction
Biometric recognition [1] is one of the main techniques for personal identification
and security certification based on individual behavioral pattern (such as gait,
signature, keystroke, voiceprint and so on) or physiological features (such as face,
fingerprint, iris, palmar-print and hand vein). Comparing with traditional
identification technologies, biometric recognition is more convenient and safer.
Accordingly, it is extensively used in various authentication circumstances such as
Access Control System, Security Inspection System, financial system and so forth [1-2].
As a new biometric recognition technique, hand vein recognition has some valuable
characteristics, such as non-contact, anti-counterfeiting and interference immunity,
which attract more and more researchers’ attention in recent years [3-4]. As the hot
topic of biometric recognition research, hand vein recognition has been actualized
recently by researchers in Japan and South Korea and some hand vein recognition
equipments are available in the markets now. However, researchers still face with
several urgent problems, such as how to miniaturize the devices, how to improve the
recognition accuracy and how to increase the response speed. Trying to solve those
problems, a hand vein recognition system based on DSP and CPLD is designed in this
paper. Its hardware system mainly consists of standard PAL/NTSC composite video
signal as input, professional video decoder chip, DSP and CPLD. Among them,
professional video decoder chip is used to digitize analog video signals; DSP is
responsible for implementation of algorithms for image processing and process
management of the whole system; CPLD is in charge of time sequence and logic
control of interface between chips and therefore can simplify peripheral circuit.
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As a whole, the hand vein recognition system is a hybrid structure mainly
consisting of professional integrated video decoder chip, DSP and CPLD. In this
system, standard NTSC/PAL CCD camera is used for image acquisition; high-speed
DSP is employed to image processing; CPLD is adopted in controlling peripheral
circuit. The illustration of the whole system can be shown briefly in Fig.1:
Oscillator
Crystal Video Decoder
LED
output
FIFO
CPLD
Input
interface
Oscillator
Crystal
DSP
JTAG circuit
FLASH
Reset circuit
SRAM Power
management
Image pro cessing module circuit
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in SAA7113H’s DOUT (data out), so that Y-signal (luminance signal) and U/V color
components signal are both outputted through the same ports DO [7..0]. As the image
signal that the system needs is 8bit gray image signal, only Y-signal should be read in
the signal reading process. For the sake of simplifying system hardware, I2C
initialization of SAA7113H is accomplished by CPLD, and its simulation oscillogram
is shown in Fig.2:
of CS DSP
signal
12C master
controller
SAA7113H
#INT0
Windowing
and writing
image data
to FIFO FIFO
#INT1
Reading data
DSP
from FIFO
I/O space
operation
Reading Mode
work mode configuration
CPLD Interior pins
3
field row signal is effective, then sampling for even field is carried out in the same
way. In order to realize image windowing control and then to implement image
sampling according to the needed precision, in this paper, row counter and pixel
counter are used to flexibly control the row number of every field and the pixel
number of every row. And its simulation oscillogram is shown in Fig.4:
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3.2 Software design of the system
As the main part of system software, DSP software is designed according to time
sequences including DSP initialization, acquisition trigger judging, sending
acquisition commands, data reading, data processing, data storage, output of
recognition result and so on. As the main processor of the system, DS P is responsible
for algorithms processing tasks as well as controlling CPLD to operate on peripheral
equipment. For the purpose of utilizing resources of DSP conveniently, mixed
programming based on C and assembly languages is applied in software design of
DSP.
After the system powers up, program in external FLASH is loaded into internal
program space by way of 16bit parallel bootload mode. Then DSP begins to run
program as is shown in the program flowchart below.
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INT0 when the writing process is completed. Following this, the system will transfer
image data from FIFO to SRAM via I/O space operation when DSP sends out reading
instructions; and the system will response to interrupt signal of INT1 when the
reading process is finished.
In order to improve the quality of acquired image, the system will continuously
gather three images to calculate their mean variance (VAR) in registration mode. If
VAR is greater than predefined threshold value (T0), image acquisition will be
considered as an inaccurate one and the system will carry out image acquisition again.
Otherwise, image acquisition is deemed successful and the system will function in
proper sequence of registration mode. Preprocessing is applied in authentication mode
to better extract image feature, which is then compared with image feature library in
FLASH. Considering that brightness is uneven in hand vein image, contrast-limited
adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) is used for image enhancement. In this
paper, region of interest (ROI) is defined by the position and size of fingers and palm;
then Niblack technique is employed for image binarization; after that binary image is
refined by Hilditch technique. Finally, the system extracts image features, such as the
type, quantity and distance ratio of characteristic points. The flow chart of those
procedures is illustrated in Fig.6:
4 Conclusions
In this paper, hand vein recognition system based on DSP is researched
comprehensively and its design scheme is proposed as well. In the aspect of device
selection, standard NTSC/PAL CCD camera is adopted in image acquisition to input
analog composite video signals; DSP serves as main processor; CPLD acts as
principal controller; extended FLASH, SRAM and other necessary peripheral devices
are introduced in the system too. Based on all the aforementioned equipments, a
compact hand vein recognition system is reasonably constructed at last. For the
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purpose of saving the processing time of DSP, image acquisition is independent of
DSP. Moreover, according to the trait of hand vein image, recognition algorithm based
on characteristic points is used to improve precision and real-time property of the
system in identity recognition
References
[1] Anil K. Jain, Arun Ross, Salil Prabhakar. An introduction to biometric recognition[J]. IEEE
Transactions on Circuits and System for Video Technology, 2004, 14(1): 4-20
[2] A.K. Jain, P. Flynn, and A.A. Ross, Handbook of Biometrics, Springer, 2007.
[3] C.L Lin, K.C. Fan, Biometric verification using. thermal images of palm-dorsa vein patterns.
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 2004,14(2): 199-213
[4] Wang L. Leedham, G. Cho, S.-Y,Infrared imaging of hand vein patterns for biometric
purposes, IET Computer Vision,2007,1(3-4):113-122
[5] Tímár G, Rekeczky C. A Real-Time MultiTarget Tracking System With Robust MultiChannel
CNN-UM Algorithms. IEEE Trans Circuits and Systems,2005,52(7):1358-1371.
[6] Fan Shang-chun et al. Design of cell image acquisition system based on DSP and FPGA
technology. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 2008, 34(6): 707-710.
[7] Texas Instruments Incorporated. TMS320VC5410 FIXED-POINT DSP, 1998.
[8] Philips Semiconductors. SAA7113H 9-bit video input processor, 1999.