Methods of Research

Lesson 5: Research Design

Dr. Racidon P. Bernarte
 Research Design

• How are you going to conduct the study?

• What procedures you will adopt to obtain the
answer to research questions?
• How will you carry the tasks needed to complete
the different components of the research process?
• What should you do and not do in the process of
undertaking the study?
 Research Design

• A research design is a plan, structure, and strategy

of investigation so conceived as to obtain answers
to the research questions or problems.
• It includes an outline of what the investigator will
do from writing the hypotheses and their
operational implications to the final analysis of
data.
 Research Design

• Is a blueprint or detailed plan for how a research

study is to be completed—operationalizing variables
so they can be measured , selecting a sample of
interest to study, collecting data to be used as a basis
for testing hypothesis, and analyzing the results.
• A procedural plan that is adopted by researcher to
answer questions validly, objectively, accurately and
economically.
 Functions of Research Design

1. Identification/development of procedures and local

arrangements required to undertake the study.

2. Emphasizes the importance of quality in the

procedures to ensure validity, objectivity and
accuracy.
Selecting Research Design
 Research Design: Number of Contacts

• Cross-sectional study design

 One-shot or status studies
 Best suited at finding out the prevalence of a
phenomenon, situation, problem, attitude or issue
by taking a cross-section of the population.
 Useful if obtaining an overall “picture” as it stands
at the time of the study
 Research Design: Number of Contacts

• Cross-sectional study design

 Research Design: Number of Contacts

• Cross-sectional study design

 The attitude of parents towards k-12
 The socioeconomic-demographic characteristics
of students
 The incidence of HIV-positive cases among LGBT
 The extent of unemployment in Angeles City
 Research Design: Number of Contacts

• Before-and-after study design

 Pre-test/post-test design
 It can measure change in situation, phenomenon,
issue, problem or attitude.
 The most appropriate design in measuring the impact
or effectiveness of a program
 Change is measured by comparing the difference in
the phenomenon or variable/s before and after the
intervention
 Research Design: Number of Contacts

• Before-and after study design

 Research Design: Number of Contacts

• Before-and-after study design

 The effectiveness of the guidance counseling
program
 The impact of sex education on sexual behavior
among schoolchildren
 The impact of PBB on the productivity of elementary
school teachers
 Research Design: Number of Contacts

• Longitudinal study design

 Appropriate for measuring the extent change in a
phenomenon, situation, problem, attitude and so on.
 It is used to determine the pattern of change in
relationship to time
 Useful when you need to collect factual information
in a continuing basis
 Research Design: Number of Contacts

• Longitudinal study design

 Research Design: Reference Period

• Retrospective study design

 Investigate a phenomenon. Situation, problem or
issue that has happened in the past.
 Usually conducted either on the basis of the data
available for that period or on the basis of the
respondents recall of the situation
 Research Design: Reference Period

• Retrospective study design

 The living condition of the Aetas before the eruption
of Mt. Pinatubo
 Historical analysis of Filipino migration in Hawaii in
1950s
 The relationship between levels of unemployment
and the Asian crisis in 1997.
 Research Design: Reference Period

• Prospective study design

 Prevalence of a phenomenon…in the future.
 Attempt to establish the outcome of an event or what
is likely to happen.
 Research Design: Reference Period

• Prospective study design

 The impact of maternal and child health services on
the level of mortality.
 Impact of random breath testing on the prevention of
road accidents
 Effect of parental involvement on the level of
academic achievement of the students
 Research Design: Reference Period

• Retrospective-Prospective study design

 Focus on the past trends in a phenomenon and study
it into the future.
 Projection study
 Research Design: Nature of Investigation

• Experimental study design

 Focus on cause to establish the effect
 “cause-effect relationship”
 IV can be observed, introduced, controlled

• Non-Experimental study design

 Focus on effect to trace the cause
 The assumed cause has already occurred
Research Design: Nature of Investigation
Research Design: Some commonly used design

• Action Research
 Means to action, either to improve your practice or
take action to deal with a problem
 Concerned with improving the quality of life
 “British tradition” and “American tradition”
 “Participatory research”
Research Design: Some commonly used design
Research Design: Some commonly used design

• The cross-comparative experimental design

• The replicated cross-sectional design
• Trend studies
• Cohort studies
• Panel studies
• Blind studies
• Double-blind studies
• Case studies
 End!
Thank you
Lesson 5: Research Design
Dr. Racidon P. Bernarte