Understanding Road

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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Road</h1>
<div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free
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<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-
ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-
searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Road_(disambiguation)" class="mw-
disambig" title="Road (disambiguation)">Road (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux"
style="display:none">A demarcated land route for travel with a suitable
surface</div>
<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks hlist"
style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em
1.0em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em
0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-
title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><a
href="/wiki/Public_infrastructure" title="Public infrastructure">Public
infrastructure</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em"><a
href="/wiki/File:Evacuated_Highway_401_Color.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Evacuated
Highway 401 Color.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Evacuated_Highway_401_Colo
r.jpg/290px-Evacuated_Highway_401_Color.jpg" decoding="async" width="290"
height="193"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Evacuated_Highway_401_C
olor.jpg/435px-Evacuated_Highway_401_Color.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Evacuated_Highway_401_Color.jpg
/580px-Evacuated_Highway_401_Color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-
height="1667" /></a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.25em;
background:lavender;">
<a href="/wiki/Fixed_asset" title="Fixed asset">Assets</a> and
facilities</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airports</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">Bridges</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">Broadband</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal
management</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Critical_infrastructure" title="Critical
infrastructure">Critical infrastructure</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dams</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity
generation">Electricity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous
waste</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">Hospitals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigation
scheme">Irrigation schemes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levees</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">Parks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" title="Pipeline transport">Pipeline
transport</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Ports</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Mass transit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">State schools</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">Public spaces</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roads</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sluice" title="Sluice">Sluices</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solid_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid waste">Solid
waste</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication"
title="Telecommunication">Telecommunication</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">Utilities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">Water
supply</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Weir" title="Weir">Weirs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.25em; background:lavender;">
Concepts</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_asset_management" title="Infrastructure asset
management">Asset management</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(law)" title="Appropriation
(law)">Appropriation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lindahl_tax" title="Lindahl tax">Lindahl tax</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Build%E2%80%93operate%E2%80%93transfer" title="Build–operate–
transfer">Build–operate–transfer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–
build">Design–bid–build</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Earmark_(politics)" title="Earmark (politics)">Earmark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_cost" title="Fixed cost">Fixed cost</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure#Engineering" title="Infrastructure">Engineering
contracts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">Government
debt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">Life-cycle
assessment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maintenance_(technical)" title="Maintenance
(technical)">Maintenance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Monopoly</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">Property tax</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private
partnership">Public–private partnership</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_capital" title="Public capital">Public capital</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">Public finance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">Public
good</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">Public sector</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Renovation" title="Renovation">Renovation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Upgrade" title="Upgrade">Replacement (upgrade)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_(economics)" title="Spillover
(economics)">Spillover</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">Supply chain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect"
title="Taxation">Taxation</a></li></ul></td>
Issues and ideas</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic
control</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">Brownfield</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon
footprint</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Containerization"
title="Containerization">Containerization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Congestion_pricing" title="Congestion pricing">Congestion
pricing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecotax" title="Ecotax">Ecotax</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol fuel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tax" title="Fuel tax">Fuel tax</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed
rail</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid vehicles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use
planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_data_terminal" title="Mobile data terminal">Mobile data
terminal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pork_barrel" title="Pork barrel">Pork barrel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">Rapid bus
transit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable
resource">Renewables</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse
osmosis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">Smart growth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">Traffic
congestion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented
development">Transit-oriented development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_efficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle
efficiency">Vehicle efficiency</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-
energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Weatherization" title="Weatherization">Weatherization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">Wireless
technology</a></li></ul></td>
Fields of study</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical
engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical
engineering">Electrical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical
engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public
economics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban
planning</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align:
left; padding:0.2em 0; background:lavender; text-align:center;">Examples</div>
<ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align:
center; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height:
inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Akashi_Kaiky
%C5%8D_Bridge" title="Akashi Kaikyō Bridge">Akashi Kaikyō Bridge</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Trans-
Alaska_Pipeline_System" title="Trans-Alaska Pipeline System">Trans-Alaska
pipeline</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Autobahn"
title="Autobahn">Autobahn</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a
href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of
Brazil">Brazilian energy independence</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge"
title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel"
title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a>
href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Water_Reclamation_District_of_Greater_Chicago"
title="Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago">Chicago
wastewater</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/High-
speed_rail_in_China" title="High-speed rail in China">China's high-speed rail</a>
href="/wiki/Rede_Integrada_de_Transporte" title="Rede Integrada de
Transporte">Curtiba rapid bus transit</a>
href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Denmark" title="Wind power in Denmark">Danish wind-
power</a>
href="/wiki/List_of_offshore_wind_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of
offshore wind farms in the United Kingdom">British offshore wind-power</a>
href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_France" title="Nuclear power in France">Nuclear power
in France</a>
href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Germany" title="Solar power in Germany">Solar power in
Germany</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam"
title="Hoover Dam">Hoover Dam</a>
href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International
Airport">Hong Kong Int'l Airport</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Intercity-
Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercity-Express">Intercity-Express</a>
href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate
highways</a>
href="/wiki/Reliance_Petroleum#Jamnagar_Refinery" title="Reliance
Petroleum">Jamnagar Refinery</a>
href="/wiki/Kansai_International_Airport" title="Kansai International
Airport">Kansai Int'l Airport</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal"
title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Shanghai"
title="Port of Shanghai">Port of Shanghai</a>
href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco Bay
Bridge">San Francisco Bay Bridge</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam"
title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen"
title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/High-
speed_rail_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed rail in Spain">Spanish
high-speed rail</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/TGV"
title="TGV">French TGV rail</a>
href="/wiki/Highways_in_Spain" title="Highways in Spain">Spanish autovias and
autopistas</a>
href="/wiki/Transcontinental_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcontinental
Railroad">Transcontinental Railroad</a>
href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission#Overhead_transmission" title="Electric
power transmission">Power transmission in the USA</a>
</li></ul>
</div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-
weight:bold;padding-bottom:0.25em;">
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href="/wiki/Category:Infrastructure"
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<li><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg" class="image"><img alt="Nuvola
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title="Portal:Engineering">Engineering portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td
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mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_Infrastructure"
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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a
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<p>A <b>road</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Thoroughfare"
title="Thoroughfare">thoroughfare</a>, route, or way on land between two <a
href="/wiki/Location_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Location
(geography)">places</a> that has been <a href="/wiki/Pavement_(material)"
class="mw-redirect" title="Pavement (material)">paved</a> or otherwise improved to
allow travel by foot or by some form of <a
href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conveyance" class="extiw"
title="wikt:conveyance">conveyance</a> (including a <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle"
title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicle</a>, cart, bicycle, or horse).
</p><p>Roads consist of one or two <a href="/wiki/Roadway" class="mw-redirect"
title="Roadway">roadways</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British
English">British English</a>: carriageways), each with one or more <a
href="/wiki/Lane" title="Lane">lanes</a> and any associated <a
href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">sidewalks</a> (British English: pavement)
and <a href="/wiki/Road_verge" title="Road verge">road verges</a>. A <a
href="/wiki/Bike_path" title="Bike path">bike path</a> - a road for use by bicycles
- may or may not parallel other roads.
</p><p>Other names for a road include: <a href="/wiki/Parkway"
title="Parkway">parkway</a>; <a href="/wiki/Avenue_(landscape)" title="Avenue
(landscape)">avenue</a>; <a href="/wiki/Freeway" class="mw-redirect"
title="Freeway">freeway</a>, motorway or expressway; <a href="/wiki/Tollway"
class="mw-redirect" title="Tollway">tollway</a>; <a href="/wiki/Interstate"
class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate">interstate</a>; <a href="/wiki/Highway"
title="Highway">highway</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thoroughfare"
title="Thoroughfare">thoroughfare</a>; or primary, secondary, and tertiary local
road.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input
type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox"
style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-
heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel"
for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Definitions"><span
class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Definitions</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Australia"><span
class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Australia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#New_Zealand"><span
class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">New Zealand</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#United_Kingdom"><span
class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#United_States"><span
class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#History"><span
class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Design"><span
class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Design</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Terminology"><span
class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Terminology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Construction"><span
class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Construction</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Maintenance"><span
class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Maintenance</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Slab_stabilization"><span
class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Slab
stabilization</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Testing"><span
class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Testing</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Joint_sealing"><span
class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Joint sealing</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Safety_considerations"><span
class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Safety
considerations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Road_conditions"><span
class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Road conditions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Environmental_performance"><span
class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Environmental
performance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Regulation"><span
class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Regulation</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Right-_and_left-hand_traffic"><span
class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Right- and left-hand
traffic</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Economics"><span
class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Economics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Construction_costs"><span
class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Construction
costs</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Statistics"><span
class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Statistics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Global_connectivity"><span
class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Global
connectivity</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#See_also"><span
class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#References"><span
class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Definitions">Definitions</span><span class="mw-

editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Road&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section:
Definitions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Road_side_view_at_chalna,_Khulna_-_33.jpg" class="image"><img
alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Road_side_view_at_chalna
%2C_Khulna_-_33.jpg/220px-Road_side_view_at_chalna%2C_Khulna_-_33.jpg"
decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Road_side_view_at_chaln
a%2C_Khulna_-_33.jpg/330px-Road_side_view_at_chalna%2C_Khulna_-_33.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Road_side_view_at_chalna
%2C_Khulna_-_33.jpg/440px-Road_side_view_at_chalna%2C_Khulna_-_33.jpg 2x" data-
file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div
class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Road_side_view_at_chalna,_Khulna_-_33.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A bricked road in
Bangladesh</div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:Gravel_road,_Namibia.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gravel_road
%2C_Namibia.jpg/220px-Gravel_road%2C_Namibia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220"
height="146" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gravel_road
%2C_Namibia.jpg/330px-Gravel_road%2C_Namibia.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gravel_road
%2C_Namibia.jpg/440px-Gravel_road%2C_Namibia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-
file-height="3264" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Gravel_road,_Namibia.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>A gravel road in <a href="/wiki/Namibia"
title="Namibia">Namibia</a></div></div></div>
<p>Historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal
construction or maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-Ways_of_the_World_1-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ways_of_the_World-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development"
class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development">Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD)
defines a road as "a line of communication (travelled way) using a stabilized base
other than rails or air strips open to public traffic, primarily for the use of
road motor vehicles running on their own wheels", which includes "bridges, tunnels,
supporting structures, junctions, crossings, interchanges, and toll roads, but not
cycle paths".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>, <a
href="/wiki/International_Transport_Forum" title="International Transport
Forum">ITF</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNECE" class="mw-redirect"
title="UNECE">UNECE</a> <i>Glossary for Transport Statistics Illustrated</i>
defines a road as a "Line of communication (traveled way) open to public traffic,
primarily for the use of road motor vehicles, using a stabilized base other than
rails or air strips. [...] Included are paved roads and other roads with a
stabilized base, e.g. gravel roads. Roads also cover streets, bridges, tunnels,
supporting structures, junctions, crossings and interchanges. Toll roads are also
included. Excluded are dedicated cycle lanes."<sup id="cite_ref-unece.org_3-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unece.org-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>The 1968 <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Traffic" title="Vienna
Convention on Road Traffic">Vienna Convention on Road Traffic</a> defines a road as
the entire surface of any way or street open to public traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-4"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>In urban areas roads may diverge through a city or village and be named as
streets, serving a dual function as urban space <a href="/wiki/Easement"
title="Easement">easement</a> and route.<sup id="cite_ref-
difference_between_road_and_street_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
difference_between_road_and_street-5">[5]</a></sup> Modern roads are
normally smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel.<sup
id="cite_ref-RoadInfrastructureStrategicFrameworkforSouthAfrica_6-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
RoadInfrastructureStrategicFrameworkforSouthAfrica-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Australia">Australia</span><span class="mw-
Australia">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a
href="/wiki/Highways_in_Australia" title="Highways in Australia">Highways in
Australia</a></div>
<p>Part 2, Division 1, clauses 11-13 of the National Transport Commission Road
Transport Legislation 2006 defines a road in Australia as 'an area that is open to
or used by the public and is developed for, or has as one of its main uses, the
driving or riding of motor vehicles.'<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>Further, it defines a shoulder (typical an area of the road outside the edge
line, or the kerb) and a road-related area which includes green areas separating
roads, areas designated for cyclists and areas generally accessible to the public
for driving, riding or parking vehicles.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</span><span class="mw-
title=Road&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New
Zealand">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In New Zealand, the definition of a road is broad in common law<sup
id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
where the statutory definition includes areas the public has access to, by right or
not.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
9">[9]</a></sup> Beaches, publicly accessible car parks and yards (even if
privately owned), river beds, road shoulders (verges), wharves and bridges are
included.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
10">[10]</a></sup> However, the definition of a road for insurance purposes
may be restricted to reduce risk.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</span><span
class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a
href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section:
United Kingdom">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In the United Kingdom <i><a href="/wiki/The_Highway_Code" title="The Highway
Code">The Highway Code</a></i> details rules for "road users", but there is some
ambiguity between the terms <i>highway</i> and <i>road</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> For the purposes
of the <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Highways_Act_1980" title="Highways Act 1980">Highways Act 1980</a>,
which covers <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England
and Wales</a> but not <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> or <a
href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>,
<i>road</i> is "any length of highway or of any other road to which the public has
access, and includes bridges over which a road passes".<sup id="cite_ref-12"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> This includes
footpaths, bridleways and cycle tracks, and also road and driveways on private land
and many car parks.<sup id="cite_ref-Direct_13-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Direct-13">[13]</a></sup> <a
href="/wiki/Vehicle_Excise_Duty" title="Vehicle Excise Duty">Vehicle Excise
Duty</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Road_tax" title="Road tax">road use tax</a>, is payable
on some vehicles used on the public road.<sup id="cite_ref-Direct_13-1"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Direct-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>The definition of a road depends on the definition of a highway; there is no
formal definition for a highway in the relevant Act. A 1984 ruling said "the land
over which a public right of way exists is known as a highway; and although most
highways have been made up into roads, and most easements of way exist over
footpaths, the presence or absence of a made road has nothing to do with the
distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> Another legal view is that while a
highway historically included <a href="/wiki/Footpath"
title="Footpath">footpaths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridleway" class="mw-redirect"
title="Bridleway">bridleways</a>, driftways, etc., it can now be used to mean those
ways that allow the movement of <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicles" class="mw-redirect"
title="Motor vehicles">motor vehicles</a>, and the term <i><a href="/wiki/Right-of-
way_(transportation)" title="Right-of-way (transportation)">rights of way</a></i>
can be used to cover the wider usage.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="United_States">United States</span><span
United States">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In the United States, laws distinguish between <i>public roads</i>, which are
open to public use, and <i>private roads</i>, which are privately controlled.<sup
</p><p>Maintenance is becoming an increasing problem in the United States. Between
1997 and 2018, the percentage of existing roads that are too bumpy to drive on
compared to roads with decent surfaces increased from 10 to 21 percent.<sup
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-
History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a
href="/wiki/History_of_road_transport" title="History of road transport">History of
road transport</a></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a
href="/wiki/Gravel_road" title="Gravel road">Gravel road</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Trail" title="Trail">Trail</a></div>
href="/wiki/File:Transfagarasan.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Transfagarasan.jpg/170px-
Transfagarasan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Transfagarasan.jpg/255p
x-Transfagarasan.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Transfagarasan.jpg/340px-
Transfagarasan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Transfagarasan.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Transf%C4%83g%C4%83r
%C4%83%C8%99an" title="Transfăgărășan">Transfăgărășan</a> called "the best road in
the world" by <a href="/wiki/Top_Gear_(2002_TV_series)" title="Top Gear (2002 TV
series)">Top Gear</a><sup id="cite_ref-TopGear_19-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-TopGear-19">[19]</a></sup></div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:Greek_street_-_III_century_BC_-_Porta_Rosa_-_Velia_-_Italy.JPG"
class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Greek_street_-
_III_century_BC_-_Porta_Rosa_-_Velia_-_Italy.JPG/220px-Greek_street_-
_III_century_BC_-_Porta_Rosa_-_Velia_-_Italy.JPG" decoding="async" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Greek_street_-
_III_century_BC_-_Porta_Rosa_-_Velia_-_Italy.JPG/330px-Greek_street_-
_III_century_BC_-_Porta_Rosa_-_Velia_-_Italy.JPG 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Greek_street_-_III_century_BC_-
_Porta_Rosa_-_Velia_-_Italy.JPG/440px-Greek_street_-_III_century_BC_-_Porta_Rosa_-
_Velia_-_Italy.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_street_-
_III_century_BC_-_Porta_Rosa_-_Velia_-_Italy.JPG" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Porta Rosa, a Greek street dating from the 3rd to 4th
century BC in <a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Velia</a>, with a <a
href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">paved</a> surface and <a
href="/wiki/Street_gutter" title="Street gutter">gutters</a></div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:PompeiiStreet.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/PompeiiStreet.jpg/170px-
PompeiiStreet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/PompeiiStreet.jpg/255px
-PompeiiStreet.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/PompeiiStreet.jpg/340px-
PompeiiStreet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="795" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:PompeiiStreet.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A paved Roman road in <a
href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:Stora_tv%C3%A4rv%C3%A4gen_-_Ystad_11sep2013.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stora_tv%C3%A4rv
%C3%A4gen_-_Ystad_11sep2013.jpg/220px-Stora_tv%C3%A4rv%C3%A4gen_-
_Ystad_11sep2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stora_tv%C3%A4rv
%C3%A4gen_-_Ystad_11sep2013.jpg/330px-Stora_tv%C3%A4rv%C3%A4gen_-
_Ystad_11sep2013.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stora_tv%C3%A4rv%C3%A4gen_-
_Ystad_11sep2013.jpg/440px-Stora_tv%C3%A4rv%C3%A4gen_-_Ystad_11sep2013.jpg 2x"
data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="620" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Stora_tv%C3%A4rv
%C3%A4gen_-_Ystad_11sep2013.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Old
tractor road over farmland, <a href="/wiki/Ystad" title="Ystad">Ystad</a>,
Sweden</div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87_%DA
%A9%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA
%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_
%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Ancient Sassanid
Era Pathway in Behbahan, Persia"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF
%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB
%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC
%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/220px-%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF
%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF
%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF
%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304"
data-file-height="3456" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87_%DA
%A9%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA
%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_
%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian
Empire">Sassanid</a> Era Pathway in <a href="/wiki/Behbahan"
title="Behbahan">Behbahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect"
title="Persia">Persia</a></div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87_
%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_
%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Ancient
Cobblestoned Road in Behbahan"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF
%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_
%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/220px-%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF
%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF
%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF
%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456"
href="/wiki/File:%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87_
%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_
%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Cobblestone"
title="Cobblestone">Cobblestoned</a> Road in <a href="/wiki/Behbahan"
title="Behbahan">Behbahan</a></div></div></div>
<p>The assertion that the first pathways were the <a href="/wiki/Trail"
title="Trail">trails</a> made by animals has not been universally accepted; in many
cases animals do not follow constant paths.<sup id="cite_ref-Ways_of_the_World_1-1"
Some believe that some roads originated from following animal trails.<sup
id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wheathampstead_21-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wheathampstead-21">[21]</a></sup> The
<a href="/wiki/Icknield_Way" title="Icknield Way">Icknield Way</a> may examplify
this type of road origination, where human and animal both selected the same
natural line.<sup id="cite_ref-Icknield_22-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Icknield-22">[22]</a></sup> By about 10,000 BC human
travelers used rough roads/pathways.<sup id="cite_ref-Ways_of_the_World_1-2"
</p>
<ul><li>The world's oldest known paved road was constructed in Egypt some time
between 2600 and 2200 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">Stone</a>- paved streets appear
in the city of <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> in the Middle East dating back
to 4000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Ways_of_the_World_1-3" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Ways_of_the_World-1">[1]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy_road" title="Corduroy road">Corduroy roads</a> (log
roads) are found dating to 4000 BC in <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury,_England"
class="mw-redirect" title="Glastonbury, England">Glastonbury</a>, England.<sup
id="cite_ref-Ways_of_the_World_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
Ways_of_the_World-1">[1]</a></sup></li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a>, a <a
href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">timber
track</a> causeway in England, is one of the oldest engineered roads discovered and
the oldest timber trackway discovered in Northern Europe. Built in winter 3807 BC
or spring 3806 BC, (tree-ring dating – <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology"
title="Dendrochronology">dendrochronology</a> – enabled very precise dating). It
was claimed to be the oldest road in the world<sup id="cite_ref-
Current_Archaeology_172_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
Current_Archaeology_172-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-
Highways:_The_Location_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
Highways:_The_Location-25">[25]</a></sup> until the 2009 discovery of a
6,000-year-old trackway in <a href="/wiki/Plumstead"
title="Plumstead">Plumstead</a>, London.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup></li>
<li>Brick-paved streets appeared in India as early as 3000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-
Ways_of_the_World_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ways_of_the_World-
1">[1]</a></sup></li>
<li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1995 BC: an early subdividing of roadways
evidenced with <a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">sidewalks</a> built in
Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
28">[28]</a></sup></li>
<li>In 500 BC, <a href="/wiki/Darius_I_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius
I the Great">Darius I the Great</a> started an extensive road system for the <a
href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>
(Persia), including the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Road" title="Royal Road">Royal
Road</a>, which was one of the finest highways of its time,<sup id="cite_ref-
RoyalRoad_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoyalRoad-
29">[29]</a></sup> connecting <a href="/wiki/Sardis"
title="Sardis">Sardis</a> (the westernmost major city of the empire) to <a
href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>. The road remained in use after Roman
times. These road systems reached as far east as <a href="/wiki/Bactria"
title="Bactria">Bactria</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup
30">[30]</a></sup></li>
<li>In ancient times, transport by river was far easier and faster than transport
by road,<sup id="cite_ref-Highways:_The_Location_25-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Highways:_The_Location-25">[25]</a></sup> especially
considering the cost of road construction and the difference in carrying capacity
between <a href="/wiki/Cart" title="Cart">carts</a> and river <a href="/wiki/Barge"
title="Barge">barges</a>. A hybrid of road transport and ship transport beginning
in about 1740 is the <a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_boat" title="Horse-drawn
boat">horse-drawn boat</a> in which the horse follows a cleared path along the
river bank.<sup id="cite_ref-horseboating_31-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-horseboating-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-
HorseDrawnBoats_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HorseDrawnBoats-
32">[32]</a></sup></li>
<li>From about 312 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman
Empire</a> built straight<sup id="cite_ref-Discovering_Roman_Technology_33-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovering_Roman_Technology-
33">[33]</a></sup> strong stone <a href="/wiki/Roman_road" class="mw-
redirect" title="Roman road">Roman roads</a> throughout Europe and North Africa, in
support of its military campaigns. At its peak the Roman Empire was connected by 29
major roads moving out from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient
Rome">Rome</a> and covering 78,000 kilometers or 52,964 <a href="/wiki/Roman_mile"
class="mw-redirect" title="Roman mile">Roman miles</a> of paved roads.<sup
id="cite_ref-Highways:_The_Location_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
Highways:_The_Location-25">[25]</a></sup></li>
<li>In the 8th century AD, many roads were built throughout the <a
href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Arab Empire</a>. The most sophisticated
roads were those in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, which were
paved with <a href="/wiki/Tar" title="Tar">tar</a>. Tar was derived from petroleum,
accessed from <a href="/wiki/Oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil field">oil
fields</a> in the region, through the chemical process of <a
href="/wiki/Destructive_distillation" title="Destructive distillation">destructive
distillation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ajram_34-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Ajram-34">[34]</a></sup></li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Highways_Act_1555" title="Highways Act 1555">Highways Act
1555</a> in Britain transferred responsibility for maintaining roads from
government to local parishes.<sup id="cite_ref-Highways:_The_Location_25-3"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Highways:_The_Location-
25">[25]</a></sup> This resulted in a poor and variable state of roads. To
remedy this, the first of the <a href="/wiki/Turnpike_trust" title="Turnpike
trust">turnpike trusts</a> was established around 1706, to build good roads and
collect tolls from passing vehicles. Eventually there were approximately 1,100
trusts in Britain and some 36,800 km (22,870 miles) of engineered roads.<sup
id="cite_ref-Highways:_The_Location_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
Highways:_The_Location-25">[25]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Riots"
title="Rebecca Riots">Rebecca Riots</a> in Carmarthenshire and <a
href="/wiki/Rhayader" title="Rhayader">Rhayader</a> from 1839 to 1844 contributed
to a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal
Commission">Royal Commission</a> that led to the demise of the system in 1844,<sup
id="cite_ref-Victorian_Powys_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
Victorian_Powys-35">[35]</a></sup> which coincided with the <a
href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain_to_1830" title="History of
rail transport in Great Britain to 1830">development of the UK railway
system</a>.</li>
<li>In the late-19th century roading engineers began to cater for cyclists by
building separate lanes alongside roadways.</li>
<li>From the beginning of the 20th century, roads were increasingly built for
tourism and also to create jobs. A typical example of the stimulation of tourism is
the <a href="/wiki/Strada_statale_48_delle_Dolomiti" title="Strada statale 48 delle
Dolomiti">Great Dolomite Road</a>, while the creation of the panoramic coastal road
<a href="/w/index.php?title=Strada_Costiera&action=edit&redlink=1"
class="new" title="Strada Costiera (page does not exist)">Strada Costiera</a>
between <a href="/wiki/Duino" title="Duino">Duino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barcola"
title="Barcola">Barcola</a> in 1928 was very much focused on creating jobs.<sup
href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Design">Design</span><span class="mw-
Design">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
href="/wiki/File:Kantatie_65_at_Tampere.JPG" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kantatie_65_at_Tampere.JPG
/170px-Kantatie_65_at_Tampere.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kantatie_65_at_Tampere.
JPG/255px-Kantatie_65_at_Tampere.JPG 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kantatie_65_at_Tampere.JPG/340p
x-Kantatie_65_at_Tampere.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"
/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Kantatie_65_at_Tampere.JPG" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>A highway in <a href="/wiki/Tampere"
title="Tampere">Tampere</a> (<a href="/wiki/Finland"
title="Finland">Finland</a>)</div></div></div>
<p>Road design is part of <a href="/wiki/Highway_engineering" title="Highway
engineering">highway engineering</a>. <a href="/wiki/Structural_road_design"
title="Structural road design">Structural road design</a> is designing a road for
its environment in order to extend its longevity and reduce maintenance. The <a
href="/wiki/Shell_pavement_design_method" title="Shell pavement design
method">Shell pavement design method</a> is used in many countries for the design
of new asphalt roadsides.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Terminology">Terminology</span><span class="mw-
Terminology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
href="/wiki/Glossary_of_road_transport_terms" title="Glossary of road transport
terms">Glossary of road transport terms</a></div>
<dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Adverse_camber" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverse
camber">Adverse camber</a></dt>
<dd>Where a road slopes towards the outside of a bend, increasing the likelihood
that vehicles travelling at speed will skid or topple. Usually only a temporary
situation during road maintenance.</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Geometric_design_of_roads#Alignment" title="Geometric design of
roads">Alignment</a></dt>
<dd>The route of the road, defined as a series of horizontal tangents and
curves.</dd>
<dt>All-weather road</dt>
<dd>Unpaved road that is constructed of a material that does not create mud during
rainfall.</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Banked_turn" title="Banked turn">Banked turn</a></dt>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Belisha_Beacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Belisha
Beacon">Belisha Beacon</a></dt>
<dd>An orange globe, lit at night, used to highlight a pedestrian crossing</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_boulevard" title="Bicycle boulevard">Bicycle
boulevard</a></dt>
<dd>A street that allows local vehicle traffic, but is prioritized for bicycles and
other non-motorized travel</dd>
<dt><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Roads_to_Beaches_of_Newcastle,_NSW_in_Australia.JPG"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Roads_to_Beaches_of_Newcas
tle%2C_NSW_in_Australia.JPG/170px-Roads_to_Beaches_of_Newcastle
%2C_NSW_in_Australia.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Roads_to_Beaches_of_New
castle%2C_NSW_in_Australia.JPG/255px-Roads_to_Beaches_of_Newcastle
%2C_NSW_in_Australia.JPG 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Roads_to_Beaches_of_Newcastle
%2C_NSW_in_Australia.JPG/340px-Roads_to_Beaches_of_Newcastle
%2C_NSW_in_Australia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Roads_to_Beaches_of_Newcastle,_NSW_in_Australia.JPG"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A beach road (Newcastle, NSW,
Australia)</div></div></div></dt>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Bollard#Roads" title="Bollard">Bollard</a></dt>
<dd>Rigid posts that can be arranged in a line to close a road or path to vehicles
above a certain width</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Byway_(road)" title="Byway (road)">Byway</a></dt>
<dd>Highway over which the public have <a
href="/wiki/Rights_of_way_in_England_and_Wales" title="Rights of way in England and
Wales">a right to travel</a> for vehicular and other kinds of traffic, but is used
mainly as a footpath or bridleway</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Bypass_(road)" title="Bypass (road)">Bypass</a></dt>
<dd>Road that avoids or "bypasses" a built-up area, town, or village</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Bottleneck_(traffic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottleneck
(traffic)">Bottleneck</a></dt>
<dd>Section of a road with a carrying capacity substantially below that of other
sections of the same road</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Botts%27_dots" title="Botts' dots">Botts' dots</a></dt>
<dd>Non-reflective <a href="/wiki/Raised_pavement_marker" title="Raised pavement
marker">raised pavement marker</a> used on roads</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Camber_angle#Road_camber" title="Camber angle">Camber</a> (or
crown)</dt>
<dd>The slope of the <a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">road
surface</a> downwards away from the centre of the road, so that surface water can
flow freely to the edge of the carriageway, or on bends angling of the surface to
lean traffic 'into the bend' reducing the chance of a skid.</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Cant_(road/rail)#Roads" title="Cant (road/rail)">Cant</a></dt>
<dd>Another name for cross slope or camber</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Carriageway" title="Carriageway">Carriageway</a></dt>
<dd>Part of the road intended for the movement of road motor vehicles; the parts of
the road which form a shoulder for the lower or upper layers of the road surface
are not part of the roadway, nor are those parts of the road intended for the
circulation of road vehicles which are not self-propelled or for the parking of
vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-unece.org_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
unece.org-3">[3]</a></sup></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_eye_(road)" title="Cat's eye (road)">Cat's
eye</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection
(physics)">Reflective</a> <a href="/wiki/Raised_pavement_marker" title="Raised
pavement marker">raised pavement marker</a> used on roads</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Chicane" title="Chicane">Chicane</a></dt>
<dd>Sequence of tight serpentine curves (usually an S-shape curve or a bus
stop)</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Chipseal" title="Chipseal">Chipseal</a></dt>
<dd>Road surface composed of a thin layer of crushed stone 'chips' and asphalt
emulsion. It seals the surface and protects it from weather, but provides no
structural strength. It is cheaper than <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete"
title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt concrete</a> or concrete. In the United States, it
is usually only used on low volume rural roads</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Corniche" title="Corniche">Corniche</a></dt>
<dd>Road on the side of a cliff or mountain, with the ground rising on one side and
falling away on the other</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Cross_slope" title="Cross slope">Cross slope</a></dt>
<dd>The <a href="/wiki/Slope" title="Slope">slope</a> of the pavement, expressed as
units of rise per unit of run, or as a percentage</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Curb_(road)" class="mw-redirect" title="Curb (road)">Curb</a>
(kerb)</dt>
<dd>A raised edge at the side of the <a href="/wiki/Roadway" class="mw-redirect"
title="Roadway">roadway</a>.</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Curb_extension" title="Curb extension">Curb extension</a></dt>
<dd>(also kerb extension, bulb-out, nib, elephant ear, curb bulge and blister) <a
href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">Traffic calming</a> measure,
intended to slow the speed of traffic and increase driver awareness, particularly
in built-up and residential <a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods" class="mw-redirect"
title="Neighborhoods">neighborhoods</a>.</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Cycle_lane" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycle lane">Cycle
lane</a></dt>
<dd>Part of a carriageway designated for cycles and distinguished from the rest of
the carriageway by longitudinal road markings. Mopeds may also be allowed to use a
cycle lane.<sup id="cite_ref-unece.org_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
unece.org-3">[3]</a></sup></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Cycle_track" title="Cycle track">Cycle track</a></dt>
<dd>Independent road or part of a road designated for cycles and sign-posted as
such. A cycle track is separated from other roads or other parts of the same road
by structural means. Mopeds may also be allowed to use the cycle track.<sup
id="cite_ref-unece.org_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unece.org-
3">[3]</a></sup></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure" title="Cycling infrastructure">Cycling
infrastructure</a></dt>
<dd>Cycling-friendly infrastructure integrated into the roadway or in its own right
of way</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Drainage_gradient" title="Drainage gradient">Drainage
gradient</a></dt>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Farm-to-market_road" title="Farm-to-market road">Farm-to-market
road</a></dt>
<dd>A state road or county road that connects rural or agricultural areas to market
towns.</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Fork_(road)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fork
(road)">Fork</a></dt>
<dd>(literally "fork in the road") Type of <a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)"
title="Intersection (road)">intersection</a> where a road splits</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)#Roads" title="Grade (slope)">Grade</a></dt>
<dd>Longitudinal slope</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Green_lane_(road)" title="Green lane (road)">Green lane</a></dt>
<dd>(UK) Unsurfaced road, may be so infrequently used that vegetation colonises
freely, hence 'green'. Many green lanes are ancient routes that have existed for
millennia.</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Guide_rail" title="Guide rail">Guide rail</a></dt>
<dd>Prevents vehicles from veering off the road into oncoming traffic, crashing
against solid objects or falling from a road. Also called a <a
href="/wiki/Guard_rail" title="Guard rail">guard rail</a> or <a
href="/wiki/Traffic_barrier" title="Traffic barrier">traffic barrier</a>.</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Street_gutter" title="Street gutter">Gutter</a></dt>
<dd>A drainage channel usually at the edge of the road or along a median.</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway
System">Interstate Highway System</a> (United States)</dt>
<dd>System of Interstate and Defense Highways</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Lane" title="Lane">Lane</a></dt>
<dd>One of the longitudinal strips into which a carriageway is divisible, whether
or not defined by longitudinal road markings, which is wide enough for one moving
line of motor vehicles other than motorcycles.<sup id="cite_ref-unece.org_3-4"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unece.org-3">[3]</a></sup></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Layby" class="mw-redirect" title="Layby">Layby</a> (Pullout,
pull-off)</dt>
<dd>A paved area beside a <a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">main road</a>
where <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">cars</a> can stop temporarily to let another
car pass.</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Loose_chippings" title="Loose chippings">Loose
chippings</a></dt>
<dd>The hazard of stone chippings that have come loose</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Median_strip" title="Median strip">Median</a></dt>
<dd>On <a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">dual
carriageway</a> roads, including <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway"
title="Controlled-access highway">controlled-access highways</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Divided_highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Divided highway">divided
highways</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access
road">limited-access roads</a>, the central reservation (<a
href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>), median
(<a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North
American English</a>), median strip (North American English and <a
href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a>),
neutral ground [Louisiana English] or central nature strip (Australian English):
Area that separates opposing <a href="/wiki/Lane" title="Lane">lanes</a> of
traffic</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorway">Motorway</a></dt>
<dd>(Europe) (Freeways in the US, Special road in the UK) Road, specially designed
and built for motor traffic, which does not serve properties bordering on it, with
separate carriageways for traffic in two directions, with no crossings at the same
level (road, railway, tramway track, or footpath) and sign-posted as a motorway and
is reserved for specific categories of road motor vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-
unece.org_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unece.org-
3">[3]</a></sup></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Mountain_pass" title="Mountain pass">Mountain pass</a></dt>
<dd>A relatively low-level route through a range of mountains</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Milestone" title="Milestone">Milestone</a></dt>
<dd>One of a series of numbered markers placed along a road, often at regular
intervals, showing the distance to destinations.</dd>
<dt>National Highway</dt>
<dd>Road built and maintained by a national authority.</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Pavement_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavement
(material)">Pavement</a></dt>
<dd>The road regarded as a geoconstruction. In the UK the term is <a
href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">road surface</a> and the pavement is
a pedestrian walkway alongside the road.</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">Pedestrian
crossing</a></dt>
<dd>Designated point on a road where road marking or other means helps pedestrians
cross safely</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Pelican_crossing" title="Pelican crossing">Pelican
crossing</a></dt>
<dd>(officially <i>Pelicon crossing</i>) (UK) A PEdestrian LIght CONtrolled
crossing.</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Private_highway" title="Private highway">Private
highway</a></dt>
<dd>Highway owned and operated for profit by <a href="/wiki/Private_industry"
class="mw-redirect" title="Private industry">private industry</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Private_road" title="Private road">Private road</a></dt>
<dd>Road owned and maintained by a <a href="/wiki/Person" title="Person">private
individual</a>, organization, or company rather than by a government</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Geometric_design_of_roads#Profile" title="Geometric design of
roads">Profile</a></dt>
<dd>The vertical alignment of a road, expressed as a series of grades, connected by
parabolic curves.</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Protected_intersection" title="Protected intersection">Protected
Intersections for Bicycles</a></dt>
<dd>A much safer design with a corner refuge island, a setback crossing of the
pedestrians and <a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">cyclists</a>, generally
between 1.5–7 metres of setback, a forward stop bar, which allows cyclists to stop
for a <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">traffic light</a> well
ahead of motor traffic who must stop behind the crosswalk. Separate signal staging
or at least an advance green for cyclists and pedestrians is used to give cyclists
and pedestrians no conflicts or a head start over traffic. The design makes a right
turn on red, and sometimes left on red depending on the geometry of the
intersection in question, possible in many cases, often without stopping.<sup
38">[38]</a></sup></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_Path" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicycle Path">Protected
Bicycle Path</a></dt>
<dd>Cyclists ideally have a protected bike lane on separated by a concrete median
with splay <a href="/wiki/Kerb" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerb">kerbs</a> if
possible, and have a protected bike lane width of at least 2 metres if possible
(one way). In the Netherlands, most one-way cycle paths are at least 2.5 metres
wide.<sup id="cite_ref-bicycledutch.wordpress.com_39-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-bicycledutch.wordpress.com-39">[39]</a></sup></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">Public space</a></dt>
<dd>Place where anyone has a right to come without being excluded because of <a
href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" title="Socioeconomics">economic or social</a>
conditions</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Ranch_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranch road">Ranch
road</a></dt>
<dd>U.S. road that connects rural and agricultural areas to <a
href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">market towns</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Route_number" title="Route number">Road number</a></dt>
<dd>Often assigned to identify a stretch of public roads – often dependent on the
<a href="/wiki/Types_of_road" title="Types of road">type of road</a>, with numbers
differentiating between <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate
Highway System">interstates</a>, motorways, <a href="/wiki/Arterial_road"
title="Arterial road">arterial thoroughfares</a>, etc.</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Road-traffic_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Road-traffic
safety">Road-traffic safety</a></dt>
<dd>Process to reduce the harm (deaths, injuries, and property damage) that result
from vehicle crashes on public roads</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Roadworks" title="Roadworks">Roadworks</a></dt>
<dd>Part or all of the road is occupied for work or maintenance</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Surface_roughness" title="Surface roughness">Roughness</a></dt>
<dd>Deviations from a true planar pavement surface, which affects vehicle
suspension deflection, dynamic loading, <a href="/wiki/Ride_quality" title="Ride
quality">ride quality</a>, surface drainage and winter operations. Roughness have
wavelengths ranging from 500 mm up to some 40 m. The upper limit may be as
high as 350 m when considering motion sickness aspects; motion sickness is
generated by motion with down to 0.1 Hz frequency; in an ambulance car driving
35 m/s (126 km/h), waves with up to 350 m will excite motion
sickness.</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">Roundabout</a></dt>
<dd>A road junction where typically three or more roads are joined by a circular
section of road. Traffic 'on the roundabout' has priority over traffic on approach
roads, unless indicated otherwise. In countries where traffic drives on the left
the roundabout is travelled in a clockwise direction. Also known as an
<i>island</i> in parts of the UK.</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_path" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicycle
path">Segregated Bicycle Path</a></dt>
<dd>Cyclists ideally have a protected bike lane on separated by a concrete median
with splay <a href="/wiki/Kerb" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerb">kerbs</a> if
possible, and have a protected bike lane width of at least 2 metres if possible
(one way). In the Netherlands, most one-way cycle paths are at least 2.5 metres
wide.<sup id="cite_ref-bicycledutch.wordpress.com_39-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-bicycledutch.wordpress.com-39">[39]</a></sup></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_(road)" title="Shoulder (road)">Shoulder</a> (also hard
shoulder)</dt>
<dd>A clear, level area to the side of the roadway available for stopping if
needed.</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/State_highway" title="State highway">State highway</a></dt>
<dd>Road numbered by the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_state" title="Constituent
state">state</a>, falling below numbered national highways (like <a
href="/wiki/United_States_Numbered_Highways" class="mw-redirect" title="United
States Numbered Highways">U.S. Routes</a>) in the hierarchy <i>or</i> a road
maintained by the state, including nationally numbered highways</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Traffic" title="Traffic">Traffic</a></dt>
<dd>Pedestrians, ridden or herded animals, vehicles, bicycles, and other
conveyances using any road for purposes of travel.<sup id="cite_ref-40"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Texture_(roads)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texture
(roads)">Texture (roads)</a></dt>
<dd>Deviations from a true planar pavement surface, which affects the interaction
between road and tire. Microtexture have wavelengths below 0.5 mm,
Macrotexture below 50 mm and Megatexture below 500 mm.</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">Traffic
calming</a></dt>
<dd>Set of strategies used by <a href="/wiki/Urban_planner" title="Urban
planner">urban planners</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Traffic_engineering_(transportation)" title="Traffic engineering
(transportation)">traffic engineers</a> to slow down or reduce motor vehicle
traffic, thereby improving safety for pedestrians and <a href="/wiki/Bicycle-
friendly" title="Bicycle-friendly">bicyclists</a> and improving the environment for
residents</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Traffic_island" title="Traffic island">Traffic island</a></dt>
<dd>(UK) A small raised area used to help define the traffic flow, which may also
act as a refuge for pedestrians crossing the carriageway or a location for signs,
barriers or lights – a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Roundabout"
title="Roundabout">roundabout</a> in some parts of the UK</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">Traffic light</a></dt>
<dd>Also known as a traffic signal, stop light, stop-and-go lights – a signaling
device at a road intersection, pedestrian crossing, or other location that assigns
right of way to different approaches to an intersection</dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Zebra_crossing" title="Zebra crossing">Zebra crossing</a>
(UK)</dt>
<dd>A pedestrian crossing marked by black and white stripes on the
carriageway</dd></dl>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Construction">Construction</span><span class="mw-
Construction">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
href="/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam">Macadam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Track_bed"
title="Track bed">Track bed</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:MortarlessPavement.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MortarlessPavement.jpg/220
px-MortarlessPavement.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MortarlessPavement.jpg/
330px-MortarlessPavement.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MortarlessPavement.jpg/440px-
MortarlessPavement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="1008" /></a>
href="/wiki/File:MortarlessPavement.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Layers in the construction of a mortarless pavement: A.)
<a href="/wiki/Subgrade" title="Subgrade">Subgrade</a> B.) <a
href="/wiki/Subbase_(pavement)" title="Subbase (pavement)">Subbase</a> C.) <a
href="/wiki/Base_course" title="Base course">Base course</a> D.) <a
href="/wiki/Paver_base" title="Paver base">Paver base</a> E.) <a
href="/wiki/Paver_(flooring)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paver
(flooring)">Pavers</a> F.) Fine-grained <a href="/wiki/Sand"
title="Sand">sand</a></div></div></div><p> In <a href="/wiki/Transport_engineering"
class="mw-redirect" title="Transport engineering">transport engineering</a>,
<b>subgrade</b> is the native material underneath a constructed road
</p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Us_land_survey_officer.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Us_land_survey_officer.jpg
/220px-Us_land_survey_officer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Us_land_survey_officer.
jpg/330px-Us_land_survey_officer.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Us_land_survey_officer.jpg/440p
x-Us_land_survey_officer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="328"
href="/wiki/File:Us_land_survey_officer.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Surveyor at work with a <a
href="/wiki/Leveling_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Leveling
instrument">leveling instrument</a></div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:Road_building-Hungary-1.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Road_building-Hungary-
1.jpg/220px-Road_building-Hungary-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Road_building-Hungary-
1.jpg/330px-Road_building-Hungary-1.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Road_building-Hungary-
1.jpg/440px-Road_building-Hungary-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2171" data-file-
height="1895" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Road_building-Hungary-1.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Asphalt layer and <a href="/wiki/Hamm_AG" title="Hamm
AG">Hamm</a> <a href="/wiki/Road_roller" title="Road roller">road
roller</a></div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:Motorway_construction_in_Ireland.JPG" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Motorway_construction_in_I
reland.JPG/220px-Motorway_construction_in_Ireland.JPG" decoding="async" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Motorway_construction_i
n_Ireland.JPG/330px-Motorway_construction_in_Ireland.JPG 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Motorway_construction_in_Irelan
d.JPG/440px-Motorway_construction_in_Ireland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-
href="/wiki/File:Motorway_construction_in_Ireland.JPG" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Subbase_(pavement)" title="Subbase
(pavement)">Sub-base layer</a> composed of cement-based material being applied
during construction of the <a href="/wiki/M8_motorway_(Ireland)" title="M8 motorway
(Ireland)">M8 motorway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Motorways_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"
title="Motorways in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:MyanmarRoadConstruction2.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/MyanmarRoadConstruction2.j
pg/220px-MyanmarRoadConstruction2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/MyanmarRoadConstruction
2.jpg/330px-MyanmarRoadConstruction2.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/MyanmarRoadConstruction2.jpg/44
0px-MyanmarRoadConstruction2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4774" data-file-height="3246"
href="/wiki/File:MyanmarRoadConstruction2.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Road construction in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar"
title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>.</div></div></div>
<p><b>Road construction</b> requires the creation of an <a
href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">engineered</a> continuous
right-of-way or <b>roadbed</b>, overcoming geographic obstacles and having <a
href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">grades</a> low enough to permit
vehicle or <a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">foot travel</a>,<sup
id="cite_ref-Kitsap_County_Road_Standards_41-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Kitsap_County_Road_Standards-41">[41]</a></sup><sup
class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>15</span></sup> and may be
required to meet standards set by law<sup id="cite_ref-MRSC_road_standards_42-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRSC_road_standards-
42">[42]</a></sup> or official guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-
thelastfrontier_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thelastfrontier-
43">[43]</a></sup> The process is often begun with the removal of earth and
rock by digging or blasting, construction of <a
href="/wiki/Embankment_(transportation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Embankment
(transportation)">embankments</a>, bridges and <a href="/wiki/Tunnels" class="mw-
redirect" title="Tunnels">tunnels</a>, and removal of vegetation (this may involve
<a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>) and followed
by the laying of pavement material. A variety of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment"
title="Heavy equipment">road building equipment</a> is employed in road
building.<sup id="cite_ref-Caterpillar_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
Caterpillar-44">[44]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Volvo_45-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volvo-45">[45]</a></sup>
</p><p>After design, <a href="/wiki/Approval_rating" class="mw-redirect"
title="Approval rating">approval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planning"
title="Planning">planning</a>, legal and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy"
title="Environmental policy">environmental</a> considerations have been addressed
alignment of the road is set out by a <a href="/wiki/Surveying"
title="Surveying">surveyor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Discovering_Roman_Technology_33-1"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovering_Roman_Technology-
33">[33]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Radius_of_curvature_(mathematics)"
class="mw-redirect" title="Radius of curvature (mathematics)">radii</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Slope" title="Slope">gradient</a> are designed and staked out to best
suit the natural ground levels and minimize the amount of cut and fill.<sup
id="cite_ref-thelastfrontier_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
thelastfrontier-43">[43]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-
space:nowrap;">:<span>34</span></sup> Great care is taken to preserve reference <a
href="/wiki/Benchmark_(surveying)" title="Benchmark (surveying)">Benchmarks</a><sup
space:nowrap;">:<span>59</span></sup>
</p><p>Roads are designed and built for primary use by <a href="/wiki/Vehicular"
class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicular">vehicular</a> and pedestrian traffic. <a
href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drainage</a> and environmental
considerations are a major concern. <a href="/wiki/Erosion"
title="Erosion">Erosion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sediment"
title="Sediment">sediment</a> controls are constructed to prevent detrimental
effects. Drainage lines are laid with <a href="/wiki/Seal_(mechanical)" title="Seal
(mechanical)">sealed</a> joints in the road easement with runoff <a
href="/wiki/Coefficient" title="Coefficient">coefficients</a> and characteristics
adequate for the <a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">land zoning</a> and storm
water system. Drainage systems must be capable of carrying the ultimate design flow
from the upstream catchment with approval for the outfall from the appropriate
authority to a <a href="/wiki/Watercourse" title="Watercourse">watercourse</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">creek</a>, river or the sea for drainage
discharge.<sup id="cite_ref-thelastfrontier_43-3" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-thelastfrontier-43">[43]</a></sup><sup class="reference"
style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>38–40</span></sup>
</p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Borrow_pit" class="mw-redirect" title="Borrow pit">borrow
pit</a> (source for obtaining fill, gravel, and rock) and a water source should be
located near or in reasonable distance to the road construction site. Approval from
<a href="/wiki/Local_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Local
authorities">local authorities</a> may be required to <a href="/wiki/Water_well"
class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">draw water</a> or for working (crushing and
screening) of materials for construction needs. The <a href="/wiki/Topsoil"
title="Topsoil">topsoil</a> and vegetation is removed from the borrow pit and
stockpiled for subsequent <a href="/wiki/Land_rehabilitation" title="Land
rehabilitation">rehabilitation</a> of the extraction area. Side slopes in the
excavation area not steeper than one vertical to two horizontal for safety
reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-thelastfrontier_43-4" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-thelastfrontier-43">[43]</a></sup><sup class="reference"
style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>53–56</span></sup>
</p><p>Old road surfaces, fences, and buildings may need to be removed before
construction can begin. Trees in the road construction area may be marked for
retention. These protected trees should not have the topsoil within the area of the
tree's drip line removed and the area should be kept clear of construction material
and equipment. Compensation or replacement may be required if a protected tree is
damaged. Much of the vegetation may be <a href="/wiki/Mulched" class="mw-redirect"
title="Mulched">mulched</a> and put aside for use during reinstatement. The topsoil
is usually stripped and stockpiled nearby for rehabilitation of newly constructed
embankments along the road. Stumps and roots are removed and holes filled as
required before the earthwork begins. Final rehabilitation after road construction
is completed will include seeding, planting, watering and other activities to
reinstate the area to be consistent with the untouched surrounding areas.<sup
space:nowrap;">:<span>66–67</span></sup>
</p><p>Processes during earthwork include excavation, removal of material to spoil,
filling, compacting, construction and trimming. If rock or other unsuitable
material is discovered it is removed, moisture content is managed and replaced with
standard fill compacted to meet the design requirements (generally 90–95% relative
compaction). <a href="/wiki/Rock_blasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock
blasting">Blasting</a> is not frequently used to excavate the roadbed as the intact
rock structure forms an ideal road base. When a depression must be filled to come
up to the road grade the native bed is compacted after the topsoil has been
removed. The fill is made by the "compacted layer method" where a layer of fill is
spread then compacted to specifications, under saturated conditions. The process is
repeated until the desired grade is reached.<sup id="cite_ref-thelastfrontier_43-6"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thelastfrontier-
43">[43]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-
</p>
href="/wiki/File:PavementStratum.JPG" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PavementStratum.JPG/170px-
PavementStratum.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PavementStratum.JPG/255
px-PavementStratum.JPG 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PavementStratum.JPG/340px-
PavementStratum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2616" data-file-height="3488" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:PavementStratum.JPG"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Typical pavement strata for a heavily
traveled road</div></div></div>
<p>General <a href="/wiki/Fill_dirt" title="Fill dirt">fill material</a> should be
free of <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organics</a>,
meet minimum <a href="/wiki/California_bearing_ratio" title="California bearing
ratio">California bearing ratio</a> (CBR) results and have a low <a
href="/wiki/Atterberg_limits#Plasticity_index" title="Atterberg limits">plasticity
index</a>. The lower fill generally comprises sand or a sand-rich mixture with fine
gravel, which acts as an inhibitor to the growth of plants or other vegetable
matter. The compacted fill also serves as lower-stratum drainage. Select second
fill (<a href="/wiki/Sieve" title="Sieve">sieved</a>) should be composed of <a
href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>, decomposed <a
href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a> or <a
href="/wiki/Crushed_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Crushed rock">broken rock</a>
below a specified <a href="/wiki/Particle_size" title="Particle size">particle
size</a> and be free of large lumps of <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>.
<a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">Sand clay</a> fill may also be used. The roadbed
must be "proof rolled" after each layer of fill is compacted. If a <a
href="/wiki/Road_roller" title="Road roller">roller</a> passes over an area without
creating visible deformation or spring the section is deemed to comply.<sup
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Geosynthetics" title="Geosynthetics">Geosynthetics</a> such
as <a href="/wiki/Geotextiles" class="mw-redirect"
title="Geotextiles">geotextiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geogrids" class="mw-redirect"
title="Geogrids">geogrids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cellular_confinement"
title="Cellular confinement">geocells</a> are frequently used in the various
pavement layers to improve road quality. These materials and methods are used in
low-traffic private roadways as well as public roads and highways.<sup
id="cite_ref-Mainland_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mainland-
46">[46]</a></sup> Geosynthetics perform four main functions in roads:
separation, reinforcement, filtration and drainage; which increase the pavement
performance, reduce construction costs and decrease maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-
47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup><sup
class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"
title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on
a self-published source. (December 2017)">self-published
source</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>The completed roadway is finished by paving or left with a gravel or other
<a href="/wiki/Dirt_road" title="Dirt road">natural</a> surface. The <a
href="/wiki/Types_of_road" title="Types of road">type of road</a> surface is
dependent on economic factors and expected usage. <a href="/wiki/Road-
traffic_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Road-traffic safety">Safety</a>
improvements such as <a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">traffic
signs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crash_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Crash
barrier">crash barriers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raised_pavement_marker" title="Raised
pavement marker">raised pavement markers</a> and other forms of <a
href="/wiki/Road_surface_marking" title="Road surface marking">road surface
marking</a> are installed.
</p><p>According to a May 2009 report by the American Association of State Highway
and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and TRIP – a national transportation research
organization – driving on rough roads costs the average American motorist
approximately $400 a year in extra vehicle operating costs. Drivers living in urban
areas with populations more than 250,000 are paying upwards of $750 more annually
because of accelerated vehicle deterioration, increased maintenance, additional <a
href="/wiki/Fuel_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel consumption">fuel
consumption</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tire_wear" class="mw-redirect" title="Tire
wear">tire wear</a> caused by poor road conditions.
</p><p>When a <a href="/wiki/Single_carriageway" title="Single carriageway">single
carriageway</a> road is converted into dual carriageway by building a second
separate carriageway alongside the first, it is usually referred to as
<i>duplication</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
48">[48]</a></sup> <i>twinning</i> or <i>doubling</i>. The original
carriageway is changed from two-way to become one-way, while the new carriageway is
one-way in the opposite direction. In the same way as converting railway lines from
<a href="/wiki/Single_track_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Single track
(rail)">single track</a> to <a href="/wiki/Double_track" class="mw-redirect"
title="Double track">double track</a>, the new carriageway is not always
constructed directly alongside the existing carriageway.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Maintenance">Maintenance</span><span class="mw-
Maintenance">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
href="/wiki/Roadworks" title="Roadworks">Roadworks</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Road_surface#Surface_deterioration" title="Road surface">Road_surface
§ Surface_deterioration</a></div>
href="/wiki/File:Baustelle.svg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Baustelle.svg/170px-
Baustelle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="149" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Baustelle.svg/255px-
Baustelle.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Baustelle.svg/340px-
Baustelle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="613" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Baustelle.svg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>"Road works ahead" sign, typically used
in Europe</div></div></div>
<p>Like all structures, roads deteriorate over time. Deterioration is primarily due
to accumulated damage from vehicles, however environmental effects such as <a
href="/wiki/Frost_heave" class="mw-redirect" title="Frost heave">frost heaves</a>,
thermal cracking and oxidation often contribute.<sup id="cite_ref-frost_49-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost-49">[49]</a></sup> According to
a series of experiments carried out in the late 1950s, called the <a
href="/wiki/AASHO_Road_Test" title="AASHO Road Test">AASHO Road Test</a>, it was
empirically determined that the effective damage done to the road is roughly
proportional to the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_power" title="Fourth power">Fourth
power</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gross_axle_weight_rating" title="Gross axle weight
rating">axle weight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Motorway_Achievement_Pg252_50-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motorway_Achievement_Pg252-
50">[50]</a></sup> A typical <a href="/wiki/Semi-trailer_truck"
title="Semi-trailer truck">tractor-trailer</a> weighing 80,000 <a
href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pounds</a> (36.287 <a
href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">t</a>) with 8,000 pounds (3.629 t) on the steer
axle and 36,000 pounds (16.329 t) on both of the tandem axle groups is expected to
do 7,800 times more damage than a passenger vehicle with 2,000 pounds (0.907 t) on
each axle. <a href="/wiki/Pothole" title="Pothole">Potholes</a> on roads are caused
by rain damage and vehicle braking or related construction works.
</p>
href="/wiki/File:Making_lines_on_the_road.JPG" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Making_lines_on_the_road.J
PG/170px-Making_lines_on_the_road.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="295"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Making_lines_on_the_roa
d.JPG/255px-Making_lines_on_the_road.JPG 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Making_lines_on_the_road.JPG/34
0px-Making_lines_on_the_road.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="3912"
href="/wiki/File:Making_lines_on_the_road.JPG" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Line marking in rural India</div></div></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">Pavements</a> are designed for
an expected <a href="/wiki/Service_life" title="Service life">service life</a> or
<a href="/wiki/Design_life" title="Design life">design life</a>. In some parts of
the United Kingdom the standard design life is 40 years for new <a
href="/wiki/Bitumen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a> and concrete
pavement. Maintenance is considered in the whole life cost of the road with service
at 10, 20 and 30 year milestones.<sup id="cite_ref-Highways_The_Location_51-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Highways_The_Location-
51">[51]</a></sup> Roads can be and are designed for a variety of lives
(8-, 15-, 30-, and 60-year designs). When pavement lasts longer than its intended
life, it may have been overbuilt, and the original costs may have been too high.
When a pavement fails before its intended design life, the owner may have excessive
repair and rehabilitation costs. Some <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete"
title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a> pavements are designed as <i>perpetual
pavements</i> with an expected structural life in excess of 50 years.<sup
</p><p>Many asphalt pavements built over 35 years ago, despite not being
specifically designed as a perpetual pavement, have remained in good condition long
past their design life.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
53">[53]</a></sup> Many concrete pavements built since the 1950s have
significantly outlived their intended design lives.<sup id="cite_ref-Map_Future_54-
0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Map_Future-54">[54]</a></sup> Some
roads like <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago,
Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Wacker_Drive" title="Wacker
Drive">Wacker Drive</a>", a major two-level viaduct in the downtown area, are being
rebuilt with a designed service life of 100 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Fly_Ash_55-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fly_Ash-55">[55]</a></sup>
</p><p>Virtually all roads require some form of maintenance before they come to the
end of their service life. Pro-active agencies use <a
href="/wiki/Pavement_management" title="Pavement management">pavement
management</a> techniques to continually monitor road conditions and schedule <a
href="/wiki/Preventive_maintenance" class="mw-redirect" title="Preventive
maintenance">preventive maintenance</a> treatments as needed to prolong the
lifespan of their roads. Technically advanced agencies monitor the road network
surface condition with sophisticated equipment such as laser/inertial <a
href="/wiki/Profilometer" title="Profilometer">Profilometers</a>. These
measurements include road <a href="/wiki/Curvature"
title="Curvature">curvature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cross_slope" title="Cross
slope">cross slope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asperity_(material_science)" class="mw-
redirect" title="Asperity (material science)">asperity</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Surface_roughness" title="Surface roughness">roughness</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Rut_(roads)" title="Rut (roads)">rutting</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Texture_(roads)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texture
(roads)">texture</a>. Software algorithms use this data to recommend maintenance or
new construction.
</p><p>Maintenance treatments for asphalt concrete generally include thin asphalt
overlays, crack sealing, surface rejuvenating, fog sealingfo, <a
href="/wiki/Pavement_milling" title="Pavement milling">micro milling</a> or <a
href="/wiki/Diamond_grinding_of_pavement" title="Diamond grinding of
pavement">diamond grinding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chipseal"
title="Chipseal">surface treatments</a>. Thin surfacing preserves, protects and
improves the functional condition of the road while reducing the need for routing
maintenance, leading to extended service life without increasing structural
capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-Thin_Surfacing_56-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Thin_Surfacing-56">[56]</a></sup>
</p><p>Older concrete pavements that develop faults can be repaired with a <a
href="/wiki/Dowel_bar_retrofit" title="Dowel bar retrofit">dowel bar retrofit</a>,
in which slots are cut in the pavement at each joint, and dowel bars are placed in
the slots, which are then filled with concrete patching material. This can extend
the life of the concrete pavement for 15 years.<sup id="cite_ref-57"
</p><p>Failure to maintain roads properly can create significant costs to society,
in a 2009 report released by the American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials (US) about 50% of the roads in the US are in bad condition
with urban areas worse. The report estimates that urban drivers pay an average of
$746/year on vehicle repairs while the average US motorist pays about $335/year. In
contrast, the average motorist pays about $171/year in road maintenance taxes
(based on 600 gallons/year and $0.285/gallon tax).
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Slab_stabilization">Slab
stabilization</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-
bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit&section=11"
title="Edit section: Slab stabilization">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-
bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Distress and serviceability loss on concrete roads can be caused by loss of
support due to voids beneath the concrete pavement slabs. The voids usually occur
near cracks or joints due to surface water <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)"
title="Infiltration (hydrology)">infiltration</a>. The most common causes of voids
are pumping, consolidation, subgrade failure and bridge approach failure. Slab
stabilization is a non-destructive method of solving this problem and is usually
employed with other Concrete Pavement Restoration (<a
href="/wiki/Concrete_Pavement_Restoration" title="Concrete Pavement
Restoration">CPR</a>) methods including patching and diamond grinding. The
technique restores support to concrete slabs by filing small voids that develop
underneath the concrete slab at joints, cracks or the pavement edge.
</p><p>The process consists of pumping a cementitious <a href="/wiki/Grout"
title="Grout">grout</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane"
title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a> mixture through holes drilled through the
slab. The grout can fill small voids beneath the slab and/or sub-base. The grout
also displaces free water and helps keep water from saturating and weakening
support under the joints and slab edge after stabilization is complete. The three
steps for this method after finding the voids are locating and drilling holes,
grout injection and post-testing the stabilized slabs.
</p><p>Slab stabilization does not correct depressions, increase the design
structural capacity, stop erosion or eliminate faulting. It does, however, restore
the slab support, therefore, decreasing deflections under the load. Stabilization
should only be performed at joints and cracks where loss of support exists. Visual
inspection is the simplest manner to find voids. Signs that repair is needed are
transverse joint faulting, corner breaks and shoulder drop off and lines at or near
joints and cracks. Deflection testing is another common procedure utilized to
locate voids. It is recommended to do this testing at night as during cooler
temperatures, joints open, aggregate interlock diminishes and load deflections are
at their highest.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Testing">Testing</span><span class="mw-
Testing">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Ground penetrating <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> pulses
electromagnetic waves into the pavement and measures and graphically displays the
reflected signal. This can reveal voids and other defects.
</p><p>The epoxy/core test, detects voids by visual and mechanical methods. It
consists of drilling a 25 to 50 millimeter hole through the pavement into the sub-
base with a dry-bit <a href="/wiki/Roto-hammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Roto-
hammer">roto-hammer</a>. Next, a two-part <a href="/wiki/Epoxy"
title="Epoxy">epoxy</a> is poured into the hole – dyed for visual clarity. Once the
epoxy hardens, technicians drill through the hole. If a void is present, the epoxy
will stick to the core and provide physical evidence.
</p><p>Common stabilization materials include <a href="/wiki/Pozzolan"
title="Pozzolan">pozzolan</a>-cement grout and polyurethane. The requirements for
slab stabilization are strength and the ability to flow into or expand to fill
small voids. Colloidal mixing equipment is necessary to use the pozzolan-cement
grouts. The contractor must place the grout using a positive-displacement injection
pump or a non-pulsing progressive cavity pump. A drill is also necessary but it
must produce a clean hole with no surface <a href="/wiki/Spalling" class="mw-
redirect" title="Spalling">spalling</a> or breakouts. The injection devices must
include a grout packer capable of sealing the hole. The injection device must also
have a return hose or a fast-control reverse switch, in case workers detect slab
movement on the uplift gauge. The uplift beam helps to monitor the slab deflection
and has to have sensitive dial gauges.<sup id="cite_ref-igga_58-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igga-58">[58]</a></sup><sup
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Joint_sealing">Joint sealing</span><span
Joint sealing">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Also called joint and crack repair, this method's purpose is to minimize
infiltration of surface water and incompressible material into the joint system.
Joint sealants are also used to reduce dowel bar corrosion in Concrete Pavement
Restoration <a href="/wiki/International_Grooving_%26_Grinding_Association"
title="International Grooving & Grinding Association">(CPR)</a> techniques.
Successful resealing consists of old sealant removal, shaping and cleaning the
reservoir, installing the backer rod and installing the sealant. Sawing, manual
removal, plowing and cutting are methods used to remove the old sealant. Saws are
used to shape the reservoir. When cleaning the reservoir, no dust, <a
href="/wiki/Dirt" title="Dirt">dirt</a> or traces of old sealant should remain.
Thus, it is recommended to water wash, sand-blast and then air blow to remove any
sand, dirt or dust. The backer rod installation requires a double-wheeled, steel
roller to insert the rod to the desired depth. After inserting the backer rod, the
sealant is placed into the joint. There are various materials to choose for this
method including hot pour bituminous liquid, silicone and preformed compression
seals.<sup id="cite_ref-igga_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igga-
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-
62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Safety_considerations">Safety
considerations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-
title="Edit section: Safety considerations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-
href="/wiki/File:Wavy_lines_before_pedestrian_crossing.jpg" class="image"><img
alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wavy_lines_before_pedestri
an_crossing.jpg/220px-Wavy_lines_before_pedestrian_crossing.jpg" decoding="async"
width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wavy_lines_before_pedes
trian_crossing.jpg/330px-Wavy_lines_before_pedestrian_crossing.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wavy_lines_before_pedestrian_cr
ossing.jpg/440px-Wavy_lines_before_pedestrian_crossing.jpg 2x" data-file-
width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div
class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Wavy_lines_before_pedestrian_crossing.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing"
title="Pedestrian crossing">Pedestrian crossing</a>, line markings and <a
href="/wiki/Street_furniture" title="Street furniture">street
furniture</a>.</div></div></div>
href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">Road traffic
safety</a></div>
<p>Careful design and construction of roads can increase <a
href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">road traffic
safety</a> and reduce the harm (deaths, injuries, and property damage) on the
highway system from traffic collisions.
</p><p>On neighborhood roads <a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic
calming">traffic calming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safety_barriers" class="mw-redirect"
title="Safety barriers">safety barriers</a>, pedestrian crossings and cycle lanes
can help protect pedestrians, cyclists, and drivers.
</p><p>Lane markers in some countries and states are marked with <a href="/wiki/Cat
%27s_eye_(road)" title="Cat's eye (road)">Cat's eyes</a> or Botts dots, (bright
reflectors that do not fade like paint). Botts dots are not used where it is icy in
the winter, because frost and snowplows can break the glue that holds them to the
road, although they can be embedded in short, shallow trenches carved in the
roadway, as is done in the mountainous regions of California.
</p><p>For major roads risk can be reduced by providing <a
href="/wiki/Limited_access_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited access
road">limited access</a> from properties and local roads, <a
href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade separated
junctions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">median
dividers</a> between opposite-direction traffic to reduce the likelihood of head-on
collisions.
</p><p>The placement of energy attenuation devices (e.g. guardrails, wide grassy
areas, sand barrels) is also common. Some <a href="/wiki/Road_fixtures" class="mw-
redirect" title="Road fixtures">road fixtures</a> such as road signs and <a
href="/wiki/Fire_hydrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire hydrants">fire
hydrants</a> are designed to collapse on impact. Light poles are designed to break
at the base rather than violently stop a car that hits them. Highway authorities
may also remove larger trees from the immediate vicinity of the road. During heavy
rains, if the elevation of the road surface isn't higher than the surrounding
landscape, it may result in flooding.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Speed_limits" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed limits">Speed
limits</a> can improve road traffic safety and reduce the number of <a
href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_motor_vehicle_collisions" title="Epidemiology of motor
vehicle collisions">road traffic casualties</a> from <a
href="/wiki/Traffic_collisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic
collisions">traffic collisions</a>. In their <i>World report on road traffic injury
prevention</i> report, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World
Health Organization">World Health Organization (WHO)</a> identify speed control as
one of various interventions likely to contribute to a reduction in road
casualties.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Road_conditions">Road conditions</span><span
Road conditions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
href="/wiki/File:Snowy_road_in_Tieringen,_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Snowy_road_in_Tieringen
%2C_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg/220px-Snowy_road_in_Tieringen%2C_Baden-W
%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Snowy_road_in_Tieringen
%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Snowy_road_in_Tieringen
%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Snowy_road_in_Tieringen,_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Snow"
title="Snow">Snow</a> causing bad road conditions</div></div></div>
<p><b>Road conditions</b> are the collection of factors describing the ease of
driving on a particular stretch of road, or on the roads of a particular locality,
including the quality of the <a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road
surface">pavement surface</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pothole"
title="Pothole">potholes</a>, road markings, and <a href="/wiki/Weather"
title="Weather">weather</a>. It has been reported that "[p]roblems of
transportation participants and road conditions are the main factors that lead to
road traffic accidents".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup> It has further been specifically noted
that "weather conditions and road conditions are interlinked as weather conditions
affect the road conditions".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup> Specific aspects of road conditions can
be of particular importance for particular purposes. For example, for <a
href="/wiki/Autonomous_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous
vehicles">autonomous vehicles</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car"
title="Self-driving car">self-driving cars</a>, significant road conditions can
include "shadowing and lighting changes, road surface texture changes, and road
markings consisting of circular reflectors, dashed lines, and solid lines".<sup
</p><p>Various government agencies and private entities, including local news
services, track and report on road conditions to the public so that drivers going
through a particular area can be aware of hazards that may exist in that area. News
agencies, in turn, rely on tips from area residents with respect to certain aspects
of road conditions in their coverage area.<sup id="cite_ref-67"
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Environmental_performance">Environmental
performance</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-
title="Edit section: Environmental performance">edit</a><span class="mw-
editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_roads" class="mw-redirect"
title="Environmental impacts of roads">Environmental impacts of roads</a></div>
href="/wiki/File:Aab_Pasadena_Highway_Los_Angeles.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Aab_Pasadena_Highway_Los_A
ngeles.jpg/220px-Aab_Pasadena_Highway_Los_Angeles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Aab_Pasadena_Highway_Lo
s_Angeles.jpg/330px-Aab_Pasadena_Highway_Los_Angeles.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Aab_Pasadena_Highway_Los_Angele
s.jpg/440px-Aab_Pasadena_Highway_Los_Angeles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-
href="/wiki/File:Aab_Pasadena_Highway_Los_Angeles.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Air pollution along Pasadena Highway in Los
Angeles</div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:DelhiFlyover_EDITED.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/DelhiFlyover_EDITED.jpg/22
0px-DelhiFlyover_EDITED.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/DelhiFlyover_EDITED.jpg
/330px-DelhiFlyover_EDITED.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/DelhiFlyover_EDITED.jpg/440px-
DelhiFlyover_EDITED.jpg 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="673" /></a>
href="/wiki/File:DelhiFlyover_EDITED.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>A <a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual
carriageway">dual carriageway</a> section of <a
href="/wiki/National_Highway_8_(India)" title="National Highway 8 (India)">National
Highway 8</a> connecting <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> to <a
href="/wiki/Gurgaon" title="Gurgaon">Gurgaon</a></div></div></div>
<p>Careful design and construction of a road can reduce any negative environmental
impacts.
</p>
href="/wiki/File:Road_in_Rain.JPG" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Road_in_Rain.JPG/220px-
Road_in_Rain.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Road_in_Rain.JPG/330px-
Road_in_Rain.JPG 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Road_in_Rain.JPG/440px-
Road_in_Rain.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Road_in_Rain.JPG"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Road after rain</div></div></div>
<p>Water management systems can be used to reduce the effect of pollutants from
roads.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rain"
title="Rain">Rainwater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snowmelt"
title="Snowmelt">snowmelt</a> running off of roads tends to pick up gasoline, <a
href="/wiki/Motor_oil" title="Motor oil">motor oil</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">trash</a> and other pollutants and result in <a
href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>. Road
runoff is a major source of <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>,
copper, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium"
title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, lead and <a
href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a> (PAHs), which are created as <a
href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> byproducts of gasoline
and other <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>.<sup
</p><p><a href="/wiki/De-icing" title="De-icing">De-icing</a> chemicals and sand
can run off into roadsides, contaminate <a href="/wiki/Groundwater"
title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> and pollute <a href="/wiki/Surface_water"
title="Surface water">surface waters</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Road_salt"
class="mw-redirect" title="Road salt">road salts</a> can be toxic to sensitive
plants and animals.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
72">[72]</a></sup> Sand applied to icy roads can be ground up by traffic
into fine particulates and contribute to air pollution.
</p><p>Roads are a chief source of <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise
pollution">noise pollution</a>. In the early 1970s, it was recognized<sup
class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"
title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near
this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2018)">by whom?
</span></a></i>]</sup> that design of roads can be conducted to influence and
minimize noise generation.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier"
title="Noise barrier">Noise barriers</a> can reduce noise pollution near built-up
areas. Regulations can restrict the use of <a href="/wiki/Engine_braking"
title="Engine braking">engine braking</a>.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor
vehicle emissions">Motor vehicle emissions</a> contribute <a
href="/wiki/Air_pollutant" class="mw-redirect" title="Air pollutant">air
pollution</a>. Concentrations of air pollutants and adverse <a
href="/wiki/Respiratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory">respiratory</a>
health effects are greater near the road than at some distance away from the
road.<sup id="cite_ref-carbonblack_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
carbonblack-74">[74]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Road_dust" class="mw-
redirect" title="Road dust">Road dust</a> kicked up by vehicles may trigger <a
href="/wiki/Allergic" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic">allergic</a>
reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
75">[75]</a></sup> In addition, on-road transportation greenhouse gas
emissions are the largest single cause of climate change, scientists say.<sup
</p>
href="/wiki/File:A22_northbound_towards_East_Grinstead_-_geograph.org.uk_-
_68150.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/A22_northbound_towards_Eas
t_Grinstead_-_geograph.org.uk_-_68150.jpg/220px-
A22_northbound_towards_East_Grinstead_-_geograph.org.uk_-_68150.jpg"
decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/A22_northbound_towards_
East_Grinstead_-_geograph.org.uk_-_68150.jpg/330px-
A22_northbound_towards_East_Grinstead_-_geograph.org.uk_-_68150.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/A22_northbound_towards_East_Gri
nstead_-_geograph.org.uk_-_68150.jpg/440px-A22_northbound_towards_East_Grinstead_-
_geograph.org.uk_-_68150.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="464"
href="/wiki/File:A22_northbound_towards_East_Grinstead_-_geograph.org.uk_-
_68150.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/wiki/A22_road"
title="A22 road">A22(T)</a> with <a href="/wiki/Road_surface_marking" title="Road
surface marking">line markings</a> near Summer Hill, <a href="/wiki/East_Sussex"
title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a>, England</div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:Kaluga_Region_Trassa.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kaluga_Region_Trassa.jpg/2
20px-Kaluga_Region_Trassa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kaluga_Region_Trassa.jp
g/330px-Kaluga_Region_Trassa.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kaluga_Region_Trassa.jpg/440px-
Kaluga_Region_Trassa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a>
href="/wiki/File:Kaluga_Region_Trassa.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Road with <a href="/wiki/Guard_rail" title="Guard
rail">guard rails</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kaluga_Oblast" title="Kaluga Oblast">Kaluga
Oblast</a>, Russia</div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:L%C3%BCtzelfl%C3%BCh-Goldbach3.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/L%C3%BCtzelfl%C3%BCh-
Goldbach3.jpg/220px-L%C3%BCtzelfl%C3%BCh-Goldbach3.jpg" decoding="async"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/L%C3%BCtzelfl%C3%BCh-
Goldbach3.jpg/330px-L%C3%BCtzelfl%C3%BCh-Goldbach3.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/L%C3%BCtzelfl%C3%BCh-
Goldbach3.jpg/440px-L%C3%BCtzelfl%C3%BCh-Goldbach3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024"
href="/wiki/File:L%C3%BCtzelfl%C3%BCh-Goldbach3.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Road with <a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic
sign">traffic signs</a> in the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Bern,_Switzerland"
class="mw-redirect" title="Bern, Switzerland">Bern,
Switzerland</a></div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:NH_73_from_Bangalore.JPG" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/NH_73_from_Bangalore.JPG/2
20px-NH_73_from_Bangalore.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/NH_73_from_Bangalore.JP
G/330px-NH_73_from_Bangalore.JPG 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/NH_73_from_Bangalore.JPG/440px-
NH_73_from_Bangalore.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a>
href="/wiki/File:NH_73_from_Bangalore.JPG" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_73_(India)"
title="National Highway 73 (India)">NH 73</a> going to <a href="/wiki/Bangalore"
title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:401_3x3x3x3.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/401_3x3x3x3.jpg/220px-
401_3x3x3x3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/401_3x3x3x3.jpg/330px-
401_3x3x3x3.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/401_3x3x3x3.jpg/440px-
401_3x3x3x3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:401_3x3x3x3.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_401"
title="Ontario Highway 401">Ontario Highway 401</a>, a route with a <a
href="/wiki/Local-express_lanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Local-express
lanes">collector / express</a> setup</div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:Manila_Cavite_Expwy_Tollgate.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Manila_Cavite_Expwy_Tollga
te.jpg/220px-Manila_Cavite_Expwy_Tollgate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Manila_Cavite_Expwy_Tol
lgate.jpg/330px-Manila_Cavite_Expwy_Tollgate.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Manila_Cavite_Expwy_Tollgate.jp
g/440px-Manila_Cavite_Expwy_Tollgate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-
href="/wiki/File:Manila_Cavite_Expwy_Tollgate.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>The wide Coastal Road in the Philippines now called the
<a href="/wiki/Manila-Cavite_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila-Cavite
Expressway">Manila-Cavite Expressway</a></div></div></div>
href="/wiki/File:Ruta_Nacional_9_en_la_Quebrada_de_Humahuaca,_Jujuy_(1).jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ruta_Nacional_9_en_la_Queb
rada_de_Humahuaca%2C_Jujuy_%281%29.jpg/220px-
Ruta_Nacional_9_en_la_Quebrada_de_Humahuaca%2C_Jujuy_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ruta_Nacional_9_en_la_Q
uebrada_de_Humahuaca%2C_Jujuy_%281%29.jpg/330px-
Ruta_Nacional_9_en_la_Quebrada_de_Humahuaca%2C_Jujuy_%281%29.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ruta_Nacional_9_en_la_Quebrada_
de_Humahuaca%2C_Jujuy_%281%29.jpg/440px-Ruta_Nacional_9_en_la_Quebrada_de_Humahuaca
%2C_Jujuy_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="482" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Ruta_Nacional_9_en_la_Quebrada_de_Humahuaca,_Jujuy_(1).jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Road in Jujuy Province,
Argentina</div></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Regulation">Regulation</span><span class="mw-
Regulation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
href="/wiki/File:Drive_on_left_in_australia.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Drive_on_left_in_australia
.jpg/170px-Drive_on_left_in_australia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Drive_on_left_in_austra
lia.jpg/255px-Drive_on_left_in_australia.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Drive_on_left_in_australia.jpg/
340px-Drive_on_left_in_australia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-
href="/wiki/File:Drive_on_left_in_australia.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>Australian drive on left sign</div></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Right-_and_left-hand_traffic">Right- and left-
hand traffic</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-
title="Edit section: Right- and left-hand traffic">edit</a><span class="mw-
editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
href="/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Right- and
left-hand traffic">Right- and left-hand traffic</a></div>
<p>Traffic flows on the right or on the left side of the road depending on the
country.<sup id="cite_ref-Why_In_Britain_77-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Why_In_Britain-77">[77]</a></sup> In countries where
traffic flows on the right, traffic signs are mostly on the right side of the road,
<a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">roundabouts</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Traffic_circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic circle">traffic
circles</a> go counter-clockwise/anti-clockwise, and pedestrians crossing a two-way
road should watch out for traffic from the left first.<sup id="cite_ref-
Rule_of_the_Road_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rule_of_the_Road-
78">[78]</a></sup> In countries where traffic flows on the left, the
reverse is true.
</p><p>About 33% of the world by population drive on the left, and 67% keep right.
By road distances, about 28% drive on the left, and 72% on the right,<sup
id="cite_ref-brianlucas_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brianlucas-
79">[79]</a></sup> even though originally most traffic drove on the left
worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
80">[80]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economics">Economics</span><span class="mw-
Economics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
href="/wiki/Transport_economics" title="Transport economics">Transport
economics</a></div>
href="/wiki/File:Roadmumbaiindia.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Roadmumbaiindia.jpg/170px-
Roadmumbaiindia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="185" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Roadmumbaiindia.jpg/255
px-Roadmumbaiindia.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Roadmumbaiindia.jpg/340px-
Roadmumbaiindia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="585" /></a> <div
class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Roadmumbaiindia.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A city street in <a
href="/wiki/Mumbai,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai, India">Mumbai,
India</a> with left-hand traffic</div></div></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Transport_economics" title="Transport economics">Transport
economics</a> is used to understand both the relationship between the transport
system and the wider economy and the complex <a href="/wiki/Network_effect"
title="Network effect">network effects</a> when there are multiple paths and
competing modes for both personal and freight (road/rail/air/ferry) and where <a
href="/wiki/Induced_demand" title="Induced demand">Induced demand</a> can result in
increased on decreased transport levels when road provision is increased by
building new roads or decreased (for example California State Route 480). Roads are
generally built and maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public
sector">public sector</a> using taxation although implementation may be through <a
href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private</a> <a
href="/wiki/General_contractor" title="General contractor">contractors</a>).<sup
id="cite_ref-Australia_CCG_2004_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
Australia_CCG_2004-81">[81]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ARTBA_82-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARTBA-82">[82]</a></sup> or
occasionally using <a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">road tolls</a>.<sup
id="cite_ref-IBTTA_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBTTA-
83">[83]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Public-private_partnerships" class="mw-redirect"
title="Public-private partnerships">Public-private partnerships</a> are a way for
communities to address the rising cost by injecting private funds into the
infrastructure. There are four main ones:<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a
</p>
<ul><li>design/build</li>
<li>design/build/operate/maintain</li>
<li>design/build/finance/operate</li>
<li>build/own/operate</li></ul>
<p>Society depends heavily on efficient roads. In the <a
href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union (EU)</a> 44% of
all <a href="/wiki/Good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good
(economics)">goods</a> are moved by trucks over roads and 85% of all people are
transported by cars, buses or coaches on roads.<sup id="cite_ref-
Road_Transport_(Europe)_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
Road_Transport_(Europe)-85">[85]</a></sup> The term was also commonly used
to refer to <a href="/wiki/Roadstead" title="Roadstead">roadsteads</a>, waterways
that lent themselves to use by shipping.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Construction_costs">Construction
costs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-
title="Edit section: Construction costs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-
<p>According to the New York State Thruway Authority,<sup id="cite_ref-86"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup> some sample per-
mile costs to construct multi-lane roads in several US northeastern states were:
</p>
<ul><li>Connecticut Turnpike – $3,449,000 per mile</li>
<li>New Jersey Turnpike – $2,200,000 per mile</li>
<li>Pennsylvania Turnpike (Delaware Extension) – $1,970,000 per mile</li>
<li>Northern Indiana Toll Road – $1,790,000 per mile</li>
<li>Garden State Parkway – $1,720,000 per mile</li>
<li>Massachusetts Turnpike – $1,600,000 per mile</li>
<li>Thruway, New York to Pennsylvania Line – $1,547,000 per mile</li>
<li>Ohio Turnpike – $1,352,000 per mile</li>
<li>Pennsylvania Turnpike (early construction) – $736,000 per mile</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Statistics">Statistics</span><span class="mw-
Statistics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The United States has the largest network of roads of any country with 4,050,717
miles (6,518,997 km) as of 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup> The Republic of India has the second
largest road system in the world with 4,689,842 kilometres (2,914,133 mi) of
road (2013).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
88">[88]</a></sup> The People's Republic of China is third with 3,583,715
kilometres (2,226,817 mi) of road (2007). The Federative Republic of Brazil
has the fourth largest road system in the world with 1,751,868 kilometres
(1,088,560 mi) (2002). See <a
href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_road_network_size" title="List of countries by
road network size">List of countries by road network size</a>. When looking only at
<a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access
highway">expressways</a> the <a href="/wiki/National_Trunk_Highway_System"
class="mw-redirect" title="National Trunk Highway System">National Trunk Highway
System</a> (NTHS) in China has a total length of 45,000 kilometres (28,000 mi)
at the end of 2006, and 60,300 km at the end of 2008, second only to the
United States with 90,000 kilometres (56,000 mi) in 2005. However, as of 2017
China has 130,000 km of Expressways.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Global_connectivity">Global
connectivity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-
title="Edit section: Global connectivity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-
<table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup"
role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img
alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-
Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-
clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-
clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"
/></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may
<b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup"
title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality
standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>Cities list on the mainland not
connected is either incomplete, America centric, or not formulated has
examples.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text"
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit">improve this
section</a> if you can.</span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span
class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></small><small class="hide-when-compact"><i>
(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template
removal">Learn how and when to remove this template
message</a>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Eurasia, Africa, North America, South America, and Australia each have an
extensive road network that connects most cities.
The North and South American road networks are separated by the <a href="/wiki/Dari
%C3%A9n_Gap" title="Darién Gap">Darién Gap</a>, the only interruption in the <a
href="/wiki/Pan-American_Highway" title="Pan-American Highway">Pan-American
Highway</a>. Eurasia and Africa are connected by roads on the <a
href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a>. The <a
href="/wiki/European_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="European
Peninsula">European Peninsula</a> is connected to the <a
href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian
Peninsula</a> by the <a href="/wiki/%C3%98resund_Bridge" title="Øresund
Bridge">Øresund Bridge</a>, and both have many connections to the mainland of
Eurasia, including the bridges over the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-
redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antarctica"
title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> has very few roads and no continent-bridging
network, though there are a few <a href="/wiki/Ice_road" title="Ice road">ice
roads</a> between bases, such as the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole_Traverse"
title="South Pole Traverse">South Pole Traverse</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bahrain"
title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> is the only <a href="/wiki/Island_country"
title="Island country">island country</a> to be connected to a continental network
by road (the <a href="/wiki/King_Fahd_Causeway" title="King Fahd Causeway">King
Fahd Causeway</a> to Saudi Arabia). Even well-connected road networks are
controlled by many different legal jurisdictions, and laws such as <a
href="/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Right- and
left-hand traffic">which side of the road to drive on</a> vary accordingly.
</p><p>Many populated domestic islands are connected to the mainland by bridges. A
very long example is the 113 mi (182 km) <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Highway"
title="Overseas Highway">Overseas Highway</a> connecting many of the <a
href="/wiki/Florida_Keys" title="Florida Keys">Florida Keys</a> with the
continental United States.
</p><p>Even on mainlands, some settlements have no roads connecting with the
primary continental network, due to natural obstacles like mountains or wetlands,
remoteness, or general expense. Unpaved roads or lack of roads are more common in
<a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing
countries">developing countries</a>, and these can become impassible in wet
conditions. As of 2014, only 43% of rural Africans have access to an all-season
road.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-
91">[91]</a></sup> Due to steepness, mud, snow, or fords, roads can
sometimes be passable only to <a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel
drive">four-wheel drive</a> vehicles, those with <a href="/wiki/Snow_chain"
class="mw-redirect" title="Snow chain">snow chains</a> or <a href="/wiki/Snow_tire"
title="Snow tire">snow tires</a>, or those capable of <a href="/wiki/Deep_wading"
title="Deep wading">deep wading</a> or <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_vehicle"
title="Amphibious vehicle">amphibious operation</a>.
</p><p>Cities on the mainland of continents which do not have road access include:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iquitos,_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Iquitos,
Peru">Iquitos, Peru</a>, population 437,376 (2015) in the <a
href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Juneau,_Alaska" title="Juneau, Alaska">Juneau, Alaska</a>,
population 32,406 (2014)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nome,_Alaska" title="Nome, Alaska">Nome, Alaska</a>, population
3,788 (2014)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rankin_Inlet" title="Rankin Inlet">Rankin Inlet</a>, Nunavut,
population 2,577 (2011)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Supai,_Arizona" title="Supai, Arizona">Supai, Arizona</a>,
population 208 (2010) in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand
Canyon">Grand Canyon</a></li></ul>
<p>Most disconnected settlements have local road networks connecting ports,
buildings, and other points of interest.
</p><p>Where demand for travel by road vehicle to a disconnected island or mainland
settlement is high, <a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">roll-
on/roll-off</a> ferries are commonly available if the journey is relatively short.
For long-distance trips, passengers usually travel by air and <a
href="/wiki/Car_rental" title="Car rental">rent a car</a> upon arrival. If
facilities are available, vehicles and cargo can also be shipped to many
disconnected settlements by boat, or air transport at much greater expense. The
island of Great Britain is connected to the European road network by <a
href="/wiki/Eurotunnel_Shuttle" title="Eurotunnel Shuttle">Eurotunnel Shuttle</a> –
an example of a <a href="/wiki/Car_shuttle_train" title="Car shuttle train">car
shuttle train</a> which is a service used in other parts of Europe to travel under
mountains and over wetlands.
</p><p>In polar areas, disconnected settlements are often more easily reached by <a
href="/wiki/Snowmobile" title="Snowmobile">snowmobile</a> or <a
href="/wiki/Dogsled" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogsled">dogsled</a> in cold
weather, which can produce <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> that
blocks ports, and bad weather that prevents flying. For example, resupply aircraft
are only flown to <a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station"
title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a>
October to February, and many residents of coastal Alaska have bulk cargo shipped
in only during the warmer months. Permanent darkness during the winter can also
make long-distance travel more dangerous in polar areas. Continental road networks
do reach into these areas, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dalton_Highway" title="Dalton
Highway">Dalton Highway</a> to the North Slope of Alaska, the <a
href="/wiki/R21_highway_(Russia)" title="R21 highway (Russia)">R21 highway</a> to
<a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a> in Russia, and many roads in
Scandinavia (though due to <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjords</a> water
transport is sometimes faster). Large areas of Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and <a
href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> are sparsely connected. For
example, all 25 communities of <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>
are disconnected from each other and the main North American road network.<sup
</p><p>Road transport of people and cargo by may also be obstructed by <a
href="/wiki/Border_control" title="Border control">border controls</a> and travel
restrictions. For example, travel from other parts of Asia to South Korea would
require passage through the hostile country of North Korea. Moving between most
countries in Africa and Eurasia would require passing through Egypt and Israel,
which is a politically sensitive area.
</p><p>Some places are intentionally <a href="/wiki/List_of_car-free_places"
title="List of car-free places">car-free</a>, and roads (if present) might be used
by bicycles or pedestrians.
</p><p>Roads are under construction to many remote places, such as the villages of
the <a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Circuit" title="Annapurna Circuit">Annapurna
Circuit</a>, and a road was completed in 2013 to <a href="/wiki/M%C3%AAdog_County"
title="Mêdog County">Mêdog County</a>. Additional <a
href="/wiki/Intercontinental_and_transoceanic_fixed_links" title="Intercontinental
and transoceanic fixed links">intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links</a>
have been proposed, including a <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait_crossing"
title="Bering Strait crossing">Bering Strait crossing</a> that would connect
Eurasia-Africa and North America, a <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Strait_Bridge"
title="Malacca Strait Bridge">Malacca Strait Bridge</a> to the largest island of <a
href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> from Asia, and a <a
href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar_crossing" title="Strait of Gibraltar
crossing">Strait of Gibraltar crossing</a> to connect Europe and Africa directly.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-
title=Road&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See
also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r936637989">.mw-parser-output
.portal{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0}.mw-parser-output
.portal.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output
.portal.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output
.portal>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-
width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-
style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li{display:table-
row}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-
cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output
.portal>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em
0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"
class="noprint portal plainlist tright">
<ul>
<li><span><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/UK_motorway_symbol.svg/28p
x-UK_motorway_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28"
class="noviewer"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/UK_motorway_symbol.svg/
42px-UK_motorway_symbol.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/UK_motorway_symbol.svg/56px-
UK_motorway_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="561"
/></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Roads" title="Portal:Roads">Roads
portal</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 22em; -webkit-
column-width: 22em; column-width: 22em;">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embankment_(transportation)" class="mw-redirect"
title="Embankment (transportation)">Embankment (transportation)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gravel_road" title="Gravel road">Gravel road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Highway_engineering" title="Highway engineering">Highway
<li><a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">Intersection
(road)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_road_network_size" title="List of countries
by road network size">List of countries by road network size</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_and_highways" title="List of roads and
highways">List of roads and highways</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian
zone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Road_expansion" title="Road expansion">Road expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Road_slipperiness" title="Road slipperiness">Road
slipperiness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Road_transport" title="Road transport">Road transport</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Track_bed" title="Track bed">Track bed</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">Trade route</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-
References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Ways_of_the_World-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-Ways_of_the_World_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Ways_of_the_World_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Ways_of_the_World_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Ways_of_the_World_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Ways_of_the_World_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Ways_of_the_World_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLay1992" class="citation book cs1">Lay,
Maxwell G (1992). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration
required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://archive.org/details/waysofworldhisto00laym"><i>Ways of the World: A
History of the World's Roads and of the Vehicles that Used Them</i></a></span>.
Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect"
title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-
8135-2691-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2691-1"><bdi>978-0-8135-2691-
1</bdi></a>. <q>Ways of the world Rutgers University Press, New
Brunswick.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ways+of+the+World
%3A+A+History+of+the+World
%27s+Roads+and+of+the+Vehicles+that+Used+Them&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&
amp;rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-2691-
1&rft.aulast=Lay&rft.aufirst=Maxwell+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org
%2Fdetails%2Fwaysofworldhisto00laym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-
deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r951705291">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-
style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output
.id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-
image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-
Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-
gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6
5/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-
position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-
output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-
parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-
image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-
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gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d
6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-
position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-
output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-
image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-
2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-
gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a
a/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-
position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output
.cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-
output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-
output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-
image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-
logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-
gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4
c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-
size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-
code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-
output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-
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maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-
subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-
format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-
wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
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<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=4005">"Glossary of Statistical
Terms"</a>. OECD. 2004-02-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
class="nowrap">2007-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
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pub=OECD&rft.date=2004-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.oecd.org%2Fglossary
%2Fdetail.asp%3FID%3D4005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad"
class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-unece.org-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
unece.org_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unece.org_3-
1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unece.org_3-
2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unece.org_3-
3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unece.org_3-
4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unece.org_3-
5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp6/pdfdocs/glossen4.pdf">"Illu
strated Glossary for Transport Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-
format">(PDF)</span>. International Transport Forum<span class="reference-
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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
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rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/conventn/crt1968e.pdf">"Road Traffic
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<li id="cite_note-difference_between_road_and_street-5"><span class="mw-cite-
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class="citation web cs1">Infrastructure. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
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code/annex-4-the-road-user-and-the-law">"Annex 4. The road user and the law - The
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%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legislation&rft.atitle=Road+Tra
ffic+Regulation+Act+1984+
%E2%80%93+142+General+interpretation+of+Act&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1984%2F27%2Fsection%2F142&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Direct-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
Direct_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Direct_13-
1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
href="http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/TravelAndTransport/Highwaycode/DG_069869">"The
road user and the law"</a>. <q>Most of the provisions apply on all roads throughout
Great Britain, although there are some exceptions.</q></cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+road+user+and+the+law&rft_id=h
ttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.direct.gov.uk%2Fen%2FTravelAndTransport%2FHighwaycode
%2FDG_069869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad"
</li>
14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reference listed says 1984, This
description is used in several rules going back to at least 1975, The law of real
property; Stevens, 1975; Authors – Robert Megarry, Sir Robert Edgar Megarry, Sir
William Wade</span>
</li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100403093123/http://www.hrothgar.co.uk/WebCases
/hol/reports/07/44.htm">"Judgment – Director of Public Prosecutions v. Jones and
Another (On Appeal from a Divisional Court of the Queen's Bench Division)"</a>.
Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.hrothgar.co.uk/WebCases/hol/reports/07/44.htm">the original</a> on
2010-04-03. <q>The land over which a public right of way exists is known as a
highway; and although most highways have been made up into roads, and most
easements of way exist over footpaths, the presence or absence of a made road has
nothing to do with the distinction. There may be a highway over a footpath, while a
well-made road may be subject only to an easement of way, or may exist only for the
landowner's benefit and be subject to no easement at all</q></cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judgment+
%E2%80%93+Director+of+Public+Prosecutions+v.+Jones+and+Another+
%28On+Appeal+from+a+Divisional+Court+of+the+Queen%27s+Bench+Division
%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrothgar.co.uk%2FWebCases%2Fhol%2Freports
%2F07%2F44.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad"
</li>
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.4-
5.co.uk/practiceareas/index.cfm?id=486">"Local government law – Highway law"</a>.
<q>Historically, a highway comprehended any path in which members of the public had
the right to pass and re-pass without let or hindrance. The term embraced
footpaths, bridleways, driftways and so forth. The advent of the motor vehicle and
its peculiar requirements has seen increasing distinctions between paths over which
walkers and riders have a right of way and those ways that are predominantly used
by motor vehicles. The former may be usefully termed "rights of way" (and are the
subject of a separate entry in this web) and the latter may be termed
"highways."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+government+law+
%E2%80%93+Highway+law&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.4-5.co.uk%2Fpracticeareas
%2Findex.cfm%3Fid%3D486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad"
</li>
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal-
dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/road">"road"</a>. <i>The Free Dictionary</i>.
<q>ROAD. A passage through the country for the use of the people. 3 Yeates, 421. 2.
Roads are public or private. Public roads are laid out by public authority, or
dedicated by individuals to public use. The public has the use of such roads, but
the owner of the land over which they are made and the owners of land bounded on
the highway, have, prima facie, a fee in such highway, ad medium filum viae,
subject to the easement in favor of the public... Private roads are, such as are
used for private individuals only and are not wanted for the public
generally.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Free+Dictionary&rft.atitle=
road&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com
%2Froad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span><link
</li>
18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news
cs1"><span class="cs1-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a
href="https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/10/20/large-economic-gains-can-come-
from-mundane-improvements-in-policy">"Large economic gains can come from mundane
improvements in policy"</a></span>. <i>The Economist</i>. Captain Sensible. 2018-
10-25. <q>In recent decades America has built many useless new roads, yet the
fraction of existing road surfaces that are too bumpy has risen from 10% in 1997 to
21% today.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Large+
economic+gains+can+come+from+mundane+improvements+in+policy&rft.date=2018-10-
25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fleaders%2F2018%2F10%2F20%2Flarge-
economic-gains-can-come-from-mundane-improvements-in-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-TopGear-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
TopGear_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation
web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pLxP_VHe0gg#t=34">"Top gear"</a>. BBC.
2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+gear&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=
2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DpLxP_VHe0gg%23t
%3D34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span><link
</li>
20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
id="CITEREFHelbingMolnärFarkasBolay2001" class="citation journal cs1">Helbing, D.;
Molnär, P.; Farkas, I.J.; Bolay, K. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://pedsim.elte.hu/pdf/envplanb.pdf">"Environment and Planning B: Planning
and Design 2001, volume 28 (Self-organizing pedestrian movement)"</a> <span
class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Environment and Planning B: Planning and
Design</i>. <b>28</b> (3): 376. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-
redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://doi.org/10.1068%2Fb2697">10.1068/b2697</a>.</cite><span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+and+Planning+B
%3A+Planning+and+Design&rft.atitle=Environment+and+Planning+B
%3A+Planning+and+Design+2001%2C+volume+28+%28Self-organizing+pedestrian+movement
%29&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=376&rft.date=2001&rft_i
d=info%3Adoi
%2F10.1068%2Fb2697&rft.aulast=Helbing&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Moln%C3%A4r
%2C+P.&rft.au=Farkas%2C+I.J.&rft.au=Bolay%2C+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fpedsim.elte.hu%2Fpdf%2Fenvplanb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
</li>
<li id="cite_note-wheathampstead-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-wheathampstead_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-
text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.wheathampstead.net/mh/history.htm">"Marshalls Heath Nature
Reserve"</a>. <i>History</i>. wheathampstead.net. 24 February 2003<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Marshalls+He
ath+Nature+Reserve&rft.date=2003-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.wheathampstead.net%2Fmh%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Icknield-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-Icknield_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
href="http://www.icknieldwaypath.co.uk/">"The Icknield Way Path"</a>. Icknield Way
Association. 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Icknield+Way+Path&rft.pub=Ickn
ield+Way+Association&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.icknieldwaypath.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad"
</li>
<cite id="CITEREFJohn_Noble_Wildord1994" class="citation news cs1">John Noble
Wildord (1994-05-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/08/world/world-s-oldest-paved-road-found-in-
egypt.html">"World's Oldest Paved Road Found in Egypt"</a>. <i><a
href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York
Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=W
orld%27s+Oldest+Paved+Road+Found+in+Egypt&rft.date=1994-05-
08&rft.au=John+Noble+Wildord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com
%2F1994%2F05%2F08%2Fworld%2Fworld-s-oldest-paved-road-found-in-
egypt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Current_Archaeology_172-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-Current_Archaeology_172_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311003620/http://www.archaeology.co.uk/ca/is
sues/ca172/ca172.htm">"The Somerset Levels (the oldest timber trackway discovered
in Northern Europe)"</a>. <i>Current Archaeology 172</i>. Current Archaeology.
February 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.archaeology.co.uk/ca/issues/ca172/ca172.htm">the original</a> on
2007-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-
03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info
%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Current+Archaeology+172&rft.ati
tle=The+Somerset+Levels+%28the+oldest+timber+trackway+discovered+in+Northern+Europe
%29&rft.date=2001-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.co.uk%2Fca
%2Fissues%2Fca172%2Fca172.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Highways:_The_Location-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-Highways:_The_Location_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Highways:_The_Location_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Highways:_The_Location_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Highways:_The_Location_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Highways:_The_Location_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span>
<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFO'Flaherty2002" class="citation
book cs1">O'Flaherty, Coleman A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://books.google.com/?
id=Ren4sWQ3jKkC&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=ancient+Egyptians+stone+paved+road+
+Great+Pyramid+in+about+3000+BC"><i>Highways: The Location, Design, Construction
& Maintenance of Road Pavements</i></a>. Elsevier. <a
href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN
(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-5090-8"
title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-5090-8"><bdi>978-0-7506-5090-
8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Highways
%3A+The+Location%2C+Design%2C+Construction+
%26+Maintenance+of+Road+Pavements&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2002&rft.is
bn=978-0-7506-5090-8&rft.aulast=O
%27Flaherty&rft.aufirst=Coleman+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F
%3Fid%3DRen4sWQ3jKkC%26pg%3DPA1%26lpg%3DPA1%26dq%3Dancient%2BEgyptians%2Bstone
%2Bpaved%2Broad%2B%2BGreat%2BPyramid%2Bin%2Babout%2B3000%2BBC&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
href="http://archaeology.about.com/b/2009/08/15/oldest-trackway-found-in-
plumstea.htm">"Oldest Trackway found in Plumstead"</a>. Archaeology.about.com.
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oldest+Trackway+found+in+Plumstead&amp
;rft.pub=Archaeology.about.com&rft.date=2009-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Farchaeology.about.com%2Fb%2F2009%2F08%2F15%2Foldest-trackway-found-in-
plumstea.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad"
</li>
href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-08/ucl-let081209.php">"London's
earliest timber structure found during Belmarsh prison dig"</a>. Eurekalert.org.
%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=London
%27s+earliest+timber+structure+found+during+Belmarsh+prison+dig&rft.pub=Eurekal
ert.org&rft.date=2009-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org
%2Fpub_releases%2F2009-08%2Fucl-let081209.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<cite id="CITEREFAnastasia_Loukaitou-Sideris,_Renia_Ehrenfeucht2009"
class="citation book cs1">Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris, Renia Ehrenfeucht (2009). <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?
id=yTqARXDtXrgC"><i>Sidewalks: Conflict and Negotiation Over Public Space</i></a>.
MIT Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect"
5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18
November</span> 2018</span>. <q>The first sidewalks appeared around 2000 to 1990
B.C. [...] in central Anatolia (modern Turkey) [...].</q></cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sidewalks
%3A+Conflict+and+Negotiation+Over+Public+Space&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=MIT+Pre
ss&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-262-12307-5&rft.au=Anastasia+Loukaitou-
Sideris%2C+Renia+Ehrenfeucht&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid
%3DyTqARXDtXrgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-RoyalRoad-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-RoyalRoad_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
id="CITEREFLendering" class="citation web cs1">Lendering, Jona. <a rel="nofollow"
href="http://www.iranchamber.com/history/achaemenids/royal_road.php">"Royal
Road"</a>. <i>History of Iran</i>. Iran Chamber of Society<span class="reference-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Iran&rft.atitle=Roya
l+Road&rft.aulast=Lendering&rft.aufirst=Jona&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.iranchamber.com%2Fhistory%2Fachaemenids%2Froyal_road.php&rfr_id=info
</li>
30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBoederman1997"
class="citation book cs1">Boederman, John (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nNDpPqeDjo0C&pg=PA178"><i>The
Cambridge Ancient History</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 178. <a
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pag
es=178&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-
521-22804-6&rft.aulast=Boederman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnNDpPqeDjo0C%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-horseboating-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-horseboating_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180429105356/http://www.horseboating.org.uk/">"
Horseboating"</a>. The Horseboating Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://www.horseboating.org.uk/">the original</a> on
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horseboating&rft.pub=The+Horseboat
ing+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horseboating.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info
</li>
<li id="cite_note-HorseDrawnBoats-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-HorseDrawnBoats_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-
href="http://www.canaljunction.com/craft/horsedrawn1.htm">"Horses and Canals 1760–
1960 The people & the horses"</a>. <i>Horse Drawn Boats</i>. Canal Junction
Ltd<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Horse+Drawn+Boats&rft.atitle=Ho
rses+and+Canals+1760%E2%80%931960+The+people+%26+the+horses&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.canaljunction.com%2Fcraft%2Fhorsedrawn1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Discovering_Roman_Technology-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^
<a href="#cite_ref-Discovering_Roman_Technology_33-
0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-
Discovering_Roman_Technology_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span
class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHart-Davis2001" class="citation web
cs1">Hart-Davis, Adam (2001-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/tech_02.shtml">"Roads and
surveying"</a>. <i>Discovering Roman Technology</i>. BBC.CO.UK<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discovering+Roman+Technology&rf
t.atitle=Roads+and+surveying&rft.date=2001-06-01&rft.aulast=Hart-
Davis&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory
%2Fancient%2Fromans%2Ftech_02.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ajram-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
Ajram_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
id="CITEREFKasem_Ajram1992" class="citation book cs1">Kasem Ajram (1992). <i>The
Miracle of Islam Science</i> (2nd ed.). Knowledge House Publishers. <a
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Miracle+of+Islam+Science&rft.edit
ion=2nd&rft.pub=Knowledge+House+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-
0-911119-43-5&rft.au=Kasem+Ajram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Victorian_Powys-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-Victorian_Powys_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-
text">
href="http://history.powys.org.uk/school1/rhayader/rebcmenu.shtml">"The Rebecca
Riots"</a>. <i>Rebecca and her daughters come to Rhayader</i>. Victorian Powys for
Schools. March 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rebecca+and+her+daughters+come+to+R
hayader&rft.atitle=The+Rebecca+Riots&rft.date=2002-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fhistory.powys.org.uk%2Fschool1%2Frhayader%2Frebcmenu.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodor Christomannos: Die
Dolomitenstraße Bozen – Cortina – Toblach. Chiari: Ed. Nordpress 1998, <link
rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a
(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-85382-37-1"
title="Special:BookSources/88-85382-37-1">88-85382-37-1</a></span>
</li>
37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberto Covaz e Annalisa Turel,
La Costiera triestina - storia e misteri di una strada, Edizioni Mgs Press,
Trieste, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-
redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-89219-23-8" title="Special:BookSources/88-89219-
23-8">88-89219-23-8</a>.</span>
</li>
38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external
free" href="http://www.protectedintersection.com/wp-
content/uploads/2014/02/Falbo_ProtectedIntersection_Transcript1.pdf">http://www.pro
tectedintersection.com/wp-
content/uploads/2014/02/Falbo_ProtectedIntersection_Transcript1.pdf</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-bicycledutch.wordpress.com-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^
<a href="#cite_ref-bicycledutch.wordpress.com_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>
<a href="#cite_ref-bicycledutch.wordpress.com_39-
href="https://bicycledutch.wordpress.com/2011/06/30/how-wide-is-a-dutch-cycle-
path/">"How wide is a Dutch cycle path?"</a>. 2011-06-29.</cite><span
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%3F&rft.date=2011-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbicycledutch.wordpress.com
%2F2011%2F06%2F30%2Fhow-wide-is-a-dutch-cycle-path%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laws of New York, Vehicle and
Traffic Law § 152</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kitsap_County_Road_Standards-41"><span class="mw-cite-
backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kitsap_County_Road_Standards_41-0">^</a></b></span>
<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow"
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original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Doc)</span> on July 9, 2006<span
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%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kitsap+County+Road+Standards+2006&
rft.pub=Kitsap+County%2C+Washington&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.kitsapgov.com%2FPW%2Fpdf%2FRevised%2520Road
%2520Standards.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-MRSC_road_standards-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-MRSC_road_standards_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927185007/http://www.mrsc.org/subjects/Trans
po/stand/CoRdStand.aspx">"Washington State County Road Standards"</a>. <i>Chapter
35.78 RCW requires cities and counties to adopt uniform definitions and design
standards for municipal streets and roads</i>. Municipal Research & Services
Center of Washington. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
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on 2007-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chapter+35.78+RCW+requires+cities+a
nd+counties+to+adopt+uniform+definitions+and+design+standards+for+municipal+streets
+and+roads&rft.atitle=Washington+State+County+Road+Standards&rft.date=2005&
amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrsc.org%2Fsubjects%2FTranspo%2Fstand
%2FCoRdStand.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-thelastfrontier-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-thelastfrontier_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-thelastfrontier_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a
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href="#cite_ref-thelastfrontier_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-thelastfrontier_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-thelastfrontier_43-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-thelastfrontier_43-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a
href="#cite_ref-thelastfrontier_43-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span
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10&rft.au=Shire+of+Wyndham+East+Kimberly&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.thelastfrontier.com.au%2FPublications%2F06K027005-061019-Rural%2520Road
%2520Technical%2520Specification%2520complete%2520%283%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid
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</li>
<li id="cite_note-Volvo-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
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gb/work+solutions/government/introduction.htm">the original</a> on 2006-10-27<span
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%2C+streets
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%29&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volvo.com%2Fconstructionequipment
%2Feurope%2Fen-gb%2Fwork%2Bsolutions%2Fgovernment
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</li>
<li id="cite_note-Mainland-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-Mainland_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a
href="https://www.mainlandaggregates.co.uk/gravel-driveway-construction-guide">Step
by Step Guide: How to Lay a Gravel Driveway | Mainland Ltd</a> Gravel Driveway
Construction<i>] at www.mainlandaggregates.co.uk. Retrieved 25 Jan 2015</i></span>
</li>
47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koerner, R.M. (2012) Designing
with geosynthetics, 6th Edition, Xlibris Corporation, US<sup class="noprint Inline-
Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a
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title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be
to a self-published source. (December 2017)">self-published
source</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
</li>
text" href="http://www.neotrucks.com/pdf/glossary_abb_refer.pdf">Glossary: Princes
Highway, Traralgon Bypass – Planning Assessment Report</a> <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6GHx1Vq3c?
url=http://www.neotrucks.com/pdf/glossary_abb_refer.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-05-01 at
<a href="/wiki/WebCite" title="WebCite">WebCite</a> at The State of <a
href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-frost-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
frost_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite
id="CITEREFS.Kameyama,_M._Kato,_A._Kawamura,_K._Himeno_and_A.Kasahara2002"
class="citation web cs1">S.Kameyama, M. Kato, A. Kawamura, K. Himeno and A.Kasahara
(August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813141736/http://www.asphalt.org/Pubs/9th_co
nf_abst.html">"ISAP 9th Conference Titles & Abstracts (#09044)"</a>. <i>Effects
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%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Effects+of+Frost+Heave+on+the+Longi
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ence+Titles+%26+Abstracts+%28%2309044%29&rft.date=2002-08&rft.au=S.Kameyama
%2C+M.+Kato%2C+A.+Kawamura%2C+K.+Himeno+and+A.Kasahara&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.asphalt.org%2FPubs%2F9th_conf_abst.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-
comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a
href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1
maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Motorway_Achievement_Pg252-50"><span class="mw-cite-
backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Motorway_Achievement_Pg252_50-0">^</a></b></span>
<span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRon_BridleJohn_Porter2002"
class="citation book cs1">Ron Bridle; John Porter (2002). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=7Yqxyefv-
VAC&pg=PA252&dq=4th+power+of+axle+weight"><i>The Motorway Achievement:
Frontiers of Knowledge and Practice</i></a>. Thomas Telford. p. 252. <a
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d&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7277-3197-
5&rft.au=Ron+Bridle&rft.au=John+Porter&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D7Yqxyefv-VAC%26pg%3DPA252%26dq%3D4th%2Bpower%2Bof
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</li>
<li id="cite_note-Highways_The_Location-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-Highways_The_Location_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span
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cs1">O'Flaherty, Coleman A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
id=Ren4sWQ3jKkC&pg=PA252&dq=Pavements+are+designed+for+an+expected+service+
life"><i>Highways: The Location, Design, Construction & Maintenance of Road
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class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-5090-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-
0-7506-5090-8"><bdi>978-0-7506-5090-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Highways%3A+The+Location%2C+Design
%2C+Construction+
%26+Maintenance+of+Road+Pavements&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.da
te=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-5090-8&rft.aulast=O
%27Flaherty&rft.aufirst=Coleman+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F
%3Fid%3DRen4sWQ3jKkC%26pg%3DPA252%26dq%3DPavements%2Bare%2Bdesigned%2Bfor%2Ban
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Willis, Richard; Timm, David H. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://asphaltroads.org/images/documents/Perpetual_Pavement_Synthesis.pdf"><i
>Perpetual Asphalt Pavements: A Synthesis</i></a> <span class="cs1-
format">(PDF)</span>. Lanham, Maryland: Asphalt Pavement Alliance<span
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%3A+A+Synthesis&rft.place=Lanham
%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Asphalt+Pavement+Alliance&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast
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%2C+David+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasphaltroads.org%2Fimages%2Fdocuments
%2FPerpetual_Pavement_Synthesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
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Pavement Award Winners"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span
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%2Fperpetual-pavement%2Faward-winners.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Map_Future-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-Map_Future_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-
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class="citation web cs1">Theodore R. Ferragut; Dale Harrington & Marcia Brink
(July–August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
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text" href="http://www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/02jul/10.htm">the original</a> on 2007-08-
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Road+Map+to+the+Future&rft.pub=Uni
ted+States+Department+of+Transportation+
%E2%80%93+Federal+Highway+Administration&rft.date=2002-07%2F2002-
08&rft.au=Theodore+R.
+Ferragut&rft.au=Dale+Harrington&rft.au=Marcia+Brink&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.tfhrc.gov%2Fpubrds%2F02jul%2F10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Fly_Ash-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-
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id="CITEREFISG_Resources,_Inc2003" class="citation web cs1">ISG Resources, Inc
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Concrete Design for Chicago's 100-Year Road Structure"</a> <span class="cs1-
format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Case Study</i>. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
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oncrete+Design+for+Chicago%27s+100-Year+Road+Structure&rft.date=2003-
12&rft.au=ISG+Resources%2C+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fepaoswer
%2Fosw%2Fconserve%2Fc2p2%2Fcases%2Fwacker-dr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Thin_Surfacing-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-Thin_Surfacing_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-
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format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Paper for presentation at the 2005 Annual Conference of
the Transportation Association of Canada in Calgary, Alberta</i>. Transportation
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href="http://www.tac-atc.ca/english/pdf/conf2005/s16/uzarowski2.pdf">the
original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-04-07<span
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paper+for+presentation+at+the+2005+
Annual+Conference+of+the+Transportation+Association+of+Canada+in+Calgary
%2C+Alberta&rft.atitle=Thin+Surfacing+
%E2%80%93+Effective+Way+of+Improving+Road+Safety+within+Scarce+Road+Maintenance+Bud
get&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Uzarowski&rft.aufirst=Ludomir&rft.au=M
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%2Fenglish%2Fpdf%2Fconf2005%2Fs16%2Fuzarowski2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid
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href="http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/NR/rdonlyres/0137787C-4E9A-408C-A9CA-
ECC02878D623/0/DowelBarsfolio_March2013.pdf">"Dowel Bars for New and Existing
Concrete Pavements"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington State
Department of Transportation. February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">.
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=2013-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsdot.wa.gov%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2F0137787C-4E9A-
408C-A9CA-ECC02878D623%2F0%2FDowelBarsfolio_March2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-igga-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
igga_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-igga_58-
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130809234355/http://www.igga.net/File/Minnesota
-State-Aid-Concrete-Pavement-Rehabilitation-CPR-Best-Practices-Manual-
_2006.pdf">"State Aid Concrete Pavement Rehabilitation Best Practices Manual
2006"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://www.igga.net/File/Minnesota-State-Aid-Concrete-
Pavement-Rehabilitation-CPR-Best-Practices-Manual-_2006.pdf">the original</a> <span
class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">.
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Aid+Concrete+Pavement+Rehabilita
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_2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad"
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/> Minnesota DOT</span>
</li>
59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Practical guidelines for CPR of
Urban Roads: A compelling need for preserving city concrete streets led to the
development of a methodology for scoping repairs and the undertaking of a
comprehensive concrete pavement repair program in Grand Rapids, Michigan". June
2005. <i>Better Roads</i>.</span>
</li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723154515/http://www.igga.net/File/Minimize-
Wheel-Slap-Keep-Your-Joints-Narrow-_2004.pdf">"Minimize Wheel-Slap: Keep Your
Joints Narrow"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igga.net/File/Minimize-Wheel-
Slap-Keep-Your-Joints-Narrow-_2004.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-
format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved
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Wheel-Slap-Keep-Your-Joints-Narrow-_2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid
style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/> IGGA</span>
</li>
61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">How States Preserve Concrete
Pavements: CPR pays off in extra pavement life. Better Roads. August 2005.</span>
</li>
62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CPR brings dying pavement back to
life: Georgia continues to be the leader in concrete pavement restoration, but as
the word spreads other states are beginning to use this system to restore
deteriorating pavements. April 1997, Roads & Bridges Magazine</span>
</li>
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</li>
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nunavuttourism.com/planning-your-
trip/how-to-get-here">"How to Get Here"</a>. <i>Nunavut Tourism</i>. <a
href="/wiki/Canadian_Northern_Economic_Development_Agency" title="Canadian Northern
Economic Development Agency">Canadian Northern Economic Development Agency</a><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span>
2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nunavut+Tourism&rft.atitle=How+
to+Get+Here&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnunavuttourism.com%2Fplanning-your-trip%2Fhow-
to-get-here&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad"
</li>
</ol></div></div>
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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse
navbox-inner" style="border-
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title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"
class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div
style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">Bridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">Drainage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Footbridge" title="Footbridge">Footbridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange
(road)">Interchange</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">Overpass</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Skyway" title="Skyway">Skyway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Tunnel</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Architecture"
title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arena" title="Arena">Arena</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil
<li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Playground" title="Playground">Playground</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stadium" title="Stadium">Stadium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_(structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre
(structure)">Theatre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">Urban park</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Streets_and_roadways"
style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed
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class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Road_types" title="Template:Road
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id="Streets_and_roadways" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Streets and
roadways</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_road" title="Types of road">Types of
road</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-
width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em
0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-
spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a
href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">Limited-
access</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-
left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bike_freeway" title="Bike freeway">Bike freeway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access
highway">Freeway / Motorway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">Dual
carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elevated_highway" title="Elevated highway">Elevated
highway</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a
href="/wiki/Category:Limited-access_roads_by_country" title="Category:Limited-
access roads by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Australia" title="Highways in
Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highway_System" title="Brazilian Highway
System">Brazil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Canada" title="Roads in Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_China" title="Expressways of
China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Croatia" title="Highways in
Croatia">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Highways in the Czech
Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Highways in
Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_and_roads_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of streets
and roads in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/High-quality_dual_carriageway" title="High-quality dual
carriageway">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Autostrade_of_Italy" title="Autostrade of Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Pakistan" title="Roads in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Portugal" title="Roads in Portugal">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Spain" title="Highways in Spain">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Highway_system_in_Taiwan" title="Highway system in
Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United
Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_highways_in_the_United_States" title="Numbered highways
in the United States">United States</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main
roads</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">Arterial road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Collector_road" title="Collector road">Collector road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/County_highway" title="County highway">County highway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Local-express_lanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Local-express
lanes">Express-collector setup</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Farm-to-market_road" title="Farm-to-market road">Farm-to-market
road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">Highway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Link_road" title="Link road">Link road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Two-lane_expressway" title="Two-lane expressway">Two-lane
expressway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2%2B1_road" title="2+1 road">2+1 road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_road" title="2+2 road">2+2 road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parkway" title="Parkway">Parkway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">Ring road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Super_two" title="Super two">Super two</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_road" title="Trunk road">Trunk road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Highway_systems_by_country" title="Highway systems by
country">Highway systems by country</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local
roads</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alley" title="Alley">Alley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Backroad" title="Backroad">Backroad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_boulevard" title="Bicycle boulevard">Bicycle
boulevard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard" title="Boulevard">Boulevard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Country_lane" title="Country lane">Country lane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dead_end_(street)" title="Dead end (street)">Dead end</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">Driveway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frontage_road" title="Frontage road">Frontage road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Green_lane_(road)" title="Green lane (road)">Green lane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Main_Street" title="Main Street">Main street</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_road" title="Primitive road">Primitive road</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Side_road" title="Side road">Side road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Single_carriageway" title="Single carriageway">Single
carriageway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Single-track_road" title="Single-track road">Single-track
road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Street" title="Street">Street</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sunken_lane" title="Sunken lane">Sunken lane</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other
terms</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-
0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channelization_(roads)" title="Channelization
(roads)">Channelization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(road)" title="Concurrency
(road)">Concurrency</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Detour" title="Detour">Detour</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_roads" title="Hierarchy of roads">Hierarchy of
roads</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Private_highway" title="Private highway">Private
highway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Route_number" title="Route number">Route number</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_route" title="Special route">Special route</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Business_route" title="Business route">Business
route</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street
hierarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">Toll road</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"
class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Junction_(road)" class="mw-
redirect" title="Junction (road)">Road junctions</a></th><td class="navbox-list
navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table
class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display:inline-block;
padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)"
title="Interchange (road)">Interchanges</a><br /><style data-mw-
deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-
weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Grade_separation"
title="Grade separation">grade-separated</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-
list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange" title="Cloverleaf
interchange">Cloverleaf</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_interchange" title="Diamond
interchange">Diamond</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_interchange" title="Free-flow interchange">Free-
flow</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Directional_T_interchange" title="Interchange
(road)">Directional T</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diverging_diamond_interchange" title="Diverging diamond
interchange">Diverging diamond</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Partial_cloverleaf_interchange" title="Partial cloverleaf
interchange">Parclo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raindrop_interchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Raindrop
interchange">Raindrop</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout_interchange" title="Roundabout
interchange">Roundabout</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Single-point_urban_interchange" title="Single-point urban
interchange">Single-point urban (SPUI)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stack_interchange" title="Stack interchange">Stack</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Three-level_diamond_interchange" title="Three-level diamond
interchange">Three-level diamond</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Trumpet_interchange" title="Interchange
(road)">Trumpet</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div
style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a
href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">Intersections<br
/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">(at-
grade)</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-way_junction" title="Three-way junction">3-way
junction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bowtie_(road)" title="Bowtie (road)">Bowtie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Box_junction" title="Box junction">Box junction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Continuous-flow_intersection" title="Continuous-flow
intersection">Continuous flow</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hook_turn" title="Hook turn">Hook turn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jughandle" title="Jughandle">Jughandle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_left" title="Michigan left">Michigan left</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Offset_T-intersection" title="Offset T-intersection">Offset T-
intersection</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Protected_intersection" title="Protected intersection">Protected
<li><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_roadway_intersection" title="Quadrant roadway
intersection">Quadrant roadway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Right-in/right-out" title="Right-in/right-out">Right-in/right-
out (RIRO)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">Roundabout</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seagull_intersection" title="Seagull intersection">Seagull
<li><a href="/wiki/Split_intersection" title="Split intersection">Split
<li><a href="/wiki/Superstreet" title="Superstreet">Superstreet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Texas_U-turn" title="Texas U-turn">Texas U-turn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic
circle">Traffic circle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turnaround_(road)" title="Turnaround
(road)">Turnaround</a></li></ul>
class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road
surface">Surfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">Asphalt
concrete</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bioasphalt" title="Bioasphalt">Bioasphalt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">Brick</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chipseal" title="Chipseal">Chipseal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">Cobblestone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">Concrete</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">Reinforced
concrete</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy_road" title="Corduroy road">Corduroy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_cracking" title="Crocodile cracking">Crocodile
cracking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">Crushed stone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_grinding_of_pavement" title="Diamond grinding of
pavement">Diamond grinding of pavement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dirt_road" title="Dirt road">Dirt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Full_depth_recycling" title="Full depth recycling">Full depth
recycling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glassphalt" title="Glassphalt">Glassphalt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gravel_road" title="Gravel road">Gravel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ice_road" title="Ice road">Ice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam">Macadam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_milling" title="Pavement milling">Pavement
milling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Permeable_paving" title="Permeable paving">Permeable</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plank_road" title="Plank road">Plank</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rubberized_asphalt" title="Rubberized asphalt">Rubberized
asphalt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sealcoat" title="Sealcoat">Sealcoat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sett_(paving)" title="Sett (paving)">Sett</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stamped_asphalt" title="Stamped asphalt">Stamped
asphalt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tarmacadam" title="Tarmacadam">Tarmac</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Road_texture" title="Road texture">Texture</a></li></ul>
href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">Road safety<br
/>factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-
style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup"
style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Road and<br />environment</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaplaning" title="Aquaplaning">Aquaplaning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Black_ice" title="Black ice">Black ice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_(roads)" title="Bleeding (roads)">Bleeding</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crosswind" title="Crosswind">Crosswind</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Man%27s_Curve" title="Dead Man's Curve">Dead Man's
Curve</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_joint" title="Expansion joint">Expansion
joint</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">Ford</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hairpin_turn" title="Hairpin turn">Hairpin turn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manhole_cover" title="Manhole cover">Manhole cover</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oversize_load" title="Oversize load">Oversize load</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pothole" title="Pothole">Pothole</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Road_debris" title="Road debris">Road debris</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Road_slipperiness" title="Road slipperiness">Road
slipperiness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Road_train" title="Road train">Road train</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill" title="Roadkill">Roadkill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rockfall" title="Rockfall">Rockfall</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rut_(roads)" title="Rut (roads)">Rut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Speed_bump" title="Speed bump">Speed bump</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Washboarding" title="Washboarding">Washboarding</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Washout_(erosion)" title="Washout (erosion)">Washout</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Whiteout_(weather)" title="Whiteout (weather)">Whiteout</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Snowsquall" title="Snowsquall">Snowsquall</a></li></ul>
href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Human
factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_education" title="Driver's
education">Driver's education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the
influence">Driving under the influence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Road_rage" title="Road rage">Road rage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Single-vehicle_crash" title="Single-vehicle crash">Single-
vehicle crash</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sleep-deprived_driving" title="Sleep-deprived driving">Sleep-
deprived driving</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_safety" title="Automotive safety">Automotive
safety</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seat_belts" class="mw-redirect" title="Seat belts">Seat
belts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Risk_compensation#Road_transport" title="Risk compensation">Risk
compensation (road transport)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Underride_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Underride
guard">Underride guard</a></li></ul>
class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic#Rules_of_the_road"
title="Traffic">Space and<br />time allocation</a></th><td class="navbox-list
navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_transfer_machine" title="Barrier transfer
machine">Barrier transfer machine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_lane" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicycle lane">Bicycle
lane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_lane" title="Climbing lane">Climbing lane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete
streets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane" title="Contraflow lane">Contraflow
lane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane_reversal" title="Contraflow lane
reversal">Contraflow lane reversal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_toll_lane" title="High-occupancy toll lane">High-
occupancy toll lane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane" title="High-occupancy vehicle
lane">High-occupancy vehicle lane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lane" title="Lane">Lane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Living_street" title="Living street">Living street</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Managed_lane" title="Managed lane">Managed lane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Median_strip" title="Median strip">Median / Central
reservation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_lane" title="Motorcycle lane">Motorcycle
lane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Passing_lane" title="Passing lane">Passing lane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">Pedestrian
crossing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian
zone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_island" title="Refuge island">Refuge island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reversible_lane" title="Reversible lane">Reversible
lane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Road_diet" title="Road diet">Road diet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Road_verge" title="Road verge">Road verge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Runaway_truck_ramp" title="Runaway truck ramp">Runaway truck
ramp</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shared_space" title="Shared space">Shared space</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">Sidewalk / Pavement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_(road)" title="Shoulder (road)">Shoulder</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Street_running" title="Street running">Street running
railway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">Traffic
calming</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-
and left-hand traffic">Traffic directionality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_island" title="Traffic island">Traffic island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_lanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic lanes">Traffic
lanes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_signal_preemption" title="Traffic signal
preemption">Traffic signal preemption</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unused_highway" title="Unused highway">Unused highway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wide_outside_lane" title="Wide outside lane">Wide outside
lane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Woonerf" title="Woonerf">Woonerf</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Demarcation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bollard" title="Bollard">Bollard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Botts%27_dots" title="Botts' dots">Botts' dots</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cable_barrier" title="Cable barrier">Cable barrier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_eye_(road)" title="Cat's eye (road)">Cat's eye
(road)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_step_barrier" title="Concrete step barrier">Concrete
step barrier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constant-slope_barrier" title="Constant-slope barrier">Constant-
slope barrier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Curb" title="Curb">Curb</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/F-Shape_barrier" title="F-Shape barrier">F-Shape
barrier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guard_rail" title="Guard rail">Guard rail</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_barrier" title="Jersey barrier">Jersey barrier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raised_pavement_marker" title="Raised pavement marker">Raised
pavement marker</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Road_surface_marking" title="Road surface marking">Road surface
marking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_strip" title="Rumble strip">Rumble strip</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_barrier" title="Traffic barrier">Traffic
barrier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_cone" title="Traffic cone">Traffic cone</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">Bridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">Overpass / Flyover</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Underpass / Tunnel</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Performance<br />indicators</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_Condition_Index" title="Pavement Condition
Index">Pavement Condition Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Roughness_Index" title="International Roughness
Index">International Roughness Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?
title=Present_Serviceability_Index&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new"
title="Present Serviceability Index (page does not exist)">Present Serviceability
Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_performance_modeling" title="Pavement performance
modeling">Pavement performance modeling</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_road_transport_terms" title="Glossary of road
transport terms">Glossary of road transport terms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_road_types_by_features" title="List of road types by
features">Road types by features</a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geotechnical_engineering"
style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-
inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th
scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar
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title=Template:Geotechnical_engineering&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this
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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering"
title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical
engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div
id="Offshore_geotechnical_engineering"><a
href="/wiki/Offshore_geotechnical_engineering" title="Offshore geotechnical
engineering">Offshore geotechnical engineering</a></div></td></tr><tr><th
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a
href="/wiki/Geotechnical_investigation" title="Geotechnical
investigation">Investigation</a> and<br />instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-
list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Field
(<i>in situ</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div
style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-
column-width: 33em; -webkit-column-width: 33em; column-width: 33em;">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Core_sample.svg" class="image"><img alt="Core
sample.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Core_sample.svg/20px-
Core_sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Core_sample.svg/30px-
Core_sample.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Core_sample.svg/40px-
Core_sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> <a
href="/wiki/Core_drill" title="Core drill">Core drill</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Cone_penetration_test.svg" class="image"><img alt="Cone
penetration test.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cone_penetration_test.svg/
20px-Cone_penetration_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cone_penetration_test.s
vg/30px-Cone_penetration_test.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cone_penetration_test.svg/40px-
Cone_penetration_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="188"
/></a> <a href="/wiki/Cone_penetration_test" title="Cone penetration test">Cone
penetration test</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Geo-electrical_sounding.svg" class="image"><img
alt="Geo-electrical sounding.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Geo-
electrical_sounding.svg/20px-Geo-electrical_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async"
width="20" height="11"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Geo-
electrical_sounding.svg/30px-Geo-electrical_sounding.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Geo-
electrical_sounding.svg/40px-Geo-electrical_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-
width="346" data-file-height="187" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geo-
electrical_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geo-
electrical sounding (page does not exist)">Geo-electrical sounding</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:In_situ_permeameter_test.svg" class="image"><img
alt="In situ permeameter test.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/In_situ_permeameter_test.s
vg/20px-In_situ_permeameter_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/In_situ_permeameter_tes
t.svg/30px-In_situ_permeameter_test.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/In_situ_permeameter_test.svg/40
px-In_situ_permeameter_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="215" data-file-
height="215" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(Earth_sciences)"
title="Permeability (Earth sciences)">Permeability test</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Load_test.svg" class="image"><img alt="Load test.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Load_test.svg/20px-
Load_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Load_test.svg/30px-
Load_test.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Load_test.svg/40px-
Load_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="280" /></a> <a
href="/wiki/Load_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Load test">Load test</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Static_load_testing" title="Static load
testing">Static</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_load_testing" title="Dynamic load
testing">Dynamic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statnamic_load_test" title="Statnamic load
test">Statnamic</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Pore_pressure_measurement.svg" class="image"><img
alt="Pore pressure measurement.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pore_pressure_measurement.
svg/20px-Pore_pressure_measurement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pore_pressure_measureme
nt.svg/30px-Pore_pressure_measurement.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pore_pressure_measurement.svg/4
0px-Pore_pressure_measurement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-
height="215" /></a> Pore pressure measurement
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piezometer" title="Piezometer">Piezometer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Well#Classification" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Ram_sounding.svg" class="image"><img alt="Ram
sounding.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ram_sounding.svg/20px-
Ram_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ram_sounding.svg/30px-
Ram_sounding.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ram_sounding.svg/40px-
Ram_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="188" /></a> <a
href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new"
title="Ram sounding (page does not exist)">Ram sounding</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_control_drilling.svg" class="image"><img alt="Rock
control drilling.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rock_control_drilling.svg/
17px-Rock_control_drilling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="20"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rock_control_drilling.s
vg/25px-Rock_control_drilling.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rock_control_drilling.svg/34px-
Rock_control_drilling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="212" data-file-height="252"
/></a> <a href="/w/index.php?
title=Rock_control_drilling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rock
control drilling (page does not exist)">Rock control drilling</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg" class="image"><img
alt="Rotary pressure sounding.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotary_pressure_sounding.s
vg/15px-Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotary_pressure_soundin
g.svg/22px-Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg/30
px-Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-
height="286" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rotary-pressure_sounding" title="Rotary-pressure
sounding">Rotary-pressure sounding</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Rotary_weight_sounding.svg" class="image"><img
alt="Rotary weight sounding.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rotary_weight_sounding.svg
/20px-Rotary_weight_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rotary_weight_sounding.
svg/30px-Rotary_weight_sounding.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rotary_weight_sounding.svg/40px
-Rotary_weight_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="213"
/></a> <a href="/w/index.php?
title=Rotary_weight_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new"
title="Rotary weight sounding (page does not exist)">Rotary weight
sounding</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Sample_series.svg" class="image"><img alt="Sample
series.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sample_series.svg/20px-
Sample_series.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sample_series.svg/30px-
Sample_series.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sample_series.svg/40px-
Sample_series.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="280" /></a> <a
href="/wiki/Soil_test#Soil_testing" title="Soil test">Sample series</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Screw_plate_test.svg" class="image"><img alt="Screw
plate test.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Screw_plate_test.svg/20px-
Screw_plate_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Screw_plate_test.svg/30
px-Screw_plate_test.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Screw_plate_test.svg/40px-
Screw_plate_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="251" /></a> <a
href="/w/index.php?title=Screw_plate_test&action=edit&redlink=1"
class="new" title="Screw plate test (page does not exist)">Screw plate
test</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deformation_monitoring" title="Deformation
monitoring">Deformation monitoring</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Inclinometer.svg" class="image"><img
alt="Inclinometer.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Inclinometer.svg/20px-
Inclinometer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Inclinometer.svg/30px-
Inclinometer.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Inclinometer.svg/40px-
Inclinometer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="280" /></a> <a
href="/wiki/Inclinometer" title="Inclinometer">Inclinometer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/File:Settlement_recordings.svg" class="image"><img
alt="Settlement recordings.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Settlement_recordings.svg/
20px-Settlement_recordings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Settlement_recordings.s
vg/30px-Settlement_recordings.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Settlement_recordings.svg/40px-
Settlement_recordings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="280"
/></a> <a href="/wiki/Soil_consolidation" title="Soil consolidation">Settlement
recordings</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Shear_vane_test.svg" class="image"><img alt="Shear vane
test.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shear_vane_test.svg/20px-
Shear_vane_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shear_vane_test.svg/30p
x-Shear_vane_test.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shear_vane_test.svg/40px-
Shear_vane_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="215" /></a> <a
href="/wiki/Shear_vane_test" title="Shear vane test">Shear vane test</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_sounding.svg" class="image"><img alt="Simple
sounding.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Simple_sounding.svg/20px-
Simple_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Simple_sounding.svg/30p
x-Simple_sounding.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Simple_sounding.svg/40px-
Simple_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="215" /></a> <a
href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new"
title="Simple sounding (page does not exist)">Simple sounding</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_penetration_test.svg" class="image"><img
alt="Standard penetration test.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Standard_penetration_test.
svg/20px-Standard_penetration_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Standard_penetration_te
st.svg/30px-Standard_penetration_test.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Standard_penetration_test.svg/4
0px-Standard_penetration_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-
height="280" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Standard_penetration_test" title="Standard
penetration test">Standard penetration test</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Total_sounding.svg" class="image"><img alt="Total
sounding.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Total_sounding.svg/20px-
Total_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Total_sounding.svg/30px
-Total_sounding.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Total_sounding.svg/40px-
Total_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="280" /></a> <a
href="/wiki/Total_sounding" title="Total sounding">Total sounding</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Trial_pit.svg" class="image"><img alt="Trial pit.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Trial_pit.svg/20px-
Trial_pit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Trial_pit.svg/30px-
Trial_pit.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Trial_pit.svg/40px-
Trial_pit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="214" /></a> <a
href="/wiki/Trial_pit" title="Trial pit">Trial pit</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Visible_rock.svg" class="image"><img alt="Visible
rock.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Visible_rock.svg/20px-
Visible_rock.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Visible_rock.svg/30px-
Visible_rock.svg.png 1.5x,
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_densometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear
densometer">Nuclear densometer test</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_geophysics" title="Exploration
geophysics">Exploration geophysics</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crosshole_sonic_logging" title="Crosshole sonic
logging">Crosshole sonic logging</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pile_integrity_test" title="Pile integrity test">Pile
integrity test</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wave_equation_analysis" title="Wave equation analysis">Wave
equation analysis</a></li></ul>
</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Soil_test" title="Soil
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_classification" title="Soil classification">Soil
classification</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atterberg_limits" title="Atterberg limits">Atterberg
limits</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/California_bearing_ratio" title="California bearing
ratio">California bearing ratio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Direct_shear_test" title="Direct shear test">Direct shear
test</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrometer" title="Hydrometer">Hydrometer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Proctor_compaction_test" title="Proctor compaction test">Proctor
compaction test</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/R-value_(soils)" title="R-value (soils)">R-value</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sieve_analysis" title="Sieve analysis">Sieve analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Triaxial_shear_test" title="Triaxial shear test">Triaxial shear
test</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oedometer_test" title="Oedometer test">Oedometer test</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_conductivity#Experimental_approach" title="Hydraulic
conductivity">Hydraulic conductivity tests</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_content#Measurement" title="Water content">Water content
tests</a></li></ul>
class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soil"
title="Soil">Soil</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:
normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">Clay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">Silt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">Sand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">Gravel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">Loam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">Loess</a></li></ul>
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weight: normal;">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_conductivity" title="Hydraulic
conductivity">Hydraulic conductivity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_content" title="Water content">Water content</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Void_ratio" title="Void ratio">Void ratio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_density" title="Bulk density">Bulk density</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thixotropy" title="Thixotropy">Thixotropy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reynolds%27_dilatancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Reynolds'
dilatancy">Reynolds' dilatancy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_repose" title="Angle of repose">Angle of
repose</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friction#Angle_of_friction" title="Friction">Friction
angle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cohesion_(geology)" title="Cohesion (geology)">Cohesion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">Porosity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Permeability_(earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect"
title="Permeability (earth sciences)">Permeability</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Specific_storage" title="Specific storage">Specific
storage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shear_strength_(soil)" title="Shear strength (soil)">Shear
strength</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soil_liquefaction" title="Soil
liquefaction">Sensitivity</a></li></ul>
class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures (<a href="/wiki/Soil-
structure_interaction" title="Soil-structure interaction">Interaction</a>)</th><td
class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-
0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-
spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Natural features</th><td class="navbox-
list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">Vegetation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">Terrain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">Topsoil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">Water table</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">Bedrock</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Subgrade" title="Subgrade">Subgrade</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">Subsoil</a></li></ul>
weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)" title="Earthworks
(engineering)">Earthworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li>Shoring structures
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retaining_wall" title="Retaining wall">Retaining
walls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ground_freezing" title="Ground freezing">Ground
freezing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mechanically_stabilized_earth" title="Mechanically stabilized
earth">Mechanically stabilized earth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_grouting" title="Pressure grouting">Pressure
grouting</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slurry_wall" title="Slurry wall">Slurry wall</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soil_nailing" title="Soil nailing">Soil nailing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tieback_(geotechnical)" title="Tieback
(geotechnical)">Tieback</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">Land
development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Digging" title="Digging">Excavation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">Trench</a></li>
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(earthworks)">Embankment</a></li>
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(earthworks)">Terracing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel#Cut-and-cover" title="Tunnel">Cut-and-cover</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cut_and_fill" title="Cut and fill">Cut and fill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fill_dirt" title="Fill dirt">Fill dirt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grading_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grading
(engineering)">Grading</a></li>
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reclamation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Track_bed" title="Track bed">Track bed</a></li>
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control</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Earth_structure" title="Earth structure">Earth
structure</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Expanded_clay_aggregate" title="Expanded clay
aggregate">Expanded clay aggregate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">Crushed stone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geosynthetics" title="Geosynthetics">Geosynthetics</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geotextile" title="Geotextile">Geotextile</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geomembrane" title="Geomembrane">Geomembrane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geosynthetic_clay_liner" title="Geosynthetic clay
liner">Geosynthetic clay liner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_confinement" title="Cellular confinement">Cellular
confinement</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration
(hydrology)">Infiltration</a></li></ul>
weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation
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<li><a href="/wiki/Pore_water_pressure" title="Pore water pressure">Pore water
pressure</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Preconsolidation_pressure" title="Preconsolidation
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weight: normal;">Phenomena/problems</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"
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hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li
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hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li
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lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vei"
title="Vei – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a
href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veg" title="Veg – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn"
hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm"><a
href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quemin" title="Quemin – Norman" lang="nrf"
hreflang="nrf" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a
href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%95" title="ਸੜਕ –
Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-
target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a
href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droga_(transport)" title="Droga (transport) –
Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a
href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrada" title="Estrada – Portuguese" lang="pt"
hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a
href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum" title="Drum – Romanian" lang="ro"
hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy"><a
href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drom" title="Drom – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy"
hreflang="rmy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"><a
href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91an" title="Ñan – Quechua" lang="qu"
hreflang="qu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue"><a
href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0"
title="Дорога – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a
href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0"
title="Дорога – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah"><a
href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Суол – Sakha"
lang="sah" hreflang="sah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a
href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate" title="Gate – Scots" lang="sco"
hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a
href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rruga" title="Rruga – Albanian" lang="sq"
hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a
href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strata" title="Strata – Sicilian" lang="scn"
hreflang="scn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a
href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road" title="Road – Simple English"
lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple
English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd"><a
href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88" title="‫ – رستو‬Sindhi"
lang="sd" hreflang="sd" class="interlanguage-link-target">‫<سنڌي‬/a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a
href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozemn%C3%A1_komunik%C3%A1cia" title="Pozemná
komunikácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a
href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesta" title="Cesta – Slovenian" lang="sl"
hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so"><a
href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wado" title="Wado – Somali" lang="so"
hreflang="so" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a
href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%AF%DB%95" title="‫– ڕێگە‬
Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target">
‫<کوردی‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a
href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82" title="Пут – Serbian"
lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски /
srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a
href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Put" title="Put – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh"
hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski /
српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su"><a
href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalan" title="Jalan – Sundanese" lang="su"
hreflang="su" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a
href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie" title="Tie – Finnish" lang="fi"
hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V
%C3%A4g" title="Väg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a
href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88"
title="சாலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-
target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a
href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE
%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF" title="రహదారి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te"
class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-th"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99"
title="ถนน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-
target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg"><a
href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D2%B3" title="Роҳ – Tajik"
lang="tg" hreflang="tg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr"><a
href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%83%E1%8E%AF" title="ᏅᏃᎯ –
Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" class="interlanguage-link-
target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy"><a
href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meo%27o" title="Meo'o – Cheyenne"
lang="chy" hreflang="chy" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a
href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yol" title="Yol – Turkish" lang="tr"
hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a
href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%85_(%D0%B4%D0%BE
%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0)" title="Шлях (дорога) – Ukrainian" lang="uk"
hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a
href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%91%DA%A9" title="‫ – سڑک‬Urdu"
lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">‫<اردو‬/a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a
href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_giao_th%C3%B4ng"
title="Đường giao thông – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-wa"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voye" title="Voye – Walloon"
lang="wa" hreflang="wa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"><a
href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF" title="道路 – Wu Chinese"
lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a
href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%98" title="‫– טראקט‬
Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target">
‫<יִידיש‬/a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="https://zh-
yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF" title="路 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue"
class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-bat-smg"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kel%27s"
title="Kel's – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" class="interlanguage-
link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a
href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF" title="道路 – Chinese"
lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul>
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