Design of Chapala Nala Bridge Abutments

Chapala Nala Bridge Badhaiyatal -6 Bansgadhi NP- 3, Bardiya Contract No.
: MoPID/Pr5/DPR/075-76/15
A DESIGN OF SUB-STRUCTURE
Design of Abutment
Design Data
Length of span Lc = 25.00 m
Overall depth of main beam Dg = 2.50 m
C/c spacing of longitudinal girders CCg = 5.000 m
Web width of girder Bg = 0.75 m
Concrete grade = M20
2
Characteristic strength of concrete fck = 20.00 N/mm
Recommended permissible stresses as per IRC 21-1987 are:
2
Flexural compressive stress scb = 6.70 N/mm
2
Shear stress tc = 0.60 N/mm
Modular ratio of concrete m = 13.93
Neutral axis factor k = 0.32
Lever arm constant j = 0.89
Resisting moment co-efficient Q = 0.95 2
Reinforcing bars Torsteel

2
Maximum allowable tensile stress ss = 200.00 N/mm
Unit weight of concrete gc = 24.00 kN/m3
Unit weight of backfill gs = 19.00 kN/m3
Unit weight of asphalt concrete gas = 22.00 kN/m3
Angle of internal friction of backfill f = 24.00 °
Wingwall thickness tw = 0.40 m
Thickness of wearing coat Dw = 0.08 m
Approach slab size La = 3.50 m
Ba = 7.50 m
Da = 0.30 m
hab = 7.85 m
h1 = 7.60 m
h2 = 0.25 m
h3 = 2.50 m
h4 = 0.80 m
h5 = 4.00 m
h6 = 0.45 m
b1 = 1.30 m
b2 = 0.00 m
b3 = 0.30 m
b4 = 0.80 m
b5 = 1.50 m
b6 = 0.70 m
Projection cap of abutment from center of bearing, cp = 0.50 m
Length t = 11.00 m
Base projection towards width bl = 0.50 m
Base projection at toe bt = 3.45 m
Base projection at heel bph = 3.55 m
For Class A Loading

Live load from superstructure:
Due to IRC Class A wheel load, in longitudinal direction,
114 kN 114 kN 68 kNt 68 kN 68 kN 68 kN
Fig. 2
RIDARC Nepal P. Ltd. Page 1

Chapala Nala Bridge Badhaiyatal -6 Bansgadhi NP- 3, Bardiya Contract No.: MoPID/Pr5/DPR/075-76/15
Max. LL on abutment from right side For Class A For Class 70 R (W)
= 771.46 kN 795.05 kN
Impact factor = 1.234 1.100
Max LL including Impact, =PLL 951.80 kN 874.55 kN
Dead Load transferred from girder = 2405.00 kN
Live Load transferred from girder = 951.80 kN
Total Load Wsuper = 3356.80 kN
Self Wt. of Abutment P1 = 0.00 kN
P2 = 1647.36 kN
P3 = 297.00 kN
Pf = 6439.55 kN
W = 5301.16 kN
Base width of footing provided bb = 8.30 m

Base length of footing provided b1 = 11.00 m
Depth of foundation at the base of stem
Depth of foundation base db = 1.50 m
Size of bearing:
Length l = 400.00 mm
Breadth b = 250.00 mm
Thickness t = 450.00 mm
Minimum gap between edge of bearing and face of abutment = 0.040 m
Gap between end of girder and face of abutment g = 0.040 m
Calculation of Loads and Moments

Due to Dead Load
Dead load from superstructure PDL = 2405.00 kN
Type Self weight of Distance from back face (m) Moment about
P1 abutment (kN)0.00 1.30 back0.00
(kN-m)
P2 1647.36 0.65 1070.78
P3 297.00 -0.15 -44.55
Total 1944.36 1026.23
C.G. of abutment from back face = 0.48 m

Eccentricity of DL+LL from superstructure
acting through the bearings = 0.22 m
Moment due to superstructure (D.L.) about C.G. axis = 519.97 kN-m
Due to Live Load

Class A Wheel Loading
Total Shear at support = 951.80 kN
In longitudinal direction
Load due to LL on deck span = 951.80 kN
Moment due to eccentric loading = 205.78 kN-m
In transverse direction
Load due to LL on deck span = 951.80 kN
eccentricity = 0.00 m
Hence moment due to live load = 0.00 kN-m
Due to Earth Pressure

Active earth pressure = 231.41 kN
This acts at a distance from abutment base of 0.42h = 3.19 m
Moment due to active earth pressure about abutment base = 738.67 kN-m
Passive earth pressure = 0.00 kN
This acts at a distance from abutment base of = 2.53 m

Moment due to passive earth pressure about abutment base = 0.00 kN-m
Total earth pressure = 231.41 kN
Total moment due to earth pressure = 738.67 kN-m
Due to Temperature Variation

Horizontal force due to temp. variation is given by
0.15 (PDL + PLL) = 503.52 kN
This acts at a distance from abutment base of = 5.25 m
Moment due to temperature variation about abutment base = 2643.48 kN-m
Due to Braking Effect

The longitudinal force for braking Class A wheel vehicle is maximum,
HBr = 0.20 Wt
where 0.20 is the co-efficient,
and Wt is the weight of the vehicle Wt = 554.00 kN
Therefore, HBr = 110.80 kN
which acts at 1.20 m above deck level
i.e. at a distance from abutment base of = 9.05 m
Moment due to braking about abutment base = 1002.74 kN-m
Due to Resistance of Bearing

Given by 0.15 DL from superstructure = 360.75 kN
which acts at a distance = 5.25 m
Moment due to resistance of bearing about abutment base = 1893.94 kN-m
Due to Seismic Force

Seismic force developed due to backfill and approach slab are also considered.
Horizontal Seismic Forces
Horizontal Seismic Force, Heq = α×β×λ× P

Where,
α = Seismic Coefficient depending on location , α = 0.08 For Zone V
β= acoefficient depending upon the soil foundation system
β= 1 for Medium soils
λa=coefficient depending upon the importance of the bridge ranging from 1 to 1.5
Asssume λ= 1.5
P=
Dead Load above the section considered
Heq = 0.12 P
Description Total Load Seismic Load (kN) Lever Arm Moment

Superstructure DL (kN)
2405.00 288.60 (m) 5.25 (kN-m)
1515.15
Abut.Triag.Shaft P1 0.00 0.00 1.33 0.00
Abut. Shaft P2 1647.36 197.68 2.40 474.44
Abut.Backwall P3 297.00 35.64 6.28 223.64
Approach Slab 189.00 22.68 7.75 175.77
Backfill 6035.92 724.31 3.80 2752.38
Total 10574.28 1268.91 5141.38
Summary of Loads and Moments

The summary of loads and moments are tabulated below. The transverse forces and moments are not calculated since
it will
The not beare
stresses critical due to
checked in high momentdirection
longitudinal of inertiaonly.
of abutment.

Description Vertical Load Horizontal Force (kN) Moment (kN-

DL from superstructure (kN)2405.00 m) 519.97
Live Load 951.80 205.78
Selfweight 1944.36 1026.23
Braking effect 110.80 1002.74
Temperature variation 503.52 2643.48
Resistance in bearing 360.75 1893.94
Earth pressure 231.41 738.67
Seismic forces 1268.91 5141.38
Total 5301.16 2475.39 13172.19
As per standard design practice, the design of abutment will be carried out for case A, and the stresses will be also
checked for caseCase
B. A: N + T B: N + T + S
Total Vertical Load (kN) 5301.16 5301.16
Total Horizontal Load (kN) 1206.48 2475.39
Net Moment (kN-m) 2754.73 13172.19
Design of Section
Design vertical load = 5301.16 kN
Design moment = 2754.73 kN-m
Design horizontal load = 1206.48 kN
Effective depth required, d =  (BM/Qb)
Effective depth of section required d = 512.66 mm
< 1225.00 OK
Effective depth provided d = 1225.00 mm
2
Area of steel required Ast = 12577.81 mm
Provide steel bars of dia. f = 25.00 mm
2
ast = 490.87 mm
No. of bars N = 25.62 nos.
Spacing of bars s = 429.30 mm
Provide spacing of bars = 200.00 mm
2
Area of steel provided ast = 26998.06 mm
Provide f 25 mm torsteel bars @ 200 mm c/c throughout the stem of abutment in tension side. (A1 )
Percentage of steel provided = 0.189 %
Provide f 20 mm torsteel bars @ 200 mm c/c throughout the stem of abutment in compression side.(A2 )
20 200.00
Distribution Reinforcement:
2
Provide minimum Ast on cap (=0.12 bd) Astmin = 16170.00 mm
2
ast = 201.06 mm
No. of bars on each face N = 40.21 nos.
2
Provide f 16 mm distribution bars @ 150 mm c/c throughout the stem on both sides of abutment stem. (A3 &
A4)
Shear Stress
Percentage of steel provided pt = 0.189 %
2
Shear stress developed tv = 0.185 N/mm
2
tco for M20 and pt = 0.189 % tco = 0.200 N/mm

Permissible stress (IRC: 21-1987 Section III (304.7.3))

tc = k1.k2.tco, where
k1 = 1.14 - 0.7 d  0.5 (d in m) 0.2825 k1 = 0.50
k2 = 0.5 + 0.25 pt  1 k2 = 1.00
2
Permissible stress tc = 0.100 N/mm
> tv OK.
Check of stresses in concrete and steel for Case B
Moment = 13172.19 kN-m
Stress in steel = 445.53 N/mm2
2
< 1.5 x 200 N/mm
OK.
Horizontal force = 2475.39 kN-m
Shear stress developed = 0.18 N/mm2
< 0.60 N/mm2
hence OK.
Design of Abutment Cap
Vertical reaction
due to dead load, P1 = PDL/2 PDL = 341.17 kN
due to live load including impact = 874.55 kN
Total Load = 1215.72 kN
Size of bearing pad after deducting cover l = 388.00 mm
b = 250.00 mm
Depth of abutment cap provided dc = 800.00 mm
Punching stress developed tv = 0.276 N/mm2
Ratio of shorter side to longer side (bc) bc = 0.64 mm

ks is the greater of 1 and (0.5 bc) ks = 1.00
2
Permissible punching stress, tc = ks (0.16fck0.5) tc = 0.72 N/mm
> tv OK.
Reinforcement in Cap
2
Provide minimum Ast on cap (=0.12 bd) Astmin = 10560.00 mm
2
ast = 314.16 mm
2
Provide f 20 mm torsteel bars @ 150 mm c/c throughout on bothways in two layers on cap of abutment.
Design of Backwall
Horizontal force due to earth pressure per meter width = 20.28 kN
0.5 gs (h3-h2)2 (TAN (45*p/180-f*p/(180x2)))2
which acts at a distance from backwall base of = 0.98 m
Moment about backwall base = 19.94 kN-m
Selfweight of backwall per meter = 21.24 kN
Live load on backwall considering Class A Loading = 57.00 kN
which acts at a distance from backwall toe of = 0.15 m
Moment due to LL + selfweight = 11.74 kN-m
Total Moment = 31.68 kN-m
Effective depth of section required = 106.16 mm
300.00 mm 106.16 < 234.00 mm
hence OK.
Effective depth provided = 234.00 mm
Area of steel required = 757.25 mm2


2
ast = 314.16 mm
2
Provide f 20 mm torsteel bars @ 250 mm c/c throughout the backwall. (B1)
Provide distribution bars of f 10 mm torsteel bars @ 200 mm c/c throughout the backwall.(B2)
Design of Wingwall
These will be monolithic with the backwall.
The loads acting on the wingwalls would be earth pressure and is designed to withstand a live load surcharge
equivalent to 0.6 m height of earthfill (IRC: 78-1983).
wh1 = 4.00 m
wh2 = 2.50 m
h3 = 2.50 m
h6 = 0.45 m
h4 = 0.80 m
w1 = 4.00 m
wb1 = 0.40 m
wb2 = 0.40 m
Calculation of Loads and Moments
Due to Earth Pressure
Critical value of earth pressure including surcharge = 22.80 kN/m
acting at a distance from abutment = 2.00 m
Moment due to earth pressure = 45.60 kN-m
Due to Seismic Forces
Seismic force developed due to backfill is also considered.
Description Total Load Seismic Load (kN) Lever Arm Moment
Wingwall shaft P1 (kN)
124.80 14.98 (m) 1.08 (kN-m) 16.22
Wingwall shaft P2 0.00 0.00 0.00
Backfill 152.00 18.24 1.08 19.76
Total 276.80 33.22 35.98
Total moment acting on the wingwall = 35.98 kN-m
Design of Section
Effective depth required = 97.17 mm
Total depth provided at bottom end = 400.00 mm
Effective depth provided = 375.00 mm
Total depth provided at top end = 400.00 mm
Area of steel required Ast = 503.17 mm2
2
ast = 201.06 mm
2
Provide f 16 mm torsteel bars @ 150 mm c/c throughout the stem of wingwall in tension side. (R2)
Provide 2 Nos of f 20 mm torsteel bars bottom of Inclined side. (R1)
Provide 2 Nos of f 16 mm torsteel bars bottom of Vertical side. (R4)
In vertical direction, provide f 12 mm torsteel bars @ 150 mm c/c in both faces. (R3)
Fillet at joints should be provided with nominal reinforcement of f 12 mm @ 150 mm c/c. (F1, F2, F3 & F4)
The wingwall should be properly anchored to the abutment backwall and cap.

Total horizontal force = 21.55 kN

2
Shear stress developed tv = 0.09 N/mm
2
tco for M20 tco = 0.34 N/mm
k1 = 1.14 - 0.7 d  0.5 (d in m) k1 = 0.93
k2 = 0.5 + 0.25 pt  1 k2 = 1.00
2
Permissible stress tc = 0.32 N/mm
> tv hence OK.
Design of Approach Slab:
The approach slab is resting over the abutment and the other end supported by the soil underneath.
It should be designed on the basis of elastic base theory, which is complicated. Hence the
dimensions and reinforcement is provided as per the standard design practice.
Considering thickness of approach slab is 300 mm and length is 3.50 m

Self weight of slab /m width = 7.2 kN/m
Weight of pavement = 1.76 kN/m
Total udl = 8.96 kN/m
Maximum live load= 2*114kN at 1.2m spacing
Max moment long. Direction = 13.72 kN-m/m
Effective depth of slab required = 120.0 mm
Effective depth provided = 270 mm
Provide 16 mm f bars @ 150 mm c/c both on top and bottom, giving area of steel, Ast = 1339.73
Max moment transverse Direction = 10.98 kN-m (P1 & P3) mm2.
Effective depth of slab required = 107.3 mm
Effective depth provided = 262 mm
Provide 16 mm fbars@ 150 mm c/c both on top and bottom, giving area of steel, Ast = 1339.73
Maximum shear force = 10.5 kN/m (P2 & P4) mm2.
Actual Shear stress = 0.04 N/mm2
Percentage area of steel = 0.45 %
Permissible shear stress = 0.299 N/mm2 > actual shear stress O.K.

Design of Pile Cap

Design Data
please refer the soil profile and bearing capacity calculations of the bridge site for design parameters of the
underlying soil.
Material Properties
Recommended permissible stresses as per IRC 21 - 1987:
For Concrete Grade, M20 fck = 20.000 N/mm²
Flexure compressive stress sc = 6.700 N/mm²
Direct compressive stress scd = 5.000 N/mm²
Permissible shear stress tcmax = 1.400 N/mm²
Bond stress tbd = 1.260 N/mm²
Poisson's ratio m = 0.150
For Reinforcing Bars, Fe415 fy = 415.000 N/mm²
Maximum allowable tensile stress ss = 200.000 N/mm²
Maximum allowable compressive stress ss' = 170.000 N/mm²
Unit weight of concrete gc = 24.000 kN/mm³
Unit weight of asphalt wearing coat gas = 22.000 kN/mm³
Modular ratio m = 13.930
Characteristic strength of concrete fck = 20.00 N/mm2
Direct tensile stress sct = 200.00 N/mm2
Flexural compressive stress scb = 6.70 N/mm2
Shear stress tc = 0.60 N/mm2
Resisting moment co-efficient Q = 0.953 2m
3
Unit weight of concrete gc = 24.00 kN/m
2m
g
3
Unit weight of plug material = 22.00 kN/m
3
Unit weight of water gw = 10.00 kN/m
Flood level = 154.207 m
Pile cap top level = 150.857 m
Maximum scour level = 141.739 m
Scour depth from HFL = 12.47 m
Base width of pile-cap provided bb1 = 8.30 m
Base length of pile-cap provided b1 = 11.00 m
wb1 = 1.30 m 2m
bb2 = 4.05 m
bb3 = 3.95 m
wh1 = 7.85 m
wh2 = 3.35 m
wh3 = 4.65 m
wh4 = 3.20 m
wh5 = 0.15 m
wh6 = 1.50 m
wp1 = 2.40 m
Angle of internal friction of foundation soil f = 29.00 °

3
Unit weight of soil = 18.00 kN/m

Allowable pile capacity (KN) for Pile foundation from the Soil Reports
Depth of Pile Pile Daimeter
from Existing
ground Level 0.6 m 0.7 m 0.8 m 0.9 m 1.0 m 1.1 m
18.0 m 385 519 674 850 1046 1499.00

19.5 m 403 545 709 895 1103 1584.00
21.0 m 474 638 826 1039 1277 1825.00
Proposed Pile Depth from Existing Ground Level = 21.00 m

Proposed Pile Diameter = 0.80 m
Adopted Allowable pile capacity (KN) for Pile foundation from the Soil Reports = 826.00 KN
Calculation of Vertical Load on Foundation Base
Due to Dead & Live Load
Superstructure plus pier = 5301.16 kN
Weight of pile cap = 3286.80 kN
Total Load V = 8587.96 kN
Total moment about y-y axis Mxx = 2754.73 kN-m

Total moment about x-x axis Myy = 0.00 kN-m
Total horizontal force along x-x axis along bridge axis Hxx = 1206.48 kN
Total horizontal force along y-y axis Hyy = 0.00 kN
Maximum & Minimum Load on a Pile

Qmax = SV/nSMxx/Zxx±SMyy/Zyy
=SV/nSMxxYmax/Ixx±SMyyXmax/Iyy
No. of piles n = 20.00 Nos
Moment of Inertia about x-x axis Ixx/a = 144.00 m4
Moment of Inertia about y-y axis Iyy/a = 230.40 m4
Distance of extreme pile towards x-x axis Xmax = 3.600 m
Distance of extreme pile towards y-y axis Ymax = 4.800 m
Maximum force on a pile Qmax = 521.22 kN
Minimum force on a pile Qmin = 337.57 kN
Horizontal force on a pile along x-x direction Hx-x = 1206.48 kN
Horizontal force on a pile along y-y direction Hy-y = 0.00 kN
Calculation of Moment
Due to pile body

Load on the extreme piles = 2084.89 kN
Load on the intermidiate piles = 1595.16 kN
Lever arm of extreme piles = 3.60 m
Lever arm of intermidiate piles = 1.20 m
Moment about pier centre = 9419.79 kN-m

Design of Section
1± 6
Depth from consideration of Maximum Moment
Moment about pier center BM = 9419.79 kN-m
d =  (BM/Qb)
Effective depth of section required d = 1091.36 mm
Overall depth provided D = 1500.00 mm
Effective depth provided d = 1440.00 mm
Effective span l = 2250.00 mm

l/D = 1.5
< 2.5
Pile cap is designed as deep beem , since l/D < 2.5
Lever arm z = 1,500.00 mm
2
Area of steel required M/(fy.z)= Ast = 12,559.72 mm
Minimum longitudinal reinforcement is provided as. rwmin>0.2%
2
Av = 24,900.00 mm
2
ast = 490.87 mm
No. of bars provided N = 33.00 nos.
2
Provide f 25 mm @150mm c/c torsteel bars at bottom & top layer in both direction layer of the cap (F1, F2,
F3 and F4)
Minimum shear reinforcement is provided as. rwmin>0.12%

2
Av = 1,800.00 mm /m
Provide 10Ø stirrups f = 12.00 mm
Area of bar (12L stirrup) asv = 1357.17 mm2
Maximum Permissible shear Stress tc = 1.80 N/mm2
Shear reunforcement Vs = 5887956.36
Provided spacing of stirrup sv = 663.84 mm
Provide = 400.00 mm c/c
Provide 12L stirrup f 12 mm @ 400mm c/c Shear bars in one direction of the cap ( F6)
Depth from consideration of Punching Shear
Percentage of tensile steel pt = 0.13 %

2
tco for M20 tco = 0.17 N/mm
k1 = 1.14 - 0.7 d  0.5 (d in m) k1 = 0.50
k2 = 0.5 + 0.25 pt  1 k2 = 1.00
2
Permissible Shear Stress tc = 0.09 N/mm
Permissible stress
where ks is the minimum of 1 and (0.5 + bc)
bc = short side/long side ratio bc = 1.00 m
ks = 1.00
2
Punching shear stress tc,punch = 0.72 N/mm
tc= ks (0.16fck)
Effective depth required d = 1091.36 mm
< 1440.00 mm
hence OK.

DESIGN OF FOUNDATION
Design of Pile
Design Data
please refer the soil profile and bearing capacity calculations of the bridge site for design parameters of the underlying
soil.
Material Properties
Recommended permissible stresses as per IRC 21 - 1987:
For Concrete Grade, M20 fck = 20.000 N/mm²
Flexure compressive stress sc = 6.700 N/mm²
Direct compressive stress scd = 5.000 N/mm²
Permissible shear stress tcmax = 1.400 N/mm²
Bond stress tbd = 1.260 N/mm²
Poisson's ratio m = 0.150
For Reinforcing Bars, Fe415
Maximum allowable tensile stress ss = 200.000 N/mm²
Maximum allowable compressive stress ss' = 170.000 N/mm²
Unit weight of concrete gc = 24.000 kN/mm³
Unit weight of asphalt wearing coat gas = 22.000 kN/mm³
Modular ratio m = 13.930
Characteristic strength of concrete fck = 25.00 N/mm2
Direct tensile stress sct = 200.00 N/mm2
2
Flexural compressive stress scb = 6.70 N/mm
Shear stress tc = 0.60 N/mm2
Resisting moment co-efficient Q = 0.953 2m
3
Unit weight of concrete gc = 24.00 kN/m
2m
g
3
Unit weight of plug material = 22.00 kN/m
3
Unit weight of water gw = 10.00 kN/m
Pier bed level = 150.857 m
Base width of footing provided bb = 8.30 m
Base length of footing provided b1 = 11.00 m
Size of piles dl = 800.00 mm dia.
Spacing of piles, 3*d = 2400.00 mm
Provide spacing of piles = 2400.00 mm
Angle of internal friction of foundation soil f = 29.00 °
Unit weight of soil gs = 18.00 kN/m3
Safe bearing capacity of a bored pile in a group SBC = 826.00 kN
Calculation of Vertical Load on Pile Group

Due to Dead & Live Load
Superstructure +Abutment = 5301.16 kN
Buoyant weight of pile cap = 1917.30 kN
Total Load V = 7218.46 kN
Total moment about y-y axis Mxx = 2754.73 kN-m
Total moment about x-x axis Myy = 0.00 kN-m
Total horizontal force along x-x axis along bridge axis Hxx = 1206.48 kN
Total horizontal force along y-y axis Hyy = 0.00 kN
Maximum & Minimum Load on a Pile

Qmax = SV/nSMxx/Zxx±SMyy/Zyy
=SV/nSMxxYmax/Ixx±SMyyXmax/Iyy
No. of piles n = 20.00 Nos
4
Moment of Inertia about x-x axis Ixx/a = 144.00 m
Moment of Inertia about y-y axis Iyy/a = 230.40 m4
Distance of extreme pile towards x-x axis Xmax = 3.600 m
Distance of extreme pile towards y-y axis Ymax = 4.800 m
Maximum force on a pile Qmax = 429.79 kN
< 826.00 OK
Minimum force on a pile Qmin = 292.05 kN
Horizontal force on a pile along x-x direction Hx-x = 1206.48 kN
Horizontal force on a pile along y-y direction Hy-y = 0.00 kN
Length of Pile
R.L. of River Bed = 151.007 m
Abutment bottom level = 150.857 m
RL of soffit of pile cap = 149.357 m
Exposed length of pile = 7.618 m
Fixity length
10% of exposed length of pile = 0.762 m
1/2 the depth of soft strata below scour level = 6.191 m
Hence, lower fixity point is at 0.75m below scour level.
Length of pile between fixity points = 8.368 m
RL of pile foudation depth = 129.357 m
Length of pile = 20.000 m
Adopt length of pile = 20.000 m
Useful length of pile = 11.632 m
Moments due to Load on a Pile
Considering the minimum loaded piles
a = Sqrt{P/EI}
G=16 Mpa m=0.33
2
G= E/{2*(1+m)} E = 4.25E+01 N/mm
2 4
I = 1/8*d I = 80000 mm
2 0.5 2
G= 6900*(2.17-e) /(1+e)*(s'o)^ = 14973 N/mm² EI = 1.91E+06 N-mm
a = 1.458E+00 /mm
Moment per pile due to Hyy about x-x axis Mxx = 0.00 kN-m
Mxx = {Hyy/a}* tan{a*L/2}

Moment per pile due to Hxx about y-y axis Myy = 88.44 kN-m
Myy = {Hxx/a}* tan{a*L/2}
Effect of Flood Water

Mean Velocity Vmean = 4.234 m/sec
Maximum velocity Vmax = 6.048 m/sec
Coefficient for Abutment Kyy = 0.50
2
Pressure due to water current along yy-dir at top Pyy = 6.59 kN/m
2
52*K*V
Force due to water current, along yy-dir Pyy = 186.25 kN
Force/ pile along yy-dir pyy = 46.56 kN
Force due to water current, along xx-dir Pxx = 37.33 kN
Force/ pile along xx-dir pxx = 9.33 kN
Mxx = {Hyy/a}* tan{a*L/2}
Moment per pile due to Hxx about y-y axis Myy = 8.32 kN-m
Myy = {Hxx/a}* tan{a*L/2}
Effect of Curvature
Curvature c = 40.00 mm
Coefficient K = 0.139 m
2
K = c/{1-(a*L/p) }
Mxx = {Hyy*L*p*(K-c)/(l*a)}* cot{a*L/2}
Summary of Loads and Moments
Maximum vertical force on a pile Qmax = 521.22 kN

Minimum vertical force on a pile Qmin = 337.57 kN
Description Horizontal Horizontal Force-yy Moment -xx Moment-yy

Fotce-xx (kN) (kN) (kN-m) (kN-m)
From Abutment 2475.39 0.00 0.00 88.44
Effect of Flood Water 37.33 9.33 8.32 41.53
Effect of Curvature 0.00 0.00
Total 2512.72 9.33 8.32 129.97
Design of Section 1 ± 6e
b
Provide 20 Nos Ø longitudinal bars = 25.00 mm
Area of steel ast = 9817.48 mm2
Area of column Ac = 5.03E+05 mm2
Area of concrete Aco = 4.93E+05 mm2
Moment of inertia I = 2.01E+10 mm4
Section modulus Z = 5.03E+07 mm3
Direct stress developed, N/(Aco+mAs) sco,cal = 3.045 N/mm2
Bending stress developed scb,cal = 0.166 N/mm2
Ratio, sco,cal/sco+scb,cal/scb <1 = 0.6338
< 1.000 OK
2
Minimum area of steel (1.25% of Ac) ast,min = 6.28E+03 mm
Provide 20 Nos 25 f torsteel bars throughout the pile stem. (PA1)
> 1.25 %
OK 2m

Tranverse Reinforcement
As per clause 306.3 IRC: 21-1987 Section III
Diameter of transverse reinforcement
1/4th the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar dia. > 5.00 mm
Minimum diameter of transverse reinforcement dia. > 8.00 mm
Provide 10Ø stirrups f = 10.00 mm
2
Area of bar (stirrup) asv = 78.54 mm
Spacing of stirrup
Maximum spacing sv < 300.00 mm
Least lateral dimension of column sv < 600.00 mm
12*Dia. of smallest longitudinal bar sv < 300.00 mm
Minimum shear reinforcement is provided as. rwmin=Asn/(bs)>0.0015
2
Av = 753.98 mm
Provided spacing of stirrup sv = 308.77 mm
Provide f 10 mm torsteel stirrups @ 150 mm c/c. (PA2)
Geotechnical Design of Pile Foundation

Efficiency of Pile Group
Eg =1-q{m*(n-1)+ n*(m-1)}/(90*m*n) Eg = 0.6825
Where,
m = No. of Column m = 4.00 Nos
n = No. of Row n = 5.00 Nos
q q
-1
= Tan (D/S) ° = 18.435 °
D = Diameter of Pile D = 800 mm
S = Spacing of Piles S = 2400 mm
Capacity of a Bored Pile

Qu =qf*Af+qb*Ab Qu = 1959.82 kN
Where,
2
qf1 = Skin resistance of pile due to 1st layer qf1 = 26.56 kN/m
2
qf2 = Skin resistance of pile due to 2nd layer qf2 = 31.68 kN/m
2
Af1 = Surface area of pile in 1st layer, p*D*L1 Af1 = 21.03 m
2
Af2 = Surface area of pile in 2nd layer, p*D*L2 Af2 = 29.23 m
2
qb = Bearing capacity of soil= 3*q *Nq qb = 945.00 kN/m
Ab = Base area of pile, p* D /4
2 2
Ab = 0.50 m
Taking factor of safety as 3, allowable bearing load of the bored pile.
Allowable capacity of a pile Qa = 826.00 kN
Allowable capacity of a bored pile in a group Qa =Qu/F Qg = 653.27 kN

Design of Chapala Nala Bridge Abutments

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Design of Chapala Nala Bridge Abutments

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Chapala Nala Bridge Badhaiyatal -6 Bansgadhi NP- 3, Bardiya Contract No.

Reinforcing bars Torsteel

For Class A Loading

RIDARC Nepal P. Ltd. Page 1

Base width of footing provided bb = 8.30 m

Calculation of Loads and Moments

C.G. of abutment from back face = 0.48 m

Due to Live Load

Due to Earth Pressure

RIDARC Nepal P. Ltd. Page 2

Due to Temperature Variation

Due to Braking Effect

Due to Resistance of Bearing

Due to Seismic Force

Horizontal Seismic Force, Heq = α×β×λ× P

Description Total Load Seismic Load (kN) Lever Arm Moment

Summary of Loads and Moments

RIDARC Nepal P. Ltd. Page 3

Description Vertical Load Horizontal Force (kN) Moment (kN-

RIDARC Nepal P. Ltd. Page 4

Permissible stress (IRC: 21-1987 Section III (304.7.3))

Ratio of shorter side to longer side (bc) bc = 0.64 mm

RIDARC Nepal P. Ltd. Page 5

Provide steel bars of dia. f = 20.00 mm

RIDARC Nepal P. Ltd. Page 6

Total horizontal force = 21.55 kN

Considering thickness of approach slab is 300 mm and length is 3.50 m

RIDARC Nepal P. Ltd. Page 7

Design of Pile Cap

Angle of internal friction of foundation soil f = 29.00 °

RIDARC Nepal P. Ltd. Page 8

18.0 m 385 519 674 850 1046 1499.00

Proposed Pile Depth from Existing Ground Level = 21.00 m

Total moment about y-y axis Mxx = 2754.73 kN-m

Maximum & Minimum Load on a Pile

Due to pile body

RIDARC Nepal P. Ltd. Page 9

Effective span l = 2250.00 mm

Minimum shear reinforcement is provided as. rwmin>0.12%

Percentage of tensile steel pt = 0.13 %

RIDARC Nepal P. Ltd. Page 10

Calculation of Vertical Load on Pile Group

Maximum & Minimum Load on a Pile

RIDARC Nepal P. Ltd. Page 11

RIDARC Nepal P. Ltd. Page 12

Effect of Flood Water

Summary of Loads and Moments

Maximum vertical force on a pile Qmax = 521.22 kN

Description Horizontal Horizontal Force-yy Moment -xx Moment-yy

RIDARC Nepal P. Ltd. Page 13

Geotechnical Design of Pile Foundation

Capacity of a Bored Pile

RIDARC Nepal P. Ltd. Page 14

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