CHAPTER 12

PREPOSITIONS AND CONJUNCTIONS

☻ Prepositions

Prepositions are connectives which introduce prepositional phrases. They can be regarded as a tool
which links noun phrases with other structures. Many prepositions in English correspond to case inflection in
other languages. Most common prepositions are short, invariable forms, such as about, after, around, as, at,
by, down, for, from, in, into, like, of, off, on, round, since, than, to, towards, with, without etc.
Free prepositions have an independent meaning: the choice of preposition is not dependent upon any
specific words in the context. In contrast, bound prepositions often have little independent meaning, and the
choice of the preposition depends upon some other word (often the preceding verb). The same prepositional
form can function as a free or bound preposition:
Free preposition,
But the only other thing perhaps, he’ll go with one of the kids, that’s a possibility.
Bound preposition,
They’ve got to be willing to part with that bit of money.
Many of the same orthographic words can function as prepositions, subordinators, adverbs, and
occasionally even verbs and adjectives,
It’s long before that. (Preposition)
He’s sort of skidded before he got there. (Subordinator)
Whatever he did before at home I’m not sure. (Adverb) (Biber et al., 1999: 74-9)
There are many prepositions and adverbs that are inseparable from verbs, and are, indeed, a
component part of verb phrases. Some examples are: to laugh at, to look into, to look at, to go through with,
to tune in, to give in, to make up for, to stand up for, to put up with, to track down, to stand for, to break into.
The word following the verb in such phrases as these may be either a preposition or an adverb - verbal
preposition or verbal adverb. The context must decide in all such expressions just which quality of
functioning predominates, and the part of speech thus decided upon.
In He will get over, over is an adverb modifying will get. In He will get over the bridge, over the
bridge is a prepositional phrase modifying will get. In He will get over the disappointment, he will get over is
preferably regarded as predicate and disappointment as object; the sentence actually says He will survive or
outlive the disappointment. In this last example the word over is so closely embedded in the meaning of the
verb that we can't say that over the disappointment is an adverbial phrase of manner modifying will get.
This use of preposition (or adverb) as part of a verb very often makes a verb transitive, as in the last
example above, and as again in
The robbers broke into the bank.

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 Sroka’s classification (1972) differs from former classifications of the selected type of particle: in
place of two traditional classes, i.e. adverbs and prepositions, he has distinguished three, adverbs,
prepositions and adverb-preposition words.
Sweet, (1900) in his example, I wonder where he came from, states that the preposition is completely
detached from the noun word it originally governed, and for this reason it is called a detached preposition.
He was thought of is liable to be dissociated from their noun-words not only in position, but also in
grammatical construction.
Prepositions can have the following meanings:
a) space, including place, rest and motion;
b) time;
c) other abstract relations such as quantity, manner, cause deprivation.
Stanciulescu (1975) divides prepositions according to their semantic field as follows:
a) space: ahead of, before, in front of;
b) time: ahead of, before, pending, prior to, till, until, to;
c) movement towards a special place: at, down, for, into, on, to, towards, up, upon;
d) movement in time towards a moment: against, by, into, towards;
e) space (stative): at, in, on;
f) time of action/state: at, in, on;
g) lapping: above (vertically), over (horizontally);
h) settle underneath: below, beneath, down, under, underneath;
i) sequence in space: after, behind, by, past;
j) setting out from: from, off, out of;
k) sequence in time: after, behind, beyond, from, on, upon, past, since;
l) approach in space: about, against, alongside, beside, by, near, next to;
m) crossing in space: across, at, athwart, by, over, through, via;
n) duration: during, for, in, inside, over, pending, through, within;
o) middle: amid(st), among(st), between, betwixt;
p) cause: at, because of, by dint of, by reason of, for, from, in consequence of, on account of, out of,
owing to, thanks to, through, with;
q) reference: about, anent, as for, as to, concerning, of, on, respecting, touching.
A very few instances can be found where pure prepositions occur in combinations without an object.
There are dialectal ‘come/go with’ and the standard ‘do/go without’.
Wait a minute and I’ll come with.
If there is no sugar you’ll simply have to do without.
There is an apparent reversal of the underlying object if the particle is taken as a preposition,
Grandmother brushed off her green skirt. (She brushed the lint off)
Heaton (1974) says that much of the confusion associated with phrasal verbs has been caused by
failure to distinguish between verb and particle forms (phrasal verbs) and verb and prepositional forms. The

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mere fact that a verb and a preposition may form a collocation possessing an entirely new meaning is no
indication of the formation of a phrasal verb. Whenever a preposition gives a verb a new meaning or causes
the verb to assume a secondary or subsidiary meaning it belongs to the verb.
VERB + PREP + OBJ OF PREP
Abide by the law
VERB + OBJ + PREP + OBJ OF PREP
Abandon a position to the enemy.
Because the direct object of the verb is placed between the verb and the preposition in this latter
sentence pattern, there is often a tendency to confuse such prepositional verbs with separable phrasal verbs.
VERB + OBJ + PREP + OBJ OF PREP
Bring the child up the stairs.
VERB + OBJ + PART
Bring the child up

Hill (1968) classifies each preposition in three groups: elementary, intermediate and advanced. In the
elementary part prepositions have their basic meaning and are the least numerous. We find 7 meanings for
off, e.g.,
Off indicating separation from being attached, in contact, part of, or on, showing motion.
There is something wrong with that chair. One of the legs has come off, I think.
In the intermediate stage the prepositions enter phrasal verbs and lose their basic, concrete meanings
and are more numerous than the elementary. Off here has 22 meanings, e.g.,
See somebody off meaning ‘say good bye to somebody’,
I went to the airport to see my brother off when he left for India last week.
The advanced level includes phrases, idioms and phrasal verbs and are the most numerous. Off in this
group has 51 meanings, e.g.,
Come off meaning ‘be successful’,
My trick came off [all right.] (1968: 106-113)

☻ Conjunctions

They are parts of speech used to connect words or constructions. The two classes of conjunctions are
coordinating conjunctions or coordinators and subordinating conjunctions or subordinators.
Coordinators (mainly and, but, or) connect units of equal status and function:
- two main clauses or two subordinate clauses,
I went there at once but I didn’t find anything.
- two or more adjectives,
The path was narrow, grassy and meandering.
Subordinating conjunctions (because, if, although) connect a subordinate clause to its super ordinate,
We went there because we were asked to.

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 Two or more subordinate clauses can be connected with a coordinator,
Take it if you need it and if it is available.
The process of linking units by means of coordinators is known as conjunction, conjoining, and
traditionally and most usually coordination. The linked units that result are said to be coordinated or
coordinate, a coordinate clause for instance. More recently, the units have been called conjoins or in
generative grammar conjuncts. The process of linking units by means of subordinators is usually termed
subordination or embedding. Both coordinators and subordinators may be reinforced by being combined
with correlatives, a term used both for the reinforcing item and for that item and the conjunction it
accompanies. The main correlative coordinators are both…and, either…or, neither…nor,
Both my friend and his wife have moved to Tg. Mures.
Correlative subordinators include as…as, whether…or, the…the, and if…then,
If you tell me the whole truth, then I will trust you.
Besides one-word subordinators there are many complex subordinators of two or more words such as
in order that, such that, as far as, as if.

EXERCISES

66. Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition. Some can be used more than once: on, near, about,
toward, at, by, to, for.

He journeyed all that day long, and (1) …at.. night both he and his horse were tired and marvellously
pressed (2) … hunger, and looking (3) … him (4) … every side to see whether he could discover any Castle
(5) … which he might retire (6) … the night, he saw an Inn (7) … unto the highway (8) … which he
travelled, which was as welcome a sight to him as if he had seen a guiding star. Then spurring his horse he
rode (9) … it as fast as he might, and arrived there much (10) … nightfall.

67. Complete each sentence with one suitable preposition.

1. Our television programmes cater ..for ..all tastes.
2. They accused Mark …cheating during the exam.
3. My neighbour has been barred …the bars in the area.
4. They insured their house …theft and arson.
5. At this rush hour all buses are crammed …people.
6. You ought to get your car brakes seen…
7. All readers are kindly asked to refrain …smoking inside the library.
8. They always comment …the way their fellow workers dress and talk behind their backs.
9. Please, wait here until your order is dealt …
10. The plane crash resulted …the death of more than one hundred people.

68. Complete each sentence with one suitable preposition.

1. Please send the results ..without ..delay.

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2. Adrian has great admiration …his painting teacher.
3. Many young people now become addicted …drugs and alcohol.
4. He was …the impression that I was younger.
5. Our town is famous …its historical tradition.
6. The personnel and the management are in dispute …wearing uniforms at work.
7. I don't think he is …earnest about asking her to marry him.
8. The allegations against you about the embezzlement are …a joke.
9. Tom was charged …the murder of his best friend.
10. The highway is …repair so we'll take a by-road.

69. Complete the blanks with the right words.

1. Thompson is not here so you will have to do ..without..speaking to him.
2. I shall have to cut …my savings to pay for the holiday.
3. Relations between Iraq and the USA were broken …more than ten years ago.
4. How many people are … … for the executive director's job now?
5. If you fall …with the rent, you will be asked to leave.
6. I will go … … my plan whatever you say.
7. It's time to lay our differences …and work together for the welfare of the business.
8. Having different religion and living in the same neighbourhood does not make …easy friendship.
9. Mothers are well-known for putting the needs of the family …their own interests.
10. Let us have a first drink to round the evening party …

70. The same as above.

1. He threw an angry look ..at..me as if I had done something wrong.
2. While we were sitting in the garden, somebody just walked …and stole a beautiful vase.
3. It took quite a while until somebody came and waited …us.
4. The thieves have taken …the mountains to find a safe hide.
5. Your writing in English suffers …lack of attention to the correct spelling and grammar.
6. She slipped a note …my hand when the teacher was writing on the blackboard.
7. The Board's decision about the new building rests …the chairman's vote.
8. I will not put any student … … the exam until he is ready.
9. He couldn't put … … all that noise and moved house.
10. Our country is passing …troublesome times that never seem to end.

71. Fill in the gaps with the correct conjunctions.

1. Either Mary ..or..her sister got married last week.
2. We fished all day, …didn't catch a thing.
3. He fell on the ice …broke his leg.

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4. Claudia changed to the better …she went to college.
5. You can't park …you like nowadays.
6. She's behaving …her elder sister used to when she was a child.
7. It sounds …he is a man-eater.
8. We consider going to Florida, …the plane tickets are very expensive.
9. I've arrived early at the theatre …I may get a glimpse of the actors before the performance.
10. I bought the car at once …he changed his mind.

SUMMARISING EXERCISES
Answer the following questions.
1. W hat is the difference between a few and few?
2. Many is used in front of … and much in front of … nouns.
3. Generic reference is used to denote :
4. Insert the necessary articles in the following sentences:
…man and …lion once had …dispute as to which belonged to …nobler race. …man pointed to …ancient
monument on which was sculptured …triumphant hunter standing over …vanquished lion. “That doesn’t
settle …question,” said …lion; “for if …lion had been …sculptor, he would have represented …lion as
standing over …hunter.”
5. With indefinite reference, the indefinite article is used in:
6. Fill in with a(n), the or ‘-‘:
At his trial in 1949, …Bousquet claimed he had persuaded …Germans that …French police would
only deport …stateless Jews, while …French Jews were spared. He said …Germans had told him no more
than that …Jews were being sent to …”special” zone in …Poland. He was sentenced to five years of
…”national indignity”. …sentence was immediately lifted to reflect …help he had given to …resistance in
…closing months of …occupation.
7. Put in one, either, others, other, the other or some.
The …day the Mayor appointed a new city officer. …officers go everywhere by car; …prefer to go
by public transport. …of these means of transport is fine, but the new officer is ..of those who goes
everywhere by bike. When he arrived at the Town Hall the other day, he was stopped by two security guards.
…of them was sure he had seen him before. ‘I know you, don’t I?’ asked …of the guards. ‘You’re …of these
messengers, aren’t you?’ ‘Well, no, actually,’ the officer replied. ‘I’m …of the city officers.’ ‘I knew you
were …or …!’the guard replied. (Adapted from L. G. Alexander: Longman English Grammar Practice)
8. Give example (at least five) of invariable nouns ending in –s:
9. Give examples of summation plurals (at least three):
10.Give examples of pluralia tantum in –s (at least five):
11.Make up sentences with the following words to illustrate the difference in meaning: ash-ashes, content-
contents, minute-minutes, air-airs, pain-pains.

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12.Which of the following nouns are followed only by verbs in the plural: cattle, committee, Parliament,
clergy, gentry, class, police, and youth?
13.Give the plural of the following nouns: photo, archipelago, cargo, piano, hero, Negro, motto, volcano.
14. Give the plural of the following nouns: attorney general, passer-by, grant-in-aid, gentleman farmer,
manservant, assistant director, stand-by, and boy friend.
15.Give the singular of the following nouns: analyses, lice, fungi, data, indices, criteria, tempi, and seraphim.
16.Give the feminine of the following nouns: bachelor, monk, bridegroom, usher, god, stallion, gander,
drake, calf, colt, he-goat, and cock-pheasant.
17.Give examples of dual gender forms of nouns (at least three):
18.Collective nouns can be subdivided into (give examples):
19.Use an –‘s, where possible:
a. the cry of a woman;
b. the bottom of the cave;
c. the proposal of the committee;
d. the mistake of no one;
e. the novels of Dickens;
f. the lock of the door;
g. the key of the garage;
h. the bell of the town cathedral;
i. the houses of the hens.
20. Fill in the indefinite pronouns: somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody.
a. If …phones, I’m not in.
b. …knows violets bloom in spring.
c. … knows anything about the runaway criminal.
d. In our university … is a member of a scientific organization.
e. He was aware that … knew what he had done.
f. …is ringing the bell. It will be the postman.
g. …rang me up yesterday to ask about you.
h. I know that …wished to know the results as soon as possible.
i. Can …tell me which is the capital of Zimbabwe?
21. Say what these sentences mean a) without commas and b) with commas:
The test which everybody failed was very difficult.
My brother who is in Canada is a forester.

22. Which are the universal pronouns and determiners?

23. Which are the contexts that require the ‘any’ series?
24. Name the uses of the numeral ‘one’.
25. What is an adjective phrase?

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26. What are the syntactic functions of the adjectives?
27. Give two examples in sentences of adjectives as head of noun phrase.
28. When are adjectives used only attributively?
29. Adjectives can be sub-classified into:
30. Put the following words in the correct order:
silk – blouse – I – summer –red and white – bought – for my holiday – have.
polished – beautiful – looking for – antique – he was – coffee table – teak – English.
31. Which are the three classes of adverbs?
32. Adverbs can modify:
33. Choose the right adverb in each sentence:
a) Workers in this factory work … and get little money. (hard/hardly)
b) With the money they earn, they can … pay their bills. (hard/hardly)
c) We’ve received a lot of bad news … (late/lately)
d) He comes home so … that it’s better to start our dinner without him. (late/lately)
e) She is trying to do her best so that everybody should think … of her. (high/highly)
f) If you want to be the first, you should aim… (high/highly)
34. Place the adverbs in the following sentences so as to suggest at least two distinctly different meanings:
a) a.The chairperson appreciated that my proposal was a good one, but he still wasn’t willing to support
me. (quite)
b) I should ask her what she meant by her statement. (personally)
35. Replace each group of words in italics by one of the following adverbs: conceivably, indifferently,
querulously, radically, clandestinely, interminably, outspokenly, reluctantly, concurrently, substantially.
a) a.Despite his unwillingness, he decided that it was better to leave.
b) Everybody got bored to death because he talked and talked without end.
c) The audience saw with lack of interest the end of the show.
d) Everybody agreed that the old and the new methods should go together at the same time.
e) The chief of the expedition admitted that the itinerary was, in most respects, correct.
f) Wanting to make mother a surprise for her birthday, father and children talked about making a
festive dinner in secret.
g) This manner of action will, it may be imagined, lead to success.
h) He is not accepted in our group because he always objects to our plans without any reticence or
reserve.
i) Peter asked in a complaining manner why the teacher always grades him so poor.
j) The architect of the city said that the new aspect of the city would, in very fundamental way, be
changed in the near future.
36. Fill in with the right preposition:
“I was laughed (1)… (2)…the main booking room”, Georget remembers. “They kicked me (3) …”.
She was exiled (4)…”a cell (5)…the back”. Then, the world changed – or, rather, she helped (6) …change

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 the world – and she was invited (7) … (8)…the main booking room. “There was an understanding (9)… the
fashion world that women want (10) … be fuller. Now we’re the coolest thing going.”
Georget currently represents some 60 models, which makes her one (11) … the biggest big-girl
bookers (12) … the world. Her models make (13) … $2,000 (14) … $10,000 a day. She even has a few full
figures (15) … contract (16) … $1m. she says she has learnt two lessons (17) … all her years (18) … much
bigger women: “Number one: don’t ever be afraid to ask (19) …more money. Number two: I look (20) …
myself differently. Now I accept beauty (21) … all shapes and sizes. The world will be better (22) … my two
daughters.

37. Choose the right preposition from: at, about, against, from, of.
a. She never tells her age; people can only guess….how old she is.
b. They had a mind to send me a post card but they forgot all ... it.
c. How does a badger differ … a weasel?
d. Tall players are by no means …an advantage at a basketball match.
e. It’s a shame …little Tom: everybody was praised except him.
f. After the drought, several people were blamed for crimes …common sense.
g. He knows …experience that it’s better to keep your mouth shut when the boss is angry.
h. I don’t know why mother is worrying ….: everything is all right.
38. Complete the prepositional phrases with a word or words from the following list: agreement, answer,
compensation, good terms, peace, reference, the benefit, the influence.
At … with
For …of
In … with
In … to
In … for
On … with
Under … of
With … to
39.Choose the phrasal verb to complete the following sentences:
a) Whole villages down the valley were … …by the floods the previous year.
A. run down B. put up C. called off D. wiped out.
b) I think James is weird. Nobody can …him …
A. turn in B. look down on C. make out D. keep up
c) I dare not tell my aunt the bad news. As she’s so frail, I hope she …
A. pulls through B. throws up C. hold back D. look out.
d) it’s none of his business. Why is he always … … things that do not concern him?
A. falling behind B. meddling with C. turning down D. pulling through.

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e) Why are you shouting at me? I’m sure you’re … me …with somebody else.
A. putting out B. taking on C. bringing round D. mixing up.
f) I’ve been running all the way here. I’d like to … … before we have dinner.
A. go ahead B. double up C. freshen up D. step up.
g) I can’t find our John Smith in the directory. I’ve already … … half of the book.
A. waded through B. getting across C. coming across D. wrapping up.
h) Father wanted to go to the seaside, mother wanted to climb the mountains and in the end they … …the
countryside.
A. hit on B. plumped for C. fell out D. got round.
40.Replace the words in italics with the verb indicated at the head of the exercise together with an adverbial
particle:
TURN
a) The bank manager refused his request for a loan.
b) He waited more than an hour but his friend didn’t come.
c) Go now children; it’s about time you went to bed.
GET
d) How is your sister progressing in her new teaching job?
e) I don’t think I shall complete the work till tomorrow.
f) She fell so badly the other day that I don’t think she will soon recover from the shock.
TAKE
g) My parents advised me to start learning a foreign language.
h) He resembles his father in many ways.
i) The son assumed control of the company when his father died.

ANSWER KEY
Chapter exercises

41. a) daughter; b) niece; c) duchess; d) barmaid; e) duck; f) bitch; g) mare; h) heroine; i) aunt; j) doe; k)
bachelor; l) heiress; m) empress; n) goose.
42. a) buses; b) ladies; c) toys; d) roofs; e) wolves; f) teeth; g) women; h) craft; i) geese; j) trout; k) bases; l)
lice; m) dwarf; n) criteria.
43. 1 slice; 2 kilo; 3 tube; 4 drop; 5 sheet; 6 bottle; 7 ball; 8 bar; 9 piece; 10 jar.

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44. 1 are; 2 was; 3 both; 4 are; 5 is; 6 both; 7 is; 8 were; 9 are; 10 both.
45. 1 realisation; 2 findings; 3 treasure trove; 4 breakthrough; 5 discovery; 6 eye-opener; 7 flair; 8
exploration; 9 nose; 10 invention.
46. 1 talks; 2 sequel; 3 movie; 4 idea; 5 showbusiness; 6 story; 7 actor; 8 death; 9 Princess; 10 press.
47. 1 all in all; 2 all of fifty; 3 and all; 4 and all that…; 5 at all; 6 all she could do; 7 all day; 8 all go;
9 all-clear; 10 all the idiots.
48. 1 both ways; 2 both worlds; 3 at both ends; 4 both your feet; 5 both camps; 6 both sides; 7 both
hands; 8 no half measure; 9 half a mind; 10 the half of it.
49. 1 a; 2 a; 3 The; 4 The; 5 a; 6 the; 7 a; 8 the; 9 the; 10 The; 11 the; 12 The; 13 the; 14 The; 15 the; 16 The;
17 the; 18 The; 19 The; 20 -; 21 the; 22 the; 23 the; 24 the; 25 the.
50. 1. A…Good beginning is half ..the ..battle. 2. A good beginning makes a good ending. 3. A bird in the
hand is worth two in the bush. 4. All cats are grey in the night. 5. He will never see the Thames on fire.
6. He that would eat the fruit must climb the tree. 7. A friend in need is a friend indeed. 8. Every cloud
has silver a lining. 9. Make hay while the sun shines. 10. An hour in the morning is worth two in the
evening.
51. 1. The devil is not so black as he is painted. 2. Every man has a fool in his sleeve. 3. Strike while the iron
is hot. 4. Don't halloo till you are out of the wood. 5. Who keeps company with the wolf will learn to
howl. 6. The more haste, the less speed. 7. A word to the wise is enough. 8. The game is not worth the
candle. 9. The early bird catches the worm. 10. Rome was not built in a day
52. 1 An Englishman's…; 2 or articles/for a long time/out of touch; 3 to the party/out of sorts/to bed/a hot; 4
of the family/from school/in prison; 5 a narrow escape/a lorry; 6 The robbers/a blue car/The next day/the
getaway car/a short distance/the scene; 7 at first sight/the other side/a crowded room/a glass of; 8 A
young/the enemy/a war/to hospital/an operation; 9 keep an open mind/on the issue/the public transport;
10 a public speech/a woman.
53. 1 hundred; 2 their; 3 me; 4 twenty; 5 them; 6 some; 7 other; 8 which; 9 their; 10 ours; 11 it; 12 it; 13 we;
14 they; 15 thirty; 16 my.
54. 1 other; 2 it/herself; 3 everyone; 4 any/your; 5 none; 6 one/Either; 7 neither; 8 other; 9 something; 10
each.
55. 1 all; 2 other; 3 one; 4 themselves; 5 his; 6 one; 7 his; 8 some; 9 whom; 10 Every.
56. 1 There; 2 It; 3 It; 4 It; 5 There; 6 There; 7 It; 8 It; 9 There; 10 It.
57. 1 There is a message for you. It's from your boss. 2 I haven't got any nice skirts; I need to buy one. 3 He
put on his jacket and his hat and left. 4. We are going on holiday three weeks from now. 5 He hates
travelling by himself so he always has someone to accompany him. 6 She looked behind her because she
heard a strange noise. 7 As she had no money whatsoever I couldn't ask any from her. 8 Each employee
in turn will tell the manager when he wishes to take his holiday. 9 Each employee in turn will tell the
manager when he wishes to take his holiday. 10 None of my friends have travelled to the States.
58. 1-c; 2-i; 3-e; 4-b; 5-g; 6-j; 7-h; 8-a; 9-f; 10-d.
59. 1 white; 2 pink; 3 red; 4 blue; 5 black; 6 green; 7 yellow; 8 silver; 9 gold; 10 golden.

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60. 1 thin; 2 deaf; 3 different; 4 sick; 5 fit; 6 miserable; 7 plain; 8 large; 9 sober; 10 thick.
61. 1 This year the Attorney General had a paramount influence on the development of the events. 2 She
always boasts that they have had a Governor General in their family. 3 Every person in this group will be
treated differently as they belong to various body politics. 4 Hope eternal is not what is required from a
strong young man. 5 Whenever I come into the room he tries to hide from me that he's reading a penny
dreadful. 6 That small house contained the sum total of the family's possessions. 7 From time
immemorial there has been the belief that world is governed by gods. 8 The president elect will live with
his entire family in an official house. 9 The question proper has not been answered by anyone present. 10
Clara is a responsible woman so you can count on her.
62. 1-f; 2-e; 3-b; 4-g; 5-a; 6-h; 7-d; 8-j; 9-i; 10-c.
63. 1 indifferently, 2 conceivably, 3 stealthily, 4 querulously, 5 radically, 6 tremulously, 7 judiciously, 8
tirelessly, 9 slavishly, 10 inopportunely.
64. Suggested answers: 1 By and large, 2 firstly, 3 however, 3 moreover, 5 certainly, 6 on the whole, 7
funnily enough, 8 on the contrary, 9 in other words, 10 on the other hand.
65. 1 at; 2 by; 3 about; 4 on; 5 to; 6 for; 7 near; 8 on; 9 toward; 10 about.
66. 1 for; 2 of; 3 from; 4 against; 5 with; 6 to; 7 from; 8 on; 9 with; 10 in.
67. 1 without; 2 for; 3 to; 4 under; 5 for; 6 over; 7 in; 8 beyond; 9 with; 10 under.
68. 1 without; 2 into; 3 off; 4 in for; 5 behind; 6 through with; 7 by; 8 for; 9 above; 10 off.
69. 1 at; 2 into; 3 on; 4 to; 5 from; 6 into; 7 on; 8 in for; 9 up with; 10 through.
70. 1 or; 2 but; 3 and; 4 after; 5 wherever; 6 (in) the same way; 7 as if; 8 even if/though; 9 so that/in order
that; 10 in case.

Summarising exercises

1. a few = a small number of; some; few = not many, almost nothing.
2. Many + countable nouns; much + uncountable nouns.
3. What is normal or typical for members of a class.
4. A/a/a/the/The/an/a/a/the/the/a/the/the/the.
5. 1. Intensive complementation; 2. Complex transitive complementation with active verb; 3. Complex
transitive complementation with passive verb.
6. -/the/the/-/-/the/the/a/-/-/The/the/the/the/the.
7. Other/Some/others/Either/one/One/one/one/one/one/the other
8. News, measles, Physics, billiards, Athens.
9. Pliers, tongs, pants.
10. Annals, funds, goods, looks, remains.
11. Scrum – cenuşă; conţinut – cuprins (opis); minut – proces-verbal; aer – ifose; durere – eforturi.
12. Cattle, clergy, gentry, police, youth.
13. Photos, archipelago(e)s, cargo(e)s, pianos, heroes, Negroes, motto(e)s, volcano(e)s.

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14, Attorneys general, passers-by, grants-in-aid, gentlemen farmers, menservants, assistant directors, stand-
bys, boyfriends.
15. Analysis, louse, fungus, datum, index, criterion, tempo, seraph.
16. Spinster, nun, bride, usherette, goddess, mare, goose, duck, heifer, filly, she-goat, hen-pheasant.
17. Child, parent, spouse, neighbor, student.
18. a) specific: army; b) generic: the aristocracy; c) unique: the Arab League.
19. a) a woman’ cry; b) -; c) the committee’s proposal; d) no one’s mistake; e) Dickens’ novels; f) -; g) -; h)
-; i) -.
20. a) anybody; b) anybody; c) nobody; d) everybody; e) everybody; f) somebody; g) somebody; h)
somebody; i) anybody.
21. a)There were other tests, which everybody didn’t fail;
b) There was a single test which everybody failed;
a) I have other brothers somewhere else;
b) I have only one brother.
22. Each, all, every, and their compounds.
23. 1. The negatives not, never, etc. 2. The incomplete negatives hardly, little, etc. 3. The implied negatives
fail, prevent, etc.
24. a) numerical one; b) replacive one; c) indefinite one.
25. An adjective phrase is a phrase with an adjective as head.
26. Attributive and predicative.
27. The rich do not understand the needs of the poor. The wounded were left behind.
28. When they do not characterize the referent of the noun directly (‘an old friend’).
29. A) stative/dynamic; b) gradable/non-gradable; c) inherent/non-inherent.
30. I have bought a red and white silk summer blouse for my holiday. He was looking for a beautiful antique
polished teak coffee table.
31. 1. Adjuncts; 2. Disjuncts; 3. Conjuncts.
32. 1. Adjectives; 2. Adverbs; 3. Prepositional phrases; 4. Determiners, pre/post-determiners; 5. Noun
phrases.
33. a) hard; b) hardly; c) lately; d) late; e) highly; f) high.
34. a) He¹ appreciated that my proposal was² a good one, but he still wasn’t ³ willing to support me: 1. He
completely agreed ; 2. My proposal was good to a certain extent; 3. He wasn’t completely willing.
b) ¹I should ask her ² what she meant by her statement: 1. If I were you I …2. You need to see her in
person.
35. a) reluctantly; b) interminably; c) indifferently; d) concurrently; e) substantially; f) clandestinely; g)
conceivably; h) outspokenly; i) querulously; j) radically.
36. 1. At; 2. In; 3. Out; 4. To; 5. In; 6. To; 7. Back; 8. Into; 9. In; 10. To; 11. Of; 12. In; 13. From; 14. To;
15. Under; 16. For; 17. From; 18. With; 19. For; 20. At; 21. In; 22. For.
37. a) at; b) about; c) from; d) at; e) about; f) against; g) from; h) about.

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38. a) peace; b) the benefit; c) agreement; d) answer; e) compensation; f) good terms; g) the influence; h)
reference.
39. a) D; b) C; c) A; d) B; e) D; f) C; g) A; h) B.
40. a) turn down; b) turn up; c) turned in; d) getting on; e) get through; f) get over; g) take up; h) takes after;
I) took over the company.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AmE American English

BrE British English
Am adverb of manner
Ap adverb of place
At adverb of time
C Complement
E English
e.g. for example (Latin exempli gratia)
i.e. that is (Latin id est)
MP Member of Parliament
O, Obj object
P predicate

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Part particle
Prep preposition
S subject
V verb
V2 past participle
V3 past participle

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alexander, L. G. (1994) Longman English Grammar. Essex England: Longman Group UK Limited.
Alexander, L. G. (1992) Longman English Grammar Practice. Essex England: Longman Group UK
Limited.
Allsop, J. (1990) Test Your Phrasal Verbs. Great Britain: Penguin Books, BPC Hazel Books Ltd.
Courtney, Rosemary (1994) Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. Great Britain: Longman
Graver, B. D. (1995) Advance English Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Heaton, J. B. (1974) Prepositions and Adverbial Particles. Great Britain: Longman Group Ltd.
Hornby, A. S. (1997) (Crowther, J. Ed.) Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Iatcu, Tatiana (2002) A Short Grammar of English for Upper Intermediate and Advanced Students.
Tg. Mures: Universitatea Petru Maior.
Quirk, R. & Greenbaum, S. (1993) A University Grammar of English. Essex England: Longman
Group UK Limited.
Side, Richard & Wellman, Guy (2001) Grammar and Vocabulary for Cambridge Advanced and
Proficiency. Great Britain: Longman
Stannard Allen, W. (1995) Living English Structure. London: Longman Group UK Limited
Sroka, K. A. (1972) A Syntax of English Phrasal Verbs. The Hague, Paris: Mouton & Co. N. V.
Publishers
Stănciulescu, M. (1975) Prepoziţia. Bucureşti: Editura ştiinţifică şi enciclopedică
Walker, E. & Elsworth, S. (1998) Grammar Practice for Upper Intermediate Students. Essex England:
Addison Wesley Longman Limited
Watcyn-Jones, P. & Allsop, J. (1990) Test Your Preposition. Great Britain: Penguin Books, BPC
Hazel Books Ltd.
***The Wordsworth Concise English Dictionary (1994) (G. W. Davidson, M. A. Seaton and J.
Simpson Eds.) Cumberland House: Wordsworth Editions Ltd.

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 ***The Wordsworth Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (1993) (Revised by Ivor H. Evans) Cumberland
House: Wordsworth Editions Ltd.
***English Dictionary for Advanced Learners (2001) Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers
***Oxford Learner's Dictionary of English Idioms (1994) Oxford: Oxford University Press

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