Reviewer for Understanding Culture, Society and Politics

What is PERSONALITY?
 THE SUM TOTAL WAYS IN WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL REACTS AND INTERACTS WITH EACH OTHER

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
Model of Personality by SIGMUND FREUD
a) The Id
 Part of the personality structure that includes a human’s basic needs, instinctual drives such as
sex, hunger, aggressiveness.
 It is based on pleasure principle to avoid pain or displeasure and to obtain pleasure
b) The Ego
 The component of personality that is responsible for dealing with reality that attempts to
mediate between the id and the superego in its relation to the id it is like a man on a rampant
horse
 Like the id, the ego seeks pleasure and avoids pain when appropriate outlet is found and
concerned with devising a realistic strategy to get pleasure
c) The Superego
 The moral part of personality that includes the values, social rules and morals of society which
are learning from people’s parents and others.
 To control the id’s impulses such as social prohibition, taboos, sex and aggression

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

 Swiss Psychologist, worked for several decades on understanding children’s cognitive
development
 Most widely known theory of cognitive development
 Was intrigued by kids’ thoughts and behaviour and worked to understand their cognitive
development

The Preoperational Stage (Ages: 2 to 7 Years)

Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes:
 Children begin to think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent objects.
 Children at this stage tend to be egocentric and struggle to see things from the perspective of
others.
 While they are getting better with language and thinking, they still tend to think about things in
very concrete terms

According to Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development, separated into 3 levels:

1. Preconventional Level
 In this stage: kids learn to a fear of punishment/obedience, self-interest and usually occurs in
early childhood development
2. Conventional Level
  In this stage: teens learn to conform to others, rules/laws are upheld and usually occurs around
middle school
3. Postconventional Level
 In this stage: young adults develop their own ideas on important issues
 Alternatives are considered
 Ideas are based on principles
 Usually occurs around the college years

Stages of Psychosocial Development by Erik Erikson

STAGE 1: TRUST VS MISTRUST (Infant to 18month)
• Trust: Babies must learn to trust their parents care and affection
• Mistrust: if not done the babies could develop a distrust and view the world as inconsistent and
unpredictable
STAGE 2: AUTONOMY VS SHAME AND DOUBT (18month-3years)
• Autonomy: Doing things for themselves such as body control and making choices
• Shame & Doubt: They could start feeling ashamed and doubt their abilities
STAGE 3: INITIATIVE VS GUILT (3-5years)
• Initiative: Using initiative in planning or carrying out plans
• Guilt: Develops a sense of guilt over misbehaviour regarding parents limits
STAGE 4: INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY (5-13years)
• Industry: learn to follow the rules imposed by schools or home.
• Inferiority: The child can start believing they are inferior to others
STAGE 5: IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION (13-21years)
• Identity: Acquire a sense of identity
• Role Confusion: Can become confused about ones role in life
STAGE 6: INTIMACY VS ISOLATION (21-39years)
• Intimacy: Develops a relationship and joint identify with a partner
• Isolation: Can become and stay away from meaningful relationships
STAGE 7: GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION (39-65years)
• Generativity: making use of time and having a concern with helping others and guiding the next
generation
• Stagnation: Can become self-centered and stagnant
STAGE 8: INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR (65-older)
• Integrity: Understand and accept the meaning of temporary life
• Despair: Complains about regrets not having enough time and not finding a meaning throughout life

George Herbert Mead

 According to Mead, there are three activities through which the self is developed

Census Family
 Refers to a married couple and the children if any, of either both or both spouses
Illegitimate Child
 Is a child who is born to parents who are not married to each other or who is born “out of
wedlock”
 Referred to as bastard or a love child

Marriage
 Is a physical, legal and moral union between man and women in complete community life for
the establishment of a family

Marriage Patterns (Marriage Rules)

1. Endogamy
 This is a kind of marriage that is limited to members of same social group
2. Polyandry
 This is also another kind of polygamous marriage
 It is defined as the union of one woman to two or more men

Residential Patterns
A newly wedded couple must now choose their conjugal residence
 Neolocality
 this is an ideal type of residential pattern for industrialized societies

Patterns of Descent
Descent generally refers to the system by which the members of the family trace their ancestry over
generation
 Bilateral
 it is a kind of tracing one’s descent through both men and women

Kinship by Ritual (Compadrazgo)

Ritual Kinship
 Is a kind of kinship or familial ties that is established by a ritual

What is Infatuation?
 Is the state of being completely carried away by unreasoning passion or love; addictive love
is admiration for someone while not recognizing that person.

What is Love?
 CAN BE DESCRIBED AS A FEELING OF INTENSE AFFECTION FOR SOMEONE
 IS BASED ON A TRUE DESIRE FOR THE OTHER PERSON’S BEST INTERESTS

COURTSHIP
 IS THE PERIOD IN A COUPLE’S RELATIONSHIP WHICH PRECEDES THEIR ENGAGEMENT AND
MARRIAGE
Two Types of Family
1. Nuclear Family
 This is the typical form of almost all the families in the society
2. Extended Family
 Is not only composed of the main family members but includes as well the other family
members of the kinship group such as but limited to grandparents, uncles, aunties and cousins

Transnational Family
 Are families living in spatial separation
 Families such as these are not living together in the same conjugal dwelling of the husband and
wife

Juvenile Delinquency
 Can be explained by the failure of social control which is one of the responsibilities of the family
Rising incidence of early sexual involvement and teenage pregnancies
 This refers to engaging in some form of sexual encounter or sexual intercourse at an early age