ATMOSPHERE,CLASSIFICATION OF

CLIMATE,WHEATER AND SEASON

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BYE :
GROUP II
1. Heryanto Damanik
2. Lasma Enita Siahaan
3. Octaviani Damayanti Naibaho

BILINGUAL PHYSICS 2018

BILINGUAL PHYSICS
FACULTY OF MATHEMATIC AND SCIENCE
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
 I. ATMOSPHERE
A. Physical Properties of the Atmosphere
The atmosphere comes from the word atmos meaning steam and sphaira meaning globe
of the earth. The atmosphere is the layer of air that covers the earth. The atmosphere layer is a
mixture of various elements. The most important elements are Nitrogen (N2) as much as 78.08%,
Oxygen (O2) as much as 20.95%, Argon (Ar) as much as 0.95%, and Carbondioxide (CO2) as
much as 0.034%. Other elements, such as Neon (Ne), Helium (He), Ozone (O3), Hydrogen (H2),
Krypton (Kr), Methane (CH4), and Xenon (Xe). The atmosphere serves to protect the earth from
interference by space objects and solar radiation.
The atmosphere layer as the protective layer of the earth has several properties, namely as
follows.
1. Colorless, odorless, and formless, and can only be felt by the human sense of taste in
the form of wind.
2. Has a weight that can cause pressure.
3. Has dynamic and elastic properties that can expand and contract

B. Physical Structure of the Atmosphere

In general, the atmosphere layer is divided into five layers, namely as follows.

1. Troposphere
The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere at an altitude of 0 to 10 km from the
top of the earth's surface. At the equator, its thickness reaches 16 km, around middle latitudes
(30 ° N / LS – 60 ° N / S) it reaches 11 km, and in the polar regions it is about 8 km thick. In
this layer, the temperature changes based on the altitude of the place, i.e. every 100 meters
the average air temperature decreases by 0.5 ° C, except in tropical areas the average
temperature drops 0.6 ° C. Every 100 meters the temperature rises 10 ° C. The peak of the
troposphere layer is called the tropopause which has a temperature between -57 ° C to -62 °
C.
2. Stratosphere
The stratosphere has an altitude of 12–50 km above the earth's surface. In this layer there is a
layer of ozone (O3) which is very important to protect the earth from harmful solar radiation,
such as ultraviolet rays. The stratosphere layer is also called the isothermic layer. The upper
stratosphere is bounded by the stratopause. The temperature in the stratosphere and
stratopause layers is different. Stratopause is located at an altitude of 60 km with a
temperature of 0 ° C.
3. Mesosphere
The mesosphere has an altitude of 50–80 km above the earth's surface. The mesosphere layer
is often called the radio wave reflecting layer because in this layer radio waves are
propagated. The mesosphere layer is characterized by a decrease in temperature of 0.4 ° C
every 100 meters. The top of the mesosphere is bounded by the mesopause, which is the
layer in the atmosphere which has the lowest temperature, approximately –100 ° C.
4. Thermosphere
This layer is located at an altitude of 85–300 km above the earth's surface. A layer
characterized by an increase in temperature ranges from -100 ° C to hundreds or even
 thousands of degrees Celsius. The top of the thermosphere is bounded by a thermopause
which extends from an altitude of 300 km to an altitude of 1000 km.

I. CLIMATE
 Understanding Climate
Climate is the average weather condition within a year during which the investigation is
carried out over a long time (at least 30 years) and covers a large area. The sun is a very
important climate control and source of energy on earth that causes the motion of air and
ocean currents. Other climate controls include the distribution of land and water, high and
low pressure, air masses, mountains, and ocean currents and storms. You need to know that
the study of climate is called climatology.

 Climate Classification
The occurrence of varying climatic conditions on earth, due to the earth's rotation and
revolution, as well as differences in latitude from each region in the world. Several types of
climates, among others, are as follows.
1. Climate of the Sun
The classification of the solar climate is based on how much sunlight the earth's
surface receives. Places with high latitudes are less than places with low latitudes.
Based on the solar climate, the earth is divided into five climatic regions, namely as
follows.
a. Tropical Climate Area: 0 ° - 23.5 ° N / S
b. Subtropical Climate Area: 23.5 ° - 40 ° N / S
c. Moderate Climate Area: 40 ° - 66.5 ° N / S
d. Cold Climate Area: 66.5 ° - 90 ° N / S
2. Koppen climate
Koppen made climate classifications based on data on air temperature and
sediment associated with plant groups. This climate is most used by people. The
classification is based on rainfall and temperature. Koppen divides climate into five
climatic regions and is represented by letter symbols.
a. Climate A - Tropical Climate Characteristics of the coldest month temperature
not less than 18 ° C, high annual rainfall, averaging more than 70 cm / year.
Various types of vegetation.
b. b. Climate B - Dry Climate / Desert (Dry Climate) The characteristics are in the
desert or semiarid (steppa), the lowest rainfall is 25.5 mm / year. High
evaporation rate.
c. Climate C - Warm Temperate Climate The coldest month temperature ranges
from 18 ° C to –3 ° C.
d. Climate D - Snow Climate The average temperature of the warmest month is
more than 10 ° C, while the average temperature of the coldest month is –3 ° C.
e. Climate E - Arctic Climate (Ice Climate) There are in the Arctic and Antarctic
regions. The temperature never goes above 10 ° C. It doesn't have a really hot
summer.
3. Schmidt - Fergusson climate
 The method of calculating the division of the climate according to Schmidt-
Ferguson is based on the calculation of the number of driest months and wet months
each year then averaged. To determine the wet and dry months using the Mohr
method. According to Mohr one month it is said:
a. dry month, namely months where the rainfall is less than 60 mm;
b. wet months, namely months where the rainfall is more than 100 mm;
c. humid months, namely the months where the rainfall is between 60-100 mm.

4. Oldeman's climate
Oldeman's (1975) method only uses the element of rainfall as the basis of climate
classification. Wet months and dry months are associated with agriculture for certain
areas, respectively. Therefore, the climatic classification is known as the agro-
climatic classification.
The following are the types of climate according to Oldeman:
Climate A: If there are more than 9 consecutive wet months.
Climate B: If there are 7–9 consecutive wet months.
Climate C: If there are 5–6 consecutive wet months.
Climate D: If there are 3–4 consecutive wet months.
Climate E: If there are less than 3 consecutive wet months.

The wet, humid, and dry months Oldeman used are as follows .:
a. Wet month when the rainfall is more than 200 mm.
b. Months are humid when the rainfall ranges from 100-200 mm.
c. Dry months when the rainfall is less than 100 mm.
5. F. Junghuhn's climate
Junghuhn classified the climatic regions in Java Island vertically according to
plant life, as seen in the picture.

The division of the climatic area is as follows.

 a. Hot / Tropical Area Altitude: 0–600 m above sea level. Temperature: 22 ° C –
26.3 ° C. Plants: rice, corn, coffee, tobacco, sugar cane, rubber, coconut.
b. Area Medium Altitude: 600 m – 1500 m above sea level. Temperature: 17.1 ° C –
22 ° C Plants: rice, tobacco, tea, coffee, quinine, vegetables.
c. Cool Area Altitude: 1500–2500 m above sea level. Temperature: 11.1 ° C – 17.1 °
C Plants: coffee, tea, quinine, vegetables.
d. Cold Area Altitude: more than 2500 m above sea level. Temperature: 6.2 ° C –
11.1 ° C Plants: No cultivated plants.

III. Weather

 Weather definition
Weather is the air condition at a certain time and in a certain area which is relatively
narrow and in a short period of time. Weather is formed from a combination of weather
elements and the weather period can be only a few hours. For example, morning, afternoon,
or evening, and the situation can vary from place to place and every hour. the study of
weather conditions is called Meteorology. Meteorology or weather science is the study of
weather events in a limited time and space.
Weatherconsists of all phenomena that occur in the Earth's atmosphere occurring in a
short time and are observed in a few days.Weather occurs because temperature and humidity
are different from one place to another. This difference can occur because the angle of
heating of the Sun is different from one place to another due to differences in Earth's latitude.
Example: the weather is sunny, cloudy and rainy.

II. SEASON
 Understanding Season
Seasons occur in a longer time than weather and are observed in months. Season
representsone of the main divisions of the year,usually based on broad climatic forms.
There are usually four seasons in one year: Winter, Summer, Autumn and Spring.
Meanwhile, in Indonesia, which is a tropical country, there are only two seasons: the dry
season and the rainy season.
Bibliography :

Hartono. 2007. Geografi 1 Jelajah Bumi dan Alam Semesta. Jakarta: CV Citra Praya