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M Janaki
School of electrical engineering
Vellore institute of technology
Vellore, Tamil nadu-632014, India.
janaki.m@vit.ac.in
Abstract— This paper presents a combination of voltage to reduce these to introduce STATCOM in transmission
source converter and capacitor banks which is called as Static device [6]. DSTATCOM can have more number of
Compensator (STATCOM), voltage source converter (VSC)
components while as compared to STATCOM. The
based diversion connected Flexible AC Transmission System
(FACTS) devices which improves the dynamic and static voltage fundamental objective of the undertaking is to satisfy the
control in transmission in addition with distribution system. It distribution masses in a device in which it can’t change the
is a reactive power return device which can produce and absorb producing station for that the distribution load aspect
the reactive power. The power quality has ongoing to play an DSTATCOM is brought. In this paper, the primary purpose
important role in electronic and electrical industries. A system
is to place the DSTATCOM with a “distribution system”,
concerning the power quality measurement are voltage flicker
and harmonics. Normally DSTATCOM is connected in due to the fact it's far a lossless gadget. The ‘power quality’
distribution system. In some application DSTATCOM is used holds issues along with “voltage flicker, sag, and in addition
instead of capacitor banks because it is having low power losses. to harmonic ordinary and high-frequency clatter”. Power
The IGBT is used as a power switch which has low switching electronic devices alternate voltage and modern-day
loss and the turn off is very simple. In this paper THD is
waveforms in an electricity network, influencing electricity
evaluated, disturbances obtained in the voltage and current
waveforms are reduced by means of DSTATCOM. The offerings and purchaser system. ‘Harmonic voltages’ motive
distribution system with DSTATCOM and the control scheme a lack of ‘exactness in measuring gadgets and the damaged
used for power quality enhancement is simulated and validated operation of relays and manipulate systems.
by means of MATLAB/SIMULINK. “Electromagnetic noise”, as a result of the noise of the high-
frequency electromagnetic waves (Harmonics) launched
Keywords— Voltage source converter, DSTATCOM, SPWM,
Distribution system, Power quality, THD from strength-digital circuits, distresses ‘electronic devices’
used in business and enterprise’ and often encourages
I. INTRODUCTION interfering voltage in “communication strains.
Electric power generation and transmission is the To mitigate the harmonics and high frequency losses in a
multipart technique wherein many apparatuses of strength distribution machine D-STATCOM is used [7]-[8].
system are used to take full advantage of the output. STATCOM plays a main character in a distribution system
Nowadays global strength is playing a vital function. So, it's whilst a power first-class trouble is occurred. If the supply is
far taken into consideration as a chief component for balanced then only the deliver will pass through the track,
when the supply is unbalanced at that time only reactive
agriculture, railways, education, manufacturing and soon,
power might be injected through the machine that is known
for development of our financial system. The power which as VAR compensation. In this assignment DSTATCOM is
enables to drive active strength is known as reactive power connected in distribution system to compensate the strength
[1]. In transmission system’ powers plays a major role i.e. satisfactory problems [10].
‘real power’ and ‘reactive power’. If any problem takes place
I. POWER QUALITY
in either transmission line or distribution line like sag, swell,
skin impact, temperature effect, harmonics, flicker, noise ‘Power quality’ generally refers to eminence of voltage
etc. then at that point ‘power loss’ might be extra. To wer the supply [9]. To an application it means supply of adequate and
reliable power. To a consumer, it means adequate,
electricity loss, DSTATCOM may be related inside the
uninterrupted power which does no longer have an effect on
distribution system it'll be mitigated the electricity
the equipment. For a manufacturer it resources the quality and
satisfactory issues [2]-[5]. DSTATCOM is a ‘static voltage tolerance of voltage and current parameters that is written, the
compensator’ this is generally utilized in distribution line, range of parameters for which they are artificial and tested
connected in parallel. In this paper, it's far used for supply the product [10].
feeding with one give up i.e. handiest one client e.g. industry A. Why power quality is important:
in which it will likely be the usage of one tapping, as a result It is important because
very large amount of current might be there so, power loss • Client pays for good ‘quality power’. If power
could be very high. Some of the faults may additionally arise quality is corrupted that means it is a breach of trust.
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B. Reactive Power:
‘Reactive power’ is the power that moves in both the ways
in the circuit or react upon itself. Power, as we distinguish
that it involves of two components, ‘active’ and ‘reactive
power’ [11]. The accumulation of active and reactive power
is called as “apparent power”.
The energy is deposited provisionally in inductive and
capacitive elements in AC circuits, which fallout in the
periodic reversal of the way of flow of energy between the
source and the load. The power which is expended or utilized
in an AC circuit is called real power, and this is the real
energy of the system and is used to do work. This is the Fig: 2 Power circuit of DSTATCOM.
unexploited power which the system must deserve to convey
power. Inductors (reactors) are said to store reactive power, • In Fig. 2, a DSTATCOM looks as a ‘modifiable voltage
because they accumulate energy in the form of a ‘magnetic source’ overdue a reactance which means that capacitor
field’ [10]. Therefore, when a voltage is primarily applied banks and shunt reactors aren’t used for reactive power
through a coil, a magnetic field is built up. This origin the generation and captivation therefore by giving a
current to lag the voltage in phase to it. Capacitors are DSTATCOM a compacted proposal, moreover low noise
supposed to yield reactive power, because they accumulate and ‘low magnetic’ effect [8].
energy in the form of an ‘electro static’ field [11]. Therefore, • The conversation of reactive power between the converter
when current permits over the capacitor, a charge figures up and the AC system can be particular by altering the
to yield voltage variance over a certain period. The capacitor amplitude of the three-phase output voltage, Es, of the
leans towards to oppose this change, so its origins the voltage
converter, as demonstrated in Fig 2 [11].
to lag current in phase. In an inductive circuit, the
• Compared to efficacy bus; if the amplitude of the output
instantaneous power can be written as:
voltage is enlarged then a current movement through the
reactance from the converter to the AC system and a
𝑃 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡). 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 − 𝜃) (7)
capacitive-reactance power is generated for the AC
system. And when compared to the utility bus if the
. .
𝑃= 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜔𝑡) + 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜔𝑡) amplitude of the output voltage is reduced then a current
(8) flow through the converter and the converter employ
The instantaneous ‘reactive power’ is given by: inductive reactive power.
• If the AC system voltage is equal to output voltage at that
.
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜔𝑡) (9) point the reactive power exchange will turn out to be
nothing, in such cases DSTATCOM is said to be in a
Where:
inconsistent state-run.
P = ‘instantaneous power
• Amongst the converter output voltage and the output
V max = Peak rate of the ‘voltage waveform
voltage and the AC system voltage if the ‘phase shift’ is
Imax = Peak rate of the current waveform
adjusted then in similar cases we can control real-power
ω = ‘Angular frequency
conversation [8] i.e. The converter necessities real power
= 2πf where f is the frequency of the waveform.
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2019 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT)
to the AC system from its DC energy charging if the • It is desirable to funding the system during and after
converter yield voltage is made to lead the AC system faults.
voltage. • It has an enlarged transient ranking in both capacitive and
• DSTATCOM can engage actual power from the ‘AC the inductive operating regions.
system’ used for the DC system if its voltage lags the AC • In the inductor region, the converter switched are
system voltage. It distributes the reactive power by naturally commuted.
fluctuating the immediate reactive power amongst the • Semiconductor switches of the converters not lossless, so
phases of the AC system. the energy stored in the dc capacitor is used to encounter
• If the converter is functioned to supply the reactive yield internal losses.
power, in such cases the real power provided that by the • The converter can keep the capacitor charged, after
DC source as input to the converter necessity to be zero. DSTATCOM is used as reactive power generation.
• The voltage source converter (VSC) will have the similar • In this way, the converter engages a small amount of real
rated current aptitude when it operates with the power to meet its internal losses and keep the capacitor at
‘capacitive’ and ‘inductive’ reactive current. anticipated value.
• By means of power electronic device other reactive power
is formed in the DSTATCOM of the voltage source
converter [13].
• The VSC operate with the fundamental frequency
switching to reduce converter losses in steady state.
• However, during transient state produced by the fault in
‘pulse width modulation’ (PWM) mode to inhibit the fault
current from incoming the VSC. So, in this way the
DSTATCOM can endure the transients on the AC side
without blocking.
D. Compensation model
DSTATCOM can be indicated as a shunt current source.
By governing the magnitude and the phase angle of the Fig 4: V-I characteristics of DSTATCOM.
VSC output voltage, both active and reactive power can be
measured and exchanged between DSTATCOM, the load IV. PWM TECHNIQUE in DSTATCOM
and the network, i.e. all 4 VSC quadrants are used. Pulse width modulation inverters are in the main used for
DSTATCOM approach is shown in Fig 3. C is an inner DC realistic programs in strength electronics circuits. The PWM
capacitance. Rs signifies interior converter losses typically inverters can produce AC voltage of various magnitude and
[7], but it is used as the storage governable resistance in this frequency. The output voltage of PWM inverter is recovering
model. It allows the current ird regulatory. while associated with a square wave inverter best. Variable
pace AC drives normally use those PWM inverters [6]. A
massive pace distinction of drives can be observed via
fluctuating the frequency of the AC voltage applied on it a
linear courting should be there between carried out voltage
and frequency. For using unmarried segment and three
segment sorts this PWM inverter might be implemented.
“Depending upon the weather of implementations, there
are distinctive types” of PWM strategies gift. However, in
these kinds of techniques, the produced output voltage, after
filtering “acquire a very good great sinusoidal, voltage
waveform having’ chosen essential frequency and
importance” for my part [13]. The PWM inverter are used’ to
interchange the voltage’ and harmonic contents are
condensed output voltage. A number” of the modulation
Fig 3: system diagram of DSTATCOM. techniques’ are:
The circuit equation can be written as 1. Single pulse width modulation technique (SPWM)
𝐿 + 𝑅. 𝐼 = 𝑈𝑡 − 𝑈𝑖 (11) 2. Multiple uniform pulse width modulation (UPMW)
3. Sinusoidal pulse with modulation (Sin-PWM)
E. V – I characteristics of DSTATCOM 4. Modified sinusoidal pulse width modulation.
• The DSTATCOM can resource both ‘capacitive’ and
‘inductive’ recompense. A. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation:
• The DSTATCOM can yield the whole output of Industries will use this method’ generally. A sinusoidal
capacitive technology (Fig.4). reference sign and triangular service wave will be in
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comparison then a generated gating signal might be obtained. overcome all these factors DSTATCOM plays a major. Role
The width’ of every pulse is ‘modified proportionally to the in the “distribution line”.
amplitude of a sine wave evaluated ‘at the middle of the’ For instance a voltage supply manage at electric arc
identical pulse. It’s far; the popular manage technique in furnace: In metallic vegetation the arc furnace performs a
most, cases utilized in power electronics inverter circuit. It is primary function, for “filtering steel” with successive
having. Many benefits like switching losses, the output has continuous manner of additional steel processing, in electric
fewer harmonics and method is simple to enforce. ‘arc furnace’ the scrap is transformed to melt in maximum
instances, and due to which it needs greater strength, as for
the electrical ‘arc furnace’ is preferred for its manner even as
the manner is going on at a very ‘excessive temperature’, the
coil around the furnace will need more strength to keep that
temperature to warmth the furnace. The supply voltage; takes
a sinusoidal form, but the traits of arc contemporary has a
chaotic and very adequate distorted time conduct. The
difference. Among the deliver voltage and the arc voltage, are
huge, in which this distinction will have “an effect on the
power circuit”. Due to the fact it's far an inductive impedance
function the burden. Modern is non-sinusoidal and delays the
voltage. The economic networks are furnished from the
distribution gadget of 110kv, wherein the primary power
consumer is electrical arc furnace with the rated power
60MVA. Electric arc furnace; is the most dominant ‘electrical
power’ customer. Therefore, its miles the one which
distresses the power high-quality to all coupled customers is
Fig 5: SPWM simulation model in MATLAB. that location. In addition dimensions had been finished within
the commercial community inside the plant of 33kv which
Fig.5 and Fig.6 show the generation of SPWM in entails the electrical arc furnace.
MATLAB and waveforms of SPWM respectively..
VI. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
V. METHODOLOGY
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Fig 11: source side when DSTATCOM is not connected. VII. CONCLUSION
Fig 12: load side voltage and current waveforms when STATCOM
REFERENCES
is not connected. [1] K. R. Padiyar, “Power System Dynamics Stability and Control”,
New Age International Publishers, - Second Edition.
Hyderabad, India: B.S. Publications, 2000.
[2] Shahgholian, J. Faiz, "Static synchronous compensator for
improving performance of power system: A review", Int.
Review of Elec. Eng., Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 2333-2342, Oct. 2010.
[3] Statcom for arc furnace and flicker compensation, CIGRE
Technical Brochure 237, 2003.
[4] S. Abazari, Gh. Shahgholiyan, O. Ghanaati, "Optimal choice
and allocation of FACTS devices to decrease power network
loss's using genetic algorithms", Majlesi J. of Elec. Eng., 3(1),
pp. 45–52, Summer 2010.
[5] Akagi H., Kanazawa Y. and Nabae A., “Instantaneous Reactive
Power Compensators comprising Switching Devices without
Energy Storage Components”, IEEE Transactions on Industry
Fig 13: Distribution line output when DSTATCOM is connected. Applications, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 625-630, 1984.
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