‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪١٠٠‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬١ J٤
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬      
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 WE١ J٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 K‫א‬ E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
 
Input ‫א‬
|‫א‬|‫א‬‫א‬|‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Storing ‫א‬
||‫א‬|

Manipulation ‫א‬
|‫א‬‫א‬||‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
Output ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬||‫א‬||‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٦٧-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬٢ J٤
  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
،GIS‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،E …،‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ٪٨٠  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬، ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬ 
 KE‫א‬ …‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
،        ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،EZ F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
     ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬

  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   W ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EScannerF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EVector DataFERaster DataF
 KEDigitizing on ScreenF‫א‬EDigitizing TableF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EDigitizing on ScreenF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EDigitizerF‫א‬
 W

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ،       ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬
،‫א‬،E٢ J٤F‫א‬
       ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

-٦٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬

 
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬      ‫א‬         
‫א‬،E٣ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،ENodeF 
‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 
 
 
 
 

   
 
 ‫א‬  
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J٤F
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
    
 KE٤ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
١ ١
 
٢  
 
٦ ٦
٣ ٣
٤ ٤
 
٧ ٥ ٧ ٥
 
٨ ٨
 

   
E٤F‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  x١ J٣z‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
    KE٥ J٤ F ‫א‬    ،E‫א‬F ‫א‬
‫א‬    K      ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
‫א‬       ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،E٦ J٤ F
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦ J٤F
 WEEdge MatchingF‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
  ‫א‬        
KE٧ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ،‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬

 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬WE٧ J٤F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ECADF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E
 
*.Shp‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ESRI® Shape file‫א‬ 
         KE٨ J٤ F
‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬

KArcCatalog®‫א‬WE٨ J٤F
 
K*.MDB ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ESRI®   Geodatabases   
Microsoft        ‫א‬  
    ‫א‬ ESRI®   ،Access®
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،
‫א‬ E     F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
KE٩ J٤F‫א‬
 

 
®
 KArcCatalog GeodatabasesWE٩ J٤F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬

KAutodesk® *.Dwg *.DXF‫א‬ 

F    
KE١٠ J٤FKE

 
‫א‬‫א‬
  
  
  
  
 
 KArcCatalog®DWGWE١٠ J٤F

   KMicrostation®‫א‬ *.Dgn ‫א‬ 

K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  KERDAS IMAGINE®   (.IMG) ‫א‬  

.ERaster formatF
 KERDAS IMAGINE® (.LAN) ‫א‬ 
.‫א‬‫א‬ERaster formatF
‫א‬  ،Controlled Image Base (CIB)  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬
Compressed ARC Digitized ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
Raster Graphics (CADRG)
DTED Level 0, 1, and 2 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬(.DT*)
Digital Elevation Models (*.DEM) ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬

KMicrosoft® Windows bitmap (.BMP) ‫א‬ 

JPEG ‫א‬  ، Graphic Interchange Format (.GIF) ‫א‬
،Portable ‫א‬  ،File Interchange Format, JIFF (.JPG)
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ Network Graphics (.PNG)
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ MrSID (.SID) ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬
Tagged Image File Format, TIFF (.TIF) ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEGeoTifF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬١ J٢ J٤
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 W

  EF  ‫א‬    W‫א‬ ‫ א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬

  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    W‫א‬ ‫ א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
     ،‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EContour F‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬  W‫א‬
 KEDEMF‫א‬‫א‬ESpot HeightsF‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬   ،E،،F ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  W ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
،E ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  W‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬٣ J٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  ‫א‬      ‫א‬     
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬    
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،EHard Disk Drive - HDDF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
EServerF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EClientF،
 KE١١ J٤
 
-٧٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬ 








‫א‬

‫א‬


 
 
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬
  
‫א‬ 
  
 
 K‫א‬WE١١ J٤F
 
‫א‬WF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
Magnetic  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،CD-Rom or DVD ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،Floppy Disk ‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬   ،      ETape
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

-٧٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٤
   ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ،  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬       
      ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ،‫א‬    K     ‫א‬
 ٥٠٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
٥٠٠FE‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE
‫א‬ ٥
‫א‬،‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٨٠-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬

  ،       ‫א‬ 

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬  
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،    ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬  ،     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ EFunctionsF
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WEBufferingF‫א‬‫א‬ENearF‫א‬‫א‬ 
،F     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬KKK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K    
‫א‬‫א‬EBufferingF
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE١٢ J٤F    
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
R  
D   D
D
 
 
 
R D D
 
 KWE١٢ J٤F
 
             
 ‫א‬ E١٣ J٤ F‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
F             ، 
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬E١٤ J٤
 KE١٥ J٤F

-٨٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬
 
 
KELine Feature FWE١٣ J٤F
 

٥٠

 
 KEArea Feature FWE١٤ J٤F
 

-٨٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬




KEPoint Feature FWE١٥ J٤F

 
 WEAdjacencyF‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ١٦ J٤FE،F‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  KE ،F ‫א‬    
‫א‬EaF   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Eb-c-d-fF،‫א‬E،F
 K‫א‬E،F
 
 

-٨٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬

 
b
c
 
  
d  
f a
 

 
    

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٦ J٤F
 
 WEShort WayF‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬ F W ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     
   E ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  
‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬        
 E١٧ J٥ ‫א‬F  ،      K‫א‬ ‫א‬
،E٥F‫א‬E١F‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 
 
 
٣ ٢
١  
٤  
٥ ٧
٦  
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٧ J٤F

 W‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،

-٨٥-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ،
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬     ‫א‬
،E١٨ J٤F٪٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   E١ J٤ F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬KE٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
  
٪٦ 
 
 


  ٪٨ 

 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
٢   ١
٣
 
٥
٤
 
٦
 ٧
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٨ J٤F
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٤F
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
     ٪٨    ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ٪٦    ٢
     ٪٦    ٣
     ٪٨    ٤
     ٪٦    ٥
     ٪٦    ٦
     ٪٨    ٧
 
 WE~F‫א‬E?? JUF‫א‬E?? - ∩F‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٩ J٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

A B A B A B
 
 
 
B∩A BUA A~
AB A ‫א‬B A   
 
A B A B A B  
 
 
(B~∩EA EB U AF~ (B U A) – ( B ∩A)
EABF  EA ‫א‬B F   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٩ J٤F
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬

F‫א‬ 
 WE
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٠ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢١ J٤F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
C‫א‬ B , A‫א‬
٣ ٢ B  
٤‫א‬ ٢،١‫א‬
٥‫א‬ G ٨،٣‫א‬ G A ٥
٤  ١
٦
٦‫א‬ ١٠،٩‫א‬ ٨ ٧ C
  G
٩
٧‫א‬ ،١١‫א‬ ١٢ ١١  ١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٠ J٥F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢١ J٤F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬

 W 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  E F    ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬،
 K
 K‫א‬ 
 K 
 K 
 K‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
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 W‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٤
E٢٢ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ E٢٤ J٤ F ‫א‬  E٢٣ J٤ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٥ J٤F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٢٦ J٤Fwww.arriyadhmap.com‫א‬ 
KE٢٧ J٤F Google Earth 
KE٢٨ J٤F www.Multimap.com 
KE٢٩ J٤F www.Map24.com 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬

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K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٢ J٤F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬

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 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٣ J٤F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬

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 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٤ J٤F
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 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٥ J٤F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬

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 K‫א‬GIS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٦ J٤F
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 K‫א‬GIS‫א‬EGoogle EarthF‫א‬WE٢٧ J٤F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٣  ‫א‬

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 K‫א‬GIS‫א‬EMultimap.comF‫א‬WE٢٨ J٤F
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 K‫א‬GIS‫א‬EMap24.comF‫א‬WE٢٩ J٤F
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