Corso di

FONDAMENTI DI MECCANICA
DEL VOLO ATMOSFERICO

3rd exercise session

POLItecnico
di MIlano

Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Aerospaziali

Politecnico di Milano
Milano

A.A. 2018-19
 Characteristic points

Neutral point Control point

𝐶ℳ𝑃 𝐶ℳ𝑃
𝛼 𝛿
𝜉𝑁 − 𝜉𝑃 = 𝜉𝐶 − 𝜉𝑃 =
𝐶𝐿𝛼 𝐶𝐿𝛿
Trimmed polar

DAER
 Characteristic laws
Vertical and moment equilibrium

𝐶𝐿 = 𝐶𝐿𝛼 𝛼 − 𝛼0 + 𝐶𝐿𝛿 𝛿 − 𝛿0 (*) Vertical forces

𝐶ℳ𝐺 = 𝜉𝑁 − 𝜉𝐺 𝐶𝐿𝛼 𝛼 − 𝛼0 + 𝜉𝐶 − 𝜉𝐺 𝐶𝐿𝛿 𝛿 − 𝛿0 (**) Moment about gravity center

Imposing moment equilibrium 𝑪𝓜𝑮 = 𝟎

𝜉𝑁 −𝜉𝐺 𝐶𝐿𝛼
𝛿 ∗ − 𝛿0 = − 𝛼 − 𝛼0 (***)
𝜉𝐶 −𝜉𝐺 𝐶𝐿𝛿

Trimmed lift coefficient (inserting (***) in (*) )

𝜉𝑁 − 𝜉𝐺
𝐶𝐿 = 𝐶𝐿𝛼 1 − 𝛼 − 𝛼0 = 𝐶𝐿∗𝛼 𝛼 − 𝛼0
Trimmed polar

𝜉𝐶 − 𝜉𝐺

Trimmed lift curve slope

𝜉𝑁 − 𝜉𝐺 1 𝜉𝑁 − 𝜉𝐺
𝐶𝐿∗𝛼 = 𝐶𝐿𝛼 1 − = 𝐶 , 𝜖=
𝜉𝐶 − 𝜉𝐺 1 + 𝜖 𝐿𝛼 𝜉𝐶 − 𝜉𝐺

DAER
 Drag

The total drag is the sum of two contributions: wing and tail.

Assume parabolic polars for both contributions

Wing drag: 𝐶𝐷𝑤 = 𝐶𝐷𝑤0 + 𝑘 𝑤 𝐶𝐿𝑤
2
•
2
• Tail drag: 𝐶𝐷𝑡 = 𝐶𝐷𝑡 0 + 𝑘 𝑡 𝐶𝐿𝑡

where
𝐶𝐿𝑤 = 𝑎𝑤 𝛼 𝑤 = 𝑎𝑤 𝛼 + 𝑖 𝑤
𝐶𝐿𝑡 = 𝑎𝑡 𝛼 𝑡 = 𝑎𝑡 𝛼 + 𝑖𝑡 − 𝜀0 − 𝜀𝛼 + 𝑏 𝑡 𝛿

Total drag coefficient

Trimmed polar

𝐶𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷𝑤 + 𝜂𝜎𝐶𝐷𝑡

being 𝜂 and 𝜎 the ration between tail and wing dynamic pressure and area
respectively.

DAER
 Example

CG position
𝜉𝐺fwd = −0.05, 𝝃𝐟𝐰𝐝
𝑮 = −𝟎. 𝟑𝟕

Wing data
Quantity Symbol Value UoM
Area 𝑆 86.71 m2
Span 𝑏 27.93 m
Mean Aero Chord 𝑐 3.22 m
Incidence 𝑖𝑊 0 rad
Min Drag coefficient 𝐶𝐷𝑊0 0.01941 −
Trimmed polar

Osvald coefficient 𝑒𝑤 0.8689 −

Lift curve slope 𝑎𝑤 4.698 rad−1
Aerodynamic center 𝑊
𝜉𝐴𝐶 0.0137 −
position
Moment coefficient 𝑊
𝐶ℳ -0.2476 −
𝐴𝐶𝑊

DAER
 Example
Tail data
Quantity Symbol Value UoM
Area 𝑆𝑡 19.25 m2
Span 𝑏𝑡 10.00 m
Mean Aero Chord 𝑐𝑡 2.72 m
Incidence 𝑖𝑡 -7 deg
Min Drag coefficient 𝐶𝐷𝑡 0 0.018 −
Osvald coefficient 𝑒𝑡 0.985 −
Lift curve slope 𝑎𝑡 0.364 rad−1
lift derivative respec control deflection 𝑏𝑡 0.18 rad−1
Dynamic pressure ratio 𝜂 0.96 -
Trimmed polar

Constant upflow 𝜀0 0 -
Upflow derivative wrt AoA 𝜀𝛼 0.2137 rad−1
Aerodynamic center position 𝑡
𝜉𝐴𝐶 -4.806 −
Moment coefficient 𝑡
𝐶ℳ 0 −
𝐴𝐶𝑡

DAER
 Trimmed lift curve

CG moves forward
Trimmed polar

DAER
 Trimmed polar curve

CG moves forward
Trimmed polar

DAER