Name: Arjun Baral

roll no: 04
ASSIGNMENT: 02
1. EXPLAIN THE VARIOUS TYPES OF PIPE FITTINGS AND VALVES USED IN
WATER CONVEYANCE FOR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM WITH APPROPRIATE
DRAWINGS AND FIGURES.
Ans: Pipe fitting are used for various purposes and function like to join multiple pipes of same or
different size, to regulate the flow of water and to measure the flow through pipe in water supply
system. Pipe fitting are used to manipulate the conveyance of water in water supply system. Pipe
fitting are made of different materials like copper, iron, brass, PVCs etc.
There are various types of pipe fitting used for the conveyance of water, they are listed
below: -

I. Elbow pipe fitting

Elbows are used to change the direction of flow between two pipes. Elbows are generally
available with an angle of 22.5o, 45o and 90o. If pipes are of same diameter then normal elbows
are used otherwise Reducer elbows are used. These are generally coming with internal threads.

Figure 1: Elbow pipe fitting

II. Reducer pipe fitting
Reducer is a pipe fitting component which reduces the flow size from larger to smaller
by reducing size of pipe. Usually there are two types of reducers are available. One is concentric
reducer which is like cone shaped with gradual decreasing around the pipe. Other one is
eccentric reducer which is having one edge parallel to connecting pipe.

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III. Tree type pipe fitting (T-shaped)
Tee type fitting is a component of plumbing system which is in T-shape. It is having one inlet
and two outlets; outlets are arranged at 90° to the main line connection. It can also be used to
combine the flow from two inlets to one outlet

IV. Cross type pipe fitting

Cross type fittings contain four opening in four directions. These are connected when
there are four pipes are meeting at a point. Cross fittings are generally used for fire sprinkler
systems.

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V. Coupling type pipe fitting
A coupling is used to connect the pipes of same diameter. Coupling are also useful if the
pipe is broken or leakage occurs. Generally, there are two types of couplings are available.
Compression coupling and slip coupling.

VI. Union type pipe fitting

Union is a type of fitting, which functions as similar to coupling. But coupling cannot be
removed after fixing but in this case, we can remove the union whenever we needed. Unions
consists nut, male and female ended threads. So, this is also useful for maintaining purpose of
pipe.

VII. Adaptor type pipe fitting

If the pipes are not having special ends or plain ends then adaptors make them threaded.
Adopters are generally used for copper and PVC pipes. One end of adapter is plain which is
glued or welded or soldered to the plain pipe end.

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VIII. Olet type pipe fitting
Olets are used when there are standard sizes of fittings are not suitable for our
requirement. Sometimes the inlet pipe size is larger compared to outlet pipes in t-sections then
also Olets are used. There are many types of olets are available. Some important types of olets
are: -

IX. Plug type pipe fitting

Plug is a component of plumbing component which is generally used to close pipe
opening during inspections and repairs. Plug are generally contains male threads.

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X. Cap type pipe fitting
Cap is a type of pipe fitting which function is same as plug but the only difference is plug
contain male threads and cap contain female threads which is screws on the male thread of pipe.
These are available in different materials like rubber, copper, steel, plastic etc.

VALVES IN WATER SUPPLY

Pipe valves are mechanisms or devices to regulate or control the flow of water within a
pipe in water supply system. While some valves are used to regulate the rate of flow, there are
others that are used to stop it completely in order to prevent unwanted flow. It is also used during
maintenance of pipe or other component of the supply system. Valves are generally made up of
mild steel, plastic, aluminum, gun metal etc.
Various types of valves used in water supply or water conveyance system are given below: -

I. Ball valve
Ball valves are made with a rotating sphere that has a hole in it. In the open position, the
hole in the sphere is in line with the pipe. When closed, the hole in the sphere is perpendicular to
the pipe.

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 .

II. Gate valve

Gate valves control water flow by raising or lowering the gate, which is generally a piece of
metal. There is a wheel or knob at the top of a gate valve that controls the height of the gate.
Gate valves may not be very durable and are susceptible to corrosion, which will cause the valve
to get stuck in the open or closed position.

III. Butterfly valve

Butterfly valves have a disc that is equal in size to the inside diameter of the pipe. This
disc is attached to a lever handle that rotates the disc, which adjusts the flow of water. The main
drawback to butterfly valves is that the control disc is always present within the flow of water
(even when fully open) so there will always be a pressure drop when using them.Butterfly valves
allow for fairly precise control of flow.

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IV. Diaphragm Valve
A diaphragm valve is similar to a gate valve in that there is a wheel or knob that moves
an element in the valve fitting, which limits the flow of water. In a diaphragm valve, the element
is a diaphragm that settles down over a saddle, thus stopping water flow.

V. Globe valve
Globe valves are used to throttle or limit the flow of water. They have a stopper that is
raised and lowered by a wheel or knob on a shaft. The stopper seals into a baffle to stop flow.
Globe valves are used in situations where the flow needs to be adjusted regularly, but also where
the flow doesn't have to be fully open since the baffle restricts flow.

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VI. Check valve
Check valves are used to keep water flowing in only one direction. They are generally not
operational. A back-flow preventer is a type of check valve.

2. WHY IS IT NECESSARY TO INCORPORATE THE WATER TREATMENT

PLANT DURING DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY PROJECT FOR ANY TOWN OR
LOCALITY? ELABORATE IT WITH THE HELP OF NECESSARY EXAMPLES
AND DATA.

Ans: Pure drinking water supply is the one of the important factors for the urbanization and city
planning. Rapid urbanization and population growth result in increase in demand of water supply
in city areas. Supply of pure drinking water is main challenges for many city planning. Various
contamination at the source, presence of chemical and other impurities, pollution cause in
degradation of water quality and result in inappropriate for drinking or usage. To overcome this
problem water treatment is required to incorporate with the water supply system.

The main source of drinking water supply in most of city are rivers and natural springs,
and underground water. Many pollution occurs in the river and open natural spring due to many
causes like: - fertilizers used by farmer is washed away by the rain water to the river and also it
promote algae growth in water(eutrophication), people use harmful chemical for fishing purposes
which add unwanted chemical in river, due to the lack of proper waste management industrial
and other wastes are dumped in river, also there is the practice of cleaning of vehicles, clothes,
domestic animals etc. which add unwanted chemical in the river, same water is being supplied to
the city for drinking purpose without any treatment. Also, in case of ground water contain

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excessive amount of chemical and minerals. As groundwater flows through the ground, metals
such as iron and manganese are dissolved and may later be found in high concentrations in the
water. Industrial discharges, urban activities, agriculture, and disposal of waste all can affect
groundwater quality. Also ground water may contain high amount of compound like, Arsenic,
Barium, Chloride, Fluoride etc. that may cause health hazards.

According to the WHO, the level of haziness in drinking water should be below 6
Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU). But water supplied to the most of the city is too high than
the permissible NTU. For example, drinking water currently distributed in Pokhara, sometime
reach 60 NTU during monsoon period. Drinking water true color unit should not exceed 15
TCU. Slightly color in water is consider as undrinkable It is considered as unacceptable for
drinking and human use. most water in the source for the supply to city or town are always has
contaminant and chemical impurities greater than that of recommended by the WHO. So, we
should incorporate water treatment plant during design of water supply system for any town or
city.

Taking the example of Pokhara, despite large population and the top most tourist
destination of Nepal, there are currently no water treatment plants in Pokhara, causing challenges
in managing the water quality. water is supplied to consumer without adequate treatment.
Different rivers are the main source of water supply in Pokhara. During the monsoon season
these sources are highly affected by rain and flood water enters in source of the water supply and
also rain water enters through the broken transmission line. Water in tap is too muddy for use for
drinking and other household purposes. To prevent this water treatment plant should be
constructed.

According to JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) on 2016 survey in Pokhara,

the tap water quality in terms of turbidity peaks at 50 nephelometric turbidity units (NTUs) on
more in 54 percent of homes, greatly exceeding Nepal’s drinking water standard of 5 NTUs, and
such elevated NTU levels may last for upwards of 50 days during the rainy season. JICA also has
suggested that there is need to incorporate water treatment plant and regular chlorination and
water quality monitoring.

3. YOU AS DESIGNER WHICH PARAMETERS/FACTORS WOULD YOU

CONSIDER FOR THE DESIGN OF SEDIMENTATION TANK FOR A WATER
TREATMENT PLANT AND WHY. EXPLAIN IT IN DETAIL.
Ans: Sedimentation is the process in which water is retained in a tank or basin so that the
suspended particles present in the water may be settle down under the action of gravity.
Sedimentation is carried out in rectangular, circular or square structure tank, which is called
sedimentation tank. During design of sedimentation tank various parameters should be
consider. If I have to design sedimentation tank, I would consider following design
parameters :-

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 I. Overflow velocity (V o )
II. Settling velocity (V s )
III. Size and shape of particles
IV. Detention time
V. Flow through velocity
VI. Sludge zone depth
VII. Efficiency

I. Overflow velocity (surface over flow rate) (V o )

Over flow velocity is defined as the volume of water applied per unit time per unit time per
unit horizontal surface area. During the design of sedimentation tank, over flow velocity
must be less than settling velocity of the particle. If the overflow velocity become greater
than settling velocity, sediment or particle will pass the sedimentation tank without being
settling.
Q
Overflow velocity v 0=discharge / surface area=
B*l
Generally, it is taken 12-18 m³/day/m². It also helps in determining surface area for
sedimentation tank.

II. Settling velocity (V s )

Settling velocity in the sedimentation tank is defined as the velocity at which suspended
particle are settling down. Settling velocity is important parameter for the design of
settlement tank, as it gives idea about the how much overflow velocity should be kept so that
efficiency of sedimentation tank can be made maximum. For higher efficiency settling
velocity should be greater than over flow velocity.

III. Size and shape of particle

The size and type of particles to be removed have a significant effect on the operation and
design of the sedimentation tank. Sand or silt can be removed very easily because of their
density. Most of the sand and silt will be removed by simple gravitational forces. In contrast,
colloidal material will not settle until the material is coagulated and flocculated by adding a
chemical, such as iron salt or aluminum sulfate. The shape of the particle also affects its
settling characteristics. A round particle, for example, will settle much more readily than a
particle that has ragged or irregular edges.

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IV. Detention time
Detention time of sedimentation tank may be defined as the average theoretical time required
for water to flow through the tank length. The optimal detention time for sedimentation
basins depends on whether sludge removal is automatic or manual.
V
Detention time= volume of tank/ discharge=
Q
  For plain sedimentation tank it is generally taken as 4-8hrs. and for coagulated it is taken 2-
4 hrs. Detention time helps in determining volume of the sedimentation tank.

V. Flow through velocity

Flow through velocity is defined as the velocity of the water with which it travels from inlet
to outlet of sedimentation tank.
Q
Flow through velocity= discharge / area=
A
Flow through velocity in sedimentation tank is kept generally below 0.005m/s. it helps to
determine the area of the sedimentation tank.

VI. Sludge zone

Sludge zone depth is used to collect sludge which is nothing but settled particle. The depth of
sludge zone depends upon the quantity of sediments in the raw water and the de-sludging
period. Depth of sludge zone is taken as 0.5-1.5 m (generally 1 m). k. If high flow velocities
are allowed to enter the sludge zone, the sludge could be swept up and out of the tank, so that
velocity in sludge zone should be minimum.

VII. Efficiency
Efficiency is the one of the important parameters during the design of sedimentation tank. It
is performance of the sedimentation tank. Efficiency is the denote how effectively particle
are removed from the water. Efficiency is maximum when maximum amount od suspended
particle are separated in the plant. It depends upon the settling velocity and over flow
velocity.
Vs
Efficiency of sedimentation tank is given by( η= ∗100%)
Vo
where V s = settling velocity and V o = overflow velocity

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4. WHICH TYPE OF FILTER UNIT WOULD YOU RECOMMEND FOR THE WATER
TREATMENT PLANT IN YOURTOWN/LOCALITY? EXPLAIN THE REASONS
BEHIND THE SELECTION OF SUCH UNIT. ALSO, EXPLAIN THEWORKING
MECHANISM OF THE PROPOSED FILTER UNIT IN DETAIL WITH THE HELP
OF APPROPRIATE DRAWINGS.

Ans: I would recommend rapid sand filter for the water treatment plant for my town (Pokhara).
Pokhara is the one of the most populated city of the Nepal and the required demand of water
around 10 crore liter per day. Since the demand of water is too high and the source of water are
limited in Pokhara. Around 50% of supply of the water is supplied by Mardi khola alone, so it
requires filter unit that is efficient and is capable to meet the high demand of water. for this
Rapid sand filter is more suitable than other types of filter unit. The rapid sand filter or rapid
gravity filter is a type of filter used in water purification and is commonly used in
municipal drinking water facilities as part of a multiple-stage treatment system. Rapid sand filter
is designed for the water supply in large cities and the locality where there is high demand. Also,

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rapid sand filter does not require large area for construction so it would be suitable for the
crowded cities line Pokhara. the areal requirement of a rapid filtration plant is about 20% of that
required for the slow sand filters. Filtration rate of rapid sand filter is high compare to slow sand
filter. A rapid sand filter can operate up to 40 times faster than a slow sand filter. It can filter
water at the rate of 10 m3/m2/h to 15 m3/m2/h. This rate can meet the high demand of the
populated area.

WORKING MECHANISM OF RAPID SAND FILTER

Before filtering through rapid sand filter sedimentation with coagulation is carried out,
coagulation and flocculation is done to remove particulate impurities, especially not settleable
solids (particularly colloids) and color from the water is treated. Non-settleable particles in water
are removed by the use of coagulating chemicals. Rapid sand filter unit use water from
sedimentation with coagulation as raw water for filtration

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 Rapid sand filters use relatively coarse sand and other granular media to remove particles
and impurities that have been trapped in a floc through the use of flocculation chemicals. The
unfiltered water flows through the filter medium under gravity or under pumped pressure and the
floc material is trapped in the sand matrix. Filter materials should be free from dirt and clay etc.
It consists of 60-90 cm thick sand layer with effective size of sand 0.35-0.6 mm and coefficient
of uniformity of 1.3-1.75. Due to higher value of effective size and lower value of uniformity
coefficient the void space in the filter media is increased which results in a higher rate of
filtration for this filt

Raw water that is to be treated is passed into filter unit through influent. Influent and
Effluent valve are only open. All other valve are closed. Influent valve allows raw water from
sedimentation with coagulation to pass into filter unit. And the effluent valve allows filtered
water come out of the filtration system. Head loss is needed to check regularly in interval of. If
the head loss is high filter unit required cleaning for better efficiency. Also clogging occurs in
rapid sand filter so back washing is to be done every 2-3 days.

Back washing is done to prevent the clogging on filter media. backwashing refers to

pumping water backwards through the filter media, sometimes including intermittent use of

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compressed air during the process.  During back washing process influent valve is closed and
water level is reduced to water trough. When water reach water trough, outlet/effluent valve is
also closed. Then air compressor unit valve is opened for around 2-3 minute to break scum and
dirt. Then, air compression unit is closed and wash water pipe valve is opened. After some time,
clear water appears at drain pipe. After getting clear water close wash waterpipe and drain water
pipe.

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