SECTION 02340

SOIL STABILIZATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Item No Title Page No

PART 1 GENERAL............................................................................................................ 1

1.01 DESCRIPTION OF WORK .................................................................................. 1

1.02 SECTION INCLUDES .......................................................................................... 1

1.03 RELATED SECTIONS ......................................................................................... 1

1.04 REFERENCES..................................................................................................... 1

1.05 DEFINITIONS....................................................................................................... 3

PART 2 PRODUCTS ......................................................................................................... 7

2.01 PRESSURE GROUTING SOIL STABILIZATION ................................................ 7

2.02 CEMENT SOIL STABILIZATION ......................................................................... 7

2.03 SOIL DENSIFICATION ........................................................................................ 7

PART 3 EXECUTION ........................................................................................................ 8

3.01 PRESSURE GROUTING SOIL STABILIZATION ................................................ 8

3.02 CEMENT SOIL STABILIZATION ......................................................................... 8

3.03 SOIL DENSIFICATION ........................................................................................ 8

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PART 1 GENERAL

1.01 DESCRIPTION OF WORK

A. Refer to the following Sections:

1. SECTION 02341-1.

2. SECTION 02340-2.

3. SECTION 02340-3.

1.02 SECTION INCLUDES

A. SECTION 02341-1 Pressure Grouting Soil Stabilization

B. SECTION 02340-2 Cement Soil Stabilization

C. SECTION 02340-3 Soil Densification

1.03 RELATED SECTIONS

A. Section 01320 Construction Progress Documentation

B. Section 01330 Submittal Procedure

C. Section 01410 Regulatory Requirements

D. Section 01450 Quality Control

E. Section 01650 Product Delivery Requirements

F. Section 01660 Product Storage and Handling Requirements

G. Section 02310 Grading

H. Section 02315 Excavation and Fill

I. Section 03310 Structural Concrete

1.04 REFERENCES

A. The referred codes and standards are intended to provide an acceptable level of
quality for materials, products and workmanship. In case of conflict between these
standards and the text of this Specification, the Specification text shall govern.

B. The latest revision of the referred codes and standards shall be used wherever
applicable. In case of conflict, the Contractor shall propose equipment, materials and
processes conforming to one group of codes and standards.

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C. AASHTO American Association for State Highway and Transportation

Officials

1. AASHTO T235 Bearing Capacity of Soil for Static Load on Spread

Footings

D. ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

1. ASTM C33 Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates

2. ASTM C150 Standard Specification for Portland Cement

3. ASTM C494M Standard Specifications for Chemical Admixtures for

Concrete

4. ASTM C618 Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or
Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use As a Mineral
Admixture in Concrete

5. ASTM D420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering,

Design, and Construction Purposes

6. ASTM D421 Standard Practice for Dry Preparation of Soil

Samples for Particle-Size Analysis and
Determination of Soil Constants

7. ASTM D422 Standard Test Methods for Particle-Size Analysis of

Soils

8. ASTM D558 Standard Test Methods for Moisture-Density (Unit

Weight) Relations of Soil Cement Mixtures

9. ASTM D653 Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and

Contained Fluids

10. ASTM D854 Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soils

11. ASTM D1140 Standard Test Methods for Amount of Material in

Soils Finer than the No. 200 (75-um) Sieve

12. ASTM D1452 Standard Practice for Soil Investigation and

Sampling by Auger Borings

13. ASTM D1556 Standard Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of
Soil in Place by the Sand-Cone Method

14. ASTM D1557 Test Method for Laboratory Compaction

Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort
(56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3))

15. ASTM D1586 Standard Test Method for Penetration Test and
Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils

16. ASTM D1587 Standard Practice for Thin-Walled Tube

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Geotechnical Sampling of Soils

17. ASTM D1633 Standard Test Methods for Compressive Strength of

Molded Soil-Cement Cylinders

18. ASTM D2216 Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination

of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by
Mass

19. ASTM D2435 Standard Test Method for One-Dimensional

Consolidation Properties of Soils

20. ASTM D2487 Standard Classification of Soils for Engineering

Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)

21. ASTM D2488 Standard Practice for Description and Identification

of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)

22. ASTM D2850 Standard Test Method for Unconsolidated,

Undrained Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soils
in Triaxial Compression

23. ASTM D2922 Standard Test Methods for Density of Soil and Soil-
Aggregate in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow
Depth)

24. ASTM D3441 Standard Test Method for Deep, Quasi-Static, Cone
and Friction-Cone Penetration Tests of Soil

25. ASTM D 4318 Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit,
and Plasticity Index of Soils

E. NORM D60 AN

1. Interpretation and Application of Pressuremeter Test Results to Foundation

Design, by Menard

F. Ponts and Chaussees Manual Test

1. Procedure N MS IS.2 Pressuremeter Testing for In-situ Soil and Rock

1.05 DEFINITIONS

A. admixture: A substance added to a mixture to impart certain specific characteristics.

B. aggregate: A grouting material, relatively inert granular mineral material, such as

sand, gravel, slag, crushed stone.

C. backfilling: Spaces from excavation to be refilled are referred to as backfilling.

D. base course: A layer of specified or selected granular material of planned thickness

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constructed on the subbase for the purpose of serving one or more functions such
as distributing load, providing drainage etc.

E. bearing capacity: The load required to produce a condition of failure of the soil.

F. bedrock: An in-place solid rock of indefinite thickness in its native location.

G. bench mark: A permanent or semi permanent marker of known coordinates and

elevation relative to a datum plane.

H. borehole: A hole of circular cross-section made in soil or rock.

I. borehole log: The record of geological units penetrated, drilling progress, depth,
water level, sample recovery, volumes and types of materials used, and other
significant facts regarding the drilling of an exploratory borehole.

J. borrow material: Material obtained from an off-site location for use in grading on a
site. This is a reference to the source of supply and not to the characteristics of the
material.

K. cement grout: A grout in which the primary cementing agent is portland cement.

L. coarse aggregate: A material that will retain on No. 4 sieve.

M. cohesion: The property of material which tends to make its particles stick together.

N. cohesionless soil: A soil that when unconfined has little or no strength when air-
dried and that has little or no cohesion when submerged. Sand is cohesionless soil.

O. cohesive soil: A soil that when unconfined has considerable strength when air-dried
and that has significant cohesion when submerged.

P. compaction: The artificial densification of a soil by means of mechanical

manipulation (e.g. rolling, tamping, vibration, or other means). The percent
compaction is defined as the ratio, in percent, of the as-compacted field dry density
to the laboratory maximum dry density.

Q. consolidation: The gradual reduction in the volume of a soil mass resulting from an
increase in compressive stress.

R. contact pressure: The pressure that acts at the surface of contact between a
structure and underlying soil or rock mass.

S. contractor: An individual, firm or corporation contracted for performing the work

described in the Contract Documents.

T. density: The mass per unit volume of material, usually expressed in kilograms per
cubic meter.

U. differential settlement: The settlement that varies in rate or amount, or both, from
place to place.

V. earth material: Any rock, natural soil or fill or any combination thereof.

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W. equipment: All machinery, tools, apparatus together with their spare parts, required
for the proper construction and acceptable completion of the work.

X. erosion: The wearing away of the ground surface as a result of the movement of
wind, water or ice.

Y. excavation: (a) The act of taking out material (e.g. soil); (b) The materials taken out;
(c) the cavity remaining after materials have been taken out.

Z. existing grade: The grade prior to grading.

AA. field density: The mass of dry solids in kg/m3 of in-place fill, as determined by
standard test procedures referenced in this Specification.

BB. fill: A deposit of earth material placed by artificial means.

CC. fine aggregate: A material that will pass through a No. 4 sieve.

DD. finish grade: The final design elevation of the finished surface.

EE. geotechnical engineer: The engineer experienced and knowledgeable in the

practice of soil engineering (geotechnical engineering).

FF. grade: The vertical location of the ground surface.

GG. grading: Any excavating or filling or combination.

HH. gravel: Rounded or semi-rounded particles of rock that will pass a 76.2 mm and be
retained on a No. 4 (4.75 mm) U.S. standard sieve.

II. grout: In soil or rock grouting, a material injected into a soil or rock formation to
change the physical characteristics of the formation.

JJ. laboratory density: The maximum mass of dry solids possible, in kg/m3 of fill, as
represented by a sample and as determined by Standard test procedures referenced
in this Specification.

KK. liquefaction: Process of transforming any soil from a solid state to a liquid state,
usually as a result of increased pore pressure and reduced shearing strength.

LL. liquid limit: The water content corresponding to the arbitrary limit between the liquid
and plastic states of consistency of a soil.

MM. optimum moisture content: The water content at which a soil can be compacted to
a maximum dry unit weight by a given compactive effort.

NN. plasticity: The property of a soil or rock which allows it to be deformed beyond the
point of recovery without cracking or appreciable volume change.

OO. plasticity index: The range of water content over which a soil behaves plastically.
Numerically, it is the difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit.

PP. plastic limit: (a) The water content corresponding to an arbitrary limit between the

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plastic and the semi-solid states of consistency of a soil. (b) The water content at
which a soil will just begin to crumble when rolled into a thread approximately 3.2 mm
in diameter.

QQ. relative compaction: The ratio, expressed as a percentage, of dry density/unit

weight of a given soil to its maximum index density/unit weight.

RR. relative density: The ratio of the difference between the void ratio of a cohesionless
soil in the loosest state and any given void ratio, to the difference between the void
ratios in the loosest and the densest states.

SS. rock: Any naturally formed aggregates of mineral matter occurring in large masses
or fragments.

TT. rough grade: Grading of construction site to approximate design contours.

UU. sand: Particles of rock that will pass the No. 4 sieve and be retained on the No. 200
sieve.

VV. sieve analysis: The determination of the proportions of particles lying within certain
size ranges in a granular material by separation on sieves of different size openings.

WW. site: Any lot or parcel of land or contiguous combination, where site works are
performed or permitted.

XX. slope: An inclined ground surface, the inclination of which is expressed as a ratio of
horizontal distance to vertical distance.

YY. soil: Naturally occurring superficial deposits overlying bedrock.

ZZ. soil classification: The arrangement of soils in classes according to their physical
properties. There are several systems of soil classifications.

AAA. soil stabilization: Chemical of mechanical treatment designed to increase or

maintain the stability of a mass of soil or otherwise to improve its engineering
properties.

BBB. specifications: The formal directions, provisions and requirements which outline the
work to be done, the way it is to be done, the character of the materials and mixtures
to be used or the results to be obtained.

CCC. stone: Crushed or naturally occurring angular particles of rock.

DDD. structural fill: Fill material which is placed to support all structural elements and/or
piping, both vertically and horizontally. The limits of the structural fill shall be as
defined on the Contract Drawings.

EEE. subgrade: A prepared and compacted surface for supporting foundations of

structures, embankments, pavements, etc.

FFF. topsoil: Naturally occurring surface soil, usually containing organic matter.

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PART 2 PRODUCTS

2.01 PRESSURE GROUTING SOIL STABILIZATION

A. Refer to SECTION 02340-1.

2.02 CEMENT SOIL STABILIZATION

A. Refer to SECTION 02340-2.

2.03 SOIL DENSIFICATION

A. Refer to SECTION 02340-3.

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PART 3 EXECUTION

3.01 PRESSURE GROUTING SOIL STABILIZATION

A. Refer to SECTION 02340-1.

3.02 CEMENT SOIL STABILIZATION

A. Refer to SECTION 02340-2.

3.03 SOIL DENSIFICATION

A. Refer to SECTION 02340-3.

END OF SECTION

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