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E.coli + + - -
A. aerogenes - - + +
1. Forceps are flamed and the membrane is removed from the sterile package.
2. Appropriate nutrient or culture medium and dispensed into a sterile Petri dish, evenly saturating the absorbent
pad.
3. The pouring lip of the sample container is flamed and the sample poured into the funnel. The vacuum is turned on
and sample allowed to draw completely through the filter.
4. Funnel is rinsed with sterile buffered water and vacuum turned on and liquid allowed to draw completely through
the filter.
5. The forceps are flamed and the membrane filter removed from the funnel.
6. The membrane filter is placed into the prepared Petri dish and plate is incubated at the proper temperature for the
appropriate time period.
7. Colonies are observed and counted.
WATER POLLUTION
Tests for total coliform and fecal coliform nonpathogenic bacteria are used to indicate the presence of
pathogenic bacteria. Because it is easier to test for coliforms, fecal coliform testing has been accepted as
the best indicator of fecal contamination. Fecal coliform counts of 100 million per 100 milliliters may be
found in raw domestic sewage. Detectable health effects have been found at levels of 2,300 to 2,400 total
coliforms per 100 milliliters in recreational waters. Disinfection, usually chlorination, is generally used to
reduce these pathogens. Breakdown or malfunctions of chlorination equipment will probably result in
excessive discharge of pathogenic organisms and can seriously affect public health. Bacteria can also be
classified according to their dissolved oxygen requirement. Aerobic bacteria are bacteria that require
dissolved oxygen to live. Anaerobic bacteria cannot live if dissolved oxygen is present. Facultative
bacteria can live with or without dissolved oxygen. Wastewater often contains viruses that may produce
diseases. Outbreaks of infectious hepatitis have been traced through water systems because of wastewater
entering the supply. Sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection, if used efficiently usually provide
acceptable virus removal. There are also many species of parasites carried by wastewater. The life cycle
of each is peculiar to the given parasite. Some are dangerous to man and livestock, particularly during
certain stages of the life cycle. Amoebic dysentery is a common disease caused by amoebic parasites.
Chlorination, chemical precipitation, sedimentation, or sand filtration is used to ensure protection against
parasites.
In severe forms it is
known to be one of the
most rapidly fatal
illnesses known.
Spread by the
Drinking water contaminated Symptoms include very
Cholera bacterium Vibrio
with the bacterium watery diarrhea, nausea,
cholerae
cramps, nosebleed, rapid
pulse, vomiting, and
hypovolemic shock (in
severe cases), at which
Caused by a number of
species in the genera Frequent passage of feces
Shigella and Water contaminated with the with blood and/or mucus
Dysentery
Salmonella with the bacterium and in some cases
most common being vomiting of blood.
Shigella dysenteriae
Characterized by
sustained fever up to
40ºC (104ºF), profuse
sweating, diarrhea, less
commonly a rash may
Ingestion of water
occur. Symptoms
Typhoid fever Salmonella typhi contaminated with feces of an
progress to delirium and
infected person
the spleen and liver
enlarge if untreated. In
this case it can last up to
four weeks and cause
death.
Vibrio Illness Vibrio vulnificus, Can enter wounds from Symptoms include
Sources of
Disease and
Microbial Agent Agent in General Symptoms
Transmission
Water Supply
Astrovirus,
Calicivirus, Manifests itself
Symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting,
Gastroenteritis Enteric in improperly
fever, malaise, and abdominal pain
Adenovirus, and treated water
Parvovirus
The quantity and composition of sewage vary widely from location to location depending on, for example,
food diet, socioeconomic factors, weather, and water availability. Quantitatively, constituents of sewage
may vary significantly, depending on the other kinds of wastewater and the amount of dilution from the
infiltration/inflow into the collection system. The results of analyzing a typical municipal wastewater or
sewage from a municipal collection system are given in Table . The composition of wastewater from a
given collection system may change slightly on a seasonal basis, reflecting different water uses.
Additionally, daily fluctuations in quality are also observable and correlate well with flow conditions.