SOLID MECHANICS: Atelier 1

Sergio Andrés Andrade Pacheco

(saandradepa@unal.edu.co)
Department of Civil and Agricultural Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
National University of Colombia
Bogotá D.C

March 30th, 2020

Problem 3.3
The stress tensor at P relative to axes P x1 x2 x3 has components in MPa given by the matrix representation
 
t11 2 1
[tij ] =  2 0 2
1 2 0

where t11 is unspecified. Determine a direction n

b at P for which the plane perpendicular to nb will be stress-free,
that is, for which t(bn) = 0 on that plane. What is the required value of t11 for this condition?

SOLUTION:

To find T11 :

t(bn) = tij n
b (1)
  
t11 2 1 eb1
tij =  2 0 2 eb2  = 0
1 2 0 eb3

→ t11 eb1 + 2b
e2 + eb3 = 0
→ 2be1 + 2be3 = 0
→ eb1 + 2be2 = 0

eb1 = −2b
e2 , −4b
e2 + 2b
e3 = 0, eb3 = 2b
e2

−2t11 eb2 + 2b e2 = 0 → −2t11 + 2 + 2 = 0

e2 + 2b
So:
→ t11 = 2M P a

To determine n
b direction:

eb3 = −b e1 , eb2 = − eb21

eb1 = 1, eb2 = − 12 , eb3 = −1
nb = 12 (2be1 − eb2 − 2b e3 )
But being a unit vector it must be divided by the norm:
n|| = 23
||b
So:
→n b = 13 (2b e1 − eb2 − 2b e3 )

1
Problem 3.4
The stress tensor has components at point P in ksi units as specified by the matrix
 
−9 3 −6
[tij ] =  3 6 9 
−6 9 −6

Determine:

b = 19 (eb1 + 4eb2 + 8eb3 ).

a) the stress vector on the plane at P whose vector is n

b) the magnitude of this stress vector.

c) the component of the stress vector in the direction of the normal.

d) the angle in degrees between the stress vector and the normal.

SOLUTION:

(a) We can find the stress vector as it follows the equation

t(bn) = tij n
bj (2)

Solving:

       
−9 3 −6 1 −45 −5
tnb =  3 6 9  19 4 = 1 
9
99  =  11 
−6 9 −6 8 −18 −2

And the stress vector is:

tnb = [−5eb1 + 11eb2 − 2eb3 ] ksi

(b) The magnitude of this stress vector can be find by using the next equation:

||tnb ||2 = (ei )2 (3)

Solving: √ √ √
||tnb ||2 = 25 + 121 + 4 = 150 = 5 6

(c) The component of the stress vector in the direction of the normal is find as it shows:

σN = t(bn) · n
b (4)

Solving:
σN = [−5be1 + 11b e3 ] · 19 [b
e2 − 2b e1 + 4b
e2 + 8b
e3 ] = 23
9

(d) The angle between the stress vector and the normal can be found with the next equations:

|σN |
σS2 = ||t(bn) ||2 − σN
2
and α = arc cos (5)
|σS |

Solving:
q
σS = 150 − ( 23 2
9 ) = 11.98 ksi
√ ) = 77.96◦
α = arc cos( 4523 6

2
Problem 3.9
The stress components in a circular cylinder of length L and radius r are given by
 
Ax2 + Bx3 Cx3 −Cx2
[tij ] =  Cx3 0 0 
−Cx − 2 0 0

(a) Verify that in the absence of body forces the equilibrium equations are satisfied.

(b) Show that the stress vector vanishes at all points on the curved surface of the cylinder.

SOLUTION:

(a) From the internal equilibrium equation:

σij + ρbj = 0 (6)
So:

( σt
σx1 +
11 σt21
σx2 + σt31
σx3 )e1 + ( σt
σx1 +
12 σt22
σx2 + σt32
σx3 )e2 + ( σt
σx1 +
13 σt23
σx2 + σt33
σx3 )e3

→ (0 + 0 + 0)e1 + → (0 + 0 + 0)e2 + → (0 + 0 + 0)e3 = 0e1 + 0e2 + 0e3

That determine the equilibrium on our circular cylinder.

(b) To show you need the following diagram

u = x2 eb2 + x3 eb3

u
n= ||y|| = x√
2e
b2 +x3 e
2
b3
2
= x2
r e2 + x3
r e3
x2 +x3
t(bn) = σij · n (7)
0 + Cxr3 x2 − Cxr2 x3
      
Ax2 + Bx3 Cx3 −Cx2 0 0
 Cx3 0 0   xr2  =  0+0+0  = 0 = b
0=0
x3
−Cx2 0 0 r 0+0+0 0

3
Problem 4.23
Given the displacement field
u1 = AX2 X3 , u2 = AX 23 , u3 = AX 21
where A is a very small constant, determine

(a) the component of the infinitesimal strain tensor ε.

(b) the principal values of ε, at the point (1,1,0).

SOLUTION:

(a) According to the internal equilibrium equations:

σ + ρb = 0 (8)

∂u1 ∂u ∂u1 ∂u1

∂X1 = b1
∂X1 =0 , ∂X2 = AX3 , ∂X3 = AX2

∂u2 ∂u2 ∂u2

∂X1 = ∂X2 =0 , ∂X3 = 2AX3

∂u3 ∂u3 ∂u2

∂X1 = AX1 , ∂X2 = ∂X3 =0

∂ui ∂uj
So εij = 12 [ ∂X j
+ ∂Xi ]

∂u1 ∂u2 ∂u3

ε11 = ∂X1 = 0 , ε22 = ∂X2 = 0 , ε33 = ∂X3 =0

∂u1 ∂u2 AX3

ε12 = 12 [ ∂X2
+ ∂X1 ] = 21 [AX3 + 0] = 2

∂u1 ∂u3
ε13 = 21 [ ∂X3
+ ∂X1 ] = 21 [AX2 + 2AX1 ]
∂u2 ∂u3
ε23 = 12 [ ∂X3
+ ∂X2 ] = 21 [2AX3 + 0] = AX3
 
0 AX3 (AX2 + 2AX1 )
[ε] = 12  AX3 0 2AX3 
(AX2 + 2AX1 ) 2AX3 0

(b) On the point (X1 , X2 , X3 ) = (1, 1, 0), the principal values of ε is:
(←ε = εij )
→
   
0 0 3 0 0 9
2
[ε] = A2 0 0 0 , ← ε→ 2
=← ε ·←
→ ε = [ε]T [ε] = A4 0 0 0
→
3 0 0 9 0 0
2 A2
tr←
ε = 0 , det←
→ ε , tr←
→ ε→ = 18 · 4

ε3p − I1 ε2p + I2 εp − I3 = 0

ε = 0 , I2 = 12 ((tr←
I1 = tr←
→ ε )2 − tr(←
→ ε ·←
→ ε )) , I3 = det←
→ ε7
→
9A2
ε3p − 49 A2 εp = 0 → εp (ε2p − 4 ) =0

So:
3A
ε1 = 2 , ε2 = 0 , ε3 = − 3A
2

4
Problem 4.24
0
A 45 strain rosette measures longitudinal strains along the X1 , X2 , and X1 axes shown below. At point O the
strains recorded are
0
ε11 = 6 ∗ 10−4 , ε22 = 4 ∗ 10−4 and ε11 = 8 ∗ 10−4
0 0 0
Determine the shear strain γ12 at O, together with ε22 and verify that ε11 + ε22 = ε11 + ε22 .

SOLUTION:

(a) To determine the sear strain γ12 at O:

 
ε11 ε12 ε13 
T
√1
  
[ε] = ε21 ε22 ε23  , [n] = cos 45 sin 45 0 = 2
1 1 0
ε31 ε32 ε33

ε011 = n · ←
ε · n = [n]T [ε][n]
→ (9)

    
 ε11 ε12 ε13 1  ε11 + ε12
= 21 1 1 1
 
1 0 ε21 ε22 ε23  1 = 2
1 1 0 ε12 + ε22  = 2 (ε11 + 2ε12 + ε22 )
ε31 ε32 ε33 0 ε13 + ε23

ε011 = 21 (ε11 + γ12 + ε22 ) → γ12 = 2ε011 − ε11 − ε22

→ γ12 = 2 · 8 × 10−4 − 6 × 10−4 − 4 × 10−4 = 6 × 10−4


T
(b) To determine 022 : [s] = √12 −1 1 0


ε022 = S · ←
ε · S = [S]T [ε][S]
→ (10)

     
 ε11 ε12 ε13
−1  −ε11 + ε12
= 12 −1 1 1
 
1 0 ε21 ε22 ε23   1  = 2
−1 1 0 −ε12 + ε22  = 2 (ε11 − 2ε12 + ε22 )
ε31 ε32 ε33 0 −ε13 + ε23
So:
→ ε022 = 21 (6 − 6 + 4) × 10−4 = 2 × 10−4
0 0
(c) To verify that ε11 + ε22 = ε11 + ε22 :

ε011 = 12 (ε11 + γ12 + ε22 ) , ε022 = 12 (ε11 − γ12 + ε22 )

So: ε011 + ε022 = 12 (ε11 + γ12 + ε22 ) + 12 (ε11 − γ12 + ε22 ) = ε11 + ε22