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Copy 1

OUR EASTERN POSSESSIONS

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400 Views Price, 50c.

Published by
Gbe iPbilippine publishing Company
BOSTON, MASS.

Copyrighted, 1905, by Herhknt E. Ellsworth

4
 THE

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
ILLUSTRATED

BY

HERBERT E. ELLSWORTH

400 VIEWS FROM ORIGINAL PHOTOGRAPHS

BOSTON
PHILIPPINE PUBLISHING CO
x 9°5
 4-1

LIBRARY of CONGRESS
Two Copies ftsceivea

JAN 9 1905

NlLASS CL XXc, No;

COPY B.

Copyrighted, l'J04,

By Herbert E. Ellsworth.

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ILLUSTRATE])

 America in the Philippines
By Hon. A. W. FERGUSSON,
Executive Secretary to Hon. William H. Taft, Ex-Governor of the Philippines,
now Secretary of War.

THE SUBJECT
covers so large a
upon. which
field,
I have been asked to write
has been treated by such able
many changes have been rung upon
pens, and so it,

that it seems scarcely possible to add to its literature, and I

shall confine myself, therefore, to what America has really
accomplished in the Philippines rather than to consider the
theme in its broadest aspect. And in the few pages allotted
me I shall limit myself more especially to what the civil
authorities have done in a quiet and unobtrusive way, since
the work of the army needs no praise here. It has become
history. Its work has been performed in the way the American

army has ever done its part —

thoroughly and well.
It is not the province of any army to come on a friendly visit

to a foreign shore; armies are set in motion when all friendly

overtures have failed. Their task is to bring about peace through
the arbitrament of the sword, and the hoarse accents of the
cannon. America came to the Philippines because the Archi-
pelago was considered a vulnerable point in an erstwhile enemy's
territory. She had none but the kindliest feelings towards the
natives of the Islands, and there might never have been the
slightest ruction in the amicable relations at first existing had
•not her intentions been misconstrued; but in the controversies
and uncertainties which followed Dewey's entrance into the
harbor of Manila, extending over a period of several months,
misunderstandings arose, heads became heated, and reason fled
from them on the heels of calmness. So the war followed. But
even in war the Filipino learned the difference between modern
and fifteenth century methods of doing things. He learned
that an enlightened nation uses its weapons of warfare to enforce
a principle, and that neither personal nor national hatred or
vindictiveness is the power behind the guns. Perhaps it is not
too much to say that even at this early date the more advanced
and enlightened Filipinos saw that even the acquisition of terri-
tory was a minor consideration with the republic beyond the
seas, and that having acquired sovereignty through no desire —
 America in the Philippines

of her own, but from an overwhelming force of circumstances —

over eight million people, it became her duty them
to teach
those ideals and conceptions of liberty that have made America
great and that stand for the best that is known of civilization
throughout the broad world.
However this may be, the Filipinos, as a people, learned that
though assault was met with counter-assault, yet friendly advan-
ces were met with advances more friendly still they saw that ;

though the American soldier used his weapon aggressively to

enforce the recognition of his country's duly acquired sover-
eignty, yet he had no desire either to reduce them to an abject
state or to impose burdens upon them too heavy to be borne.
These were the lessons of the hour, but, notwithstanding this, it
was not to be expected that a people who for four centuries had
suffered and groaned under a monarchical and military depotism
that has hardly had a parallel in history could be content under
a martial government, however humane and considerate. They
could not be expected to appreciate the sentiment crystalized
in the lines —
" Underneath the starry flag,
Civilize them with a Krag,"

and so though thousands returned from the field and once

more assumed the avocations of peace and made friends of the
American officer and soldier in the towns, yet there was en-
couragement and assistance given to the man in the field and
the spirit of rebellion was still rampart in many breasts.
It was at this juncture, two years ago, when the so-called

Filipino army had been scattered in all directions that the

patriotic and diplomatic McKinley met the situation with a
flank movement that is unprecedented in history. The Islands
were in a state of insurrection, and he sends to insurrecto
leaders and people —
not peace messengers, as is customary, who
meet for formal talk and lay propositions before a contending
body which they may or may not accept, men who are here to-
day and gone to-morrow; but he sends into the midst of these
people, supposed to be bitter of spirit and evil of intent five —
Americans of stalwart brains and kindly hearts to live among
them and to say to them, " We are here to tell you what
peace really means we are here to show you the blessings of
;

liberty as it is known among enlightened nations ; we are here

 America in the Philippines

to admit you to brotherhood with the Americans; to find out

how much you really know of what self-government is, and so
soon as you shall show yourselves capable of it, to bestow that
blessing upon you. Your plea that you are capable of self-
government has come before our President; your cry for
liberty has been heard; your claim that you have been kept in
subjection and your capabilities perverted and your best efforts
stultified has been given every consideration, and we are here

to tell you that America is ready to grant you every privilege

and all the liberty, as you are ready for it, that the greatest of
American citizens may have, except that she cannot yield to
you the sovereign power. She dares not leave you a prey to
your own internal dissensions and she cannot give you over to
other nations."
No sooner had the ship that bore the Commission hither
anchored in the beautiful bay of Manila than they were visited
by a large body of prominent natives, three at least of whom
had been ministers and advisers of Aguinaldo —
men who had
always favored peace and who had parted with him when he
determined to follow the advice of the hot-heads and break
with the Americans. These natives were anxious to learn the
intentions of the American government, and when they be-
came possessed of them, and their confidence had been won,
they enlisted in the cause of bringing their erring and mis-
guided brothers to their senses.
But a few weeks sufficed to convince the Commission that
the encouragement they had been met with at the outset was
not built upon sand ; day day they were visited by seekers
after
after the intentions of the government; by doubters who had
been so long fed upon unfulfilled promises that there was no
longer any faith in them. But when the time for converting
words into deeds arrived when on the first of September,
;

1900, the Commission entered upon its legislative functions

and it was discovered that its first enactment was an appropria-
tion of $1,000,000 gold for roads, and its fifth a law establish-
ing a civil service in the Islands, based upon a merit qualifica-
tion, followed in quick succession by a municipal code providing
for local self-government, a provincial code, and many other
acts drawn on broad, liberal, American lines, —
all of which were

put into execution as soon as the pacified conditions in the

provinces would permit and which served as object lessons to
6 America in the Philippines

the doubters, — their conversion came like that of Saul of Tarsus,

and like him they preached among their own people the gospel
of peace.
Emissaries from unpacified provinces and even from insur-
gent leaders in the field came to hear the glad tidings first-
hand, and some of the latter expressed the willingness of their
commanders to surrender to the civil authorities, which, of
course, was out of the question, as they could not be negotiated
with while offering armed resistance to American sovereignty.
When through the military arm of the government several
of the had become pacified and the Commission
provinces
visited them for the purpose of establishing civil government,
the evidences of rejoicing on the part of the people were far
less perfunctory when they found that they were called to-
gether and consulted as to the best methods to pursue to meet
local requirements before the law putting them under civil
regime was enacted. This was something new and strange to
them. The gentlemen in Congress who have asserted that
the natives were muzzled at these meetings and not given free
rein in the discussions, entertain an impression which has never
been borne in upon the writer, who was present at all of them
and acted as interpreter.
On thefirst of September, 1902, there were 40 provinces

under civil rule in the Archipelago. Of these, 30 (or 75 per cent.)

had Filipino governors and 10 (or 25 per cent.) had American
governors. The provincial officials in these provinces were 229
in number, 165 (or 67 per cent.) of which were Filipinos and 82
(or 33 per cent.) Americans.
As an evidence of the deep interest shown by the natives in
the workings of a new electoral system, it will not be amiss to
refer to the case of the gubernatorial election in the Province
of Cebu. The Provincial Government Act provides for the
holding of an electoral convention on the first Monday of Feb-
ruary (the third), and 435 electors (being the vice-presidents
last

and councillors of the 57 organized municipalities in the prov-

ince) out of a possible 570 answered the roll-call of the conven-
tion. On the last ballot for governor 434 votes were cast, of
which the present incumbent, Juan Climaco, received 249 and
his predecessor 122 votes, the rest being scattered. The count-
ing of the last ballot was completed at 2 A.M. February 5,
after the convention had been ir^ continuous session from the
 America in the Philippines

morning of February 3, short recesses only being taken; and

the outcome of this, their first lesson in American methods of
conducting elections, may be summed up in the concluding
words of the official report of the treasurer and supervisor of
the Province of Cebu, the former an officer of the United
States army and the latter an experienced engineer:
" The election was absolutely fair and impartial, and the result is the evident choice
of the people as expressed by their electors and seems to give satisfaction to the
native population."

The files of the Executive Bureau contain many other re-

ports regarding these elections, all of which demonstrate the
fact that ocular proofs of the intentions of the American gov-
ernment and people to make good citizens out of the natives of
the Islands are not barren of results.
It will be seen from what precedes and follows that the civil

authorities have " hewn straight to the line " in following the
instructions of the President of the United States, when he says :

" That in all cases the municipal officers who administer the local affairs of the
people are to be selected by the people, and that wherever officers of more extended
jurisdiction are to be selected in any way, natives of the Islands are to be preferred,
and if they can be found competent and willing to perform the duties they are to
receive the offices in preference to any others."

To the average reader figures are a bore, but they are far
more potent than words, and I shall introduce a few to show
what the civil authorities have done in the Philippines along
some lines in the last twenty-four months, to be set against the
sad lists of military casualities which burdened the American
heart as they were flashed to the homeland for so long a time.
During the period from Sept. 1, 1900, to Sept. I, 1902,
the United States Philippine Commission has held 224 public
sessions and 411 executive sessions, the record of the former
filling 1,460 typewritten pages and of the latter 1,174, a total

in two years of 635 sessions and 2,634 pages. This shows

that there were only 85 days in the 730 elapsing between the
dates named upon which no session was held but, as a matter ;

of fact, so far as the executive sessions are concerned, when two

were held on the same day, they have been considered as one in
this computation. During the same period 450 laws were
enacted by the Commission, or at the rate of over four a week.
A record this which speaks for itself.
 America in the Philippines

The civil service of the Islands was I, 1902, composed on June

of 2,491 English-speaking employees, and 9,986 natives, includ-
ing 5,596 enlisted men in the Philippines Constabulary, and ex-
cluding native school teachers receiving compensation from
municipalities. The total yearly pay-roll of the 13,257 employ-
ees is $5,392,680.
The number of pupils enrolled in the day public schools of
the Archipelago this year was 200,000 ; in the night schools
25,000. The number of secondary schools already established
is 8, many more will be estab-
with a strong probability that as
lished during the year. There is now one agricultural school in
the Islands. The present number of teachers employed is 4,192,
of which 792 are teachers of English and 3,400 natives. The
average daily attendance during the past year is estimated at
over 80 per cent., which is higher than in the United States,
where it is
66f per cent.
Since the establishment of a central civil government in
Manila on July 4, 1901, to which all the provincial governments
report, the work that has fallen upon the Civil Governor and
the Executive Office can only be imagined by those who are
acquainted with the methods prevailing in Spanish times, when
paternalism in its most radical form prevailed, and who consider
the fact that the system now obtaining is new to every native
official. Matters of the most important and trivial nature are
submitted to the Executive Office for decision through porten-
tious-looking documents of voluminous proportions, and couched
in the flowery and pompous Castillian style that has survived
the centuries. must be said that the Filipino office-holder
But it

is as quick to learn as his children, and a number of the offi-

cials have adopted the short, concise, official style of America
in their correspondence.
In every way the civil government has endeavored to carry
out the educational features of the President's instructions. It

has established an Agricultural Bureau which conducted by is

able and experienced persons and provided with the most

modern appliances and apparatus that will work havoc with all
the relics of a by-gone age now in use here, that only serve to
recall husbandry as it was on the banks of the Nile when the
Pharaohs reigned.
A Health Department, with ramifications throughout the
Archipelago, has likewise been]created, and during the present
 America in the Philippines 9

cholera epidemic it has done more to instruct the native in

latter-day methods and to eradicate old ideas and superstitions
than almost any other innovation. The average native by na-
ture and Spanish teaching has always believed that he was in
the hands of the Almighty, and was not trammeled by any
duties or obligations. Dios ang baliala (God will provide) was
his motto, and come better or come worse it was all the same to
him. When the epidemic came and the Health Department
met it heroically, he soon learned that those of his fellows who
followed the rules laid down for preventing a spread of the
disease were often saved, while others who supinely waited on
Providence were taken hence, and he profited by the lesson.
He also discovered during this time that the authorities were
his friends and not his enemies, as he had always considered
them in former times.
Another great work of the civil authorities was the creation
of the Philippines Constabulary in August of last year, a body
which by its loyal work has justified its creation and now forms
the bulwarks of the civil regime. Composed of 5,596 natives
officered by 230 Americans, the large majority of whom have
seen hard service in the field, it is gradually taking the place ot
the army, as the latter is reduced and sent home. On Dec.
11, 1901, the army occupied 459 posts in the Islands; on the
15th of September, 1902, it occupied 177, the stations aban-
doned in that time being 282. The number of army posts
occupied by the Constabulary and military is 39, The total
number of Constabulary posts in the Archipelago at this time
is 225. The following figures relating to the Philippines Con-
stabulary will also be of interest: The arms on hand on Sept.
15, 1902, were 2,405 shotguns, 2,502 revolvers, 3,472 rifles,

and 1,423 carbines. The number of ponies on hand was 750,

of which 552 were fit for service. The arms captured and sur-
rendered since the organization of the Constabulary have been
1,316 rifles and carbines, 381 revolvers, 186 shotguns, 14 can-
non, 6 muskets, 174 native-made guns, 6 iron and 6 wooden
guns ; fire-arms of all kinds captured and surrendered since the
organization of the Constabulary, 2,089; rounds of ammunition
captured, 11,691 rounds assorted, 155 cannon balls, 6 cases ot
;

one-pound rapid fire shells, \% cans gunpowder casualties to ;

inspectors and enlisted men since the organization of the body,

killed, 2 inspectors and 20 enlisted men, wounded, 42 enlisted
10 America in the Philippines

men, expeditions made since organization, 2,736 ; miles covered,

110,466; stolen animals recovered since the organization, 738
carabaos, 162 horses, 40 oxen, and 19 head of neat cattle.
The police force of the City of Manila is remarked upon by

every visitor to the capital. It is on a par with any similar

body of men anywhere.
All this has been the work of two years, and much of it has
been accomplished in the face of great obstacles, not the least
of which has been the securing of good material to fill the
offices where the field is naturally limited, and the difficulty of
retaining it. The experience of one of the large departments
of the civil government will convey an idea of this. It em-

ploys 475 men, and has discharged 190 of these in the last six
months, 180 of whom resigned, in greater part to accept better
positions in private life or in other offices. It will be readily

seen that if the same ratio of discharges continues for the next
six months that 82 per cent, of the force will have to be re-
newed in the period of one year. A problem this which cries
aloud for solution.
Space forbids a more detailed statement of what America has
done in the Philippines, but one thing is certain These Islands :

have passed from the sovereignity of a nation that revels in

retrospection to that of a young and stalwart nation that rejoices
in anticipation. One is looking backward, the other forward.
America is in the Philippines to protect the weak and unedu-
cated majority from the encroachments and despotism of the
educated and wealthy minority. She is hereto enlighten, up-
lift, and dignify the native races and furnish them justification
for their pride of race to do away with forced labor among
;

them to teach them disinterested patriotism, and bring them

;

to a realization of the fact that they best serve the public who
forget themselves.
America has been already long enough in the Philippines to
show the inhabitants of these fair Islands that the men from
the Occident came to the Orient in no repellant guise, but as
friends who would share with them the blessings of liberty.
The natives, as a fact, have known two Americas. The
America they knew through the armed forces of the United
States, they respected the America they came to know
;

through the civil agents of the United States, they admire, and
in the process of time — let us hope — will revere.
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1 Zamboanga U. S. Parade Grounds 4 Igorrotes as Constabulary Men
2 General Sumner and Staff 5 Ninety-foot Cocoanut Tree
3 An American's Cosy Room
Copyrighted by IlerbeitE. Ellsworth

1 On the Trail to Vicars, Mindanao 4 Moro Savage

2 Old Spanish Fort 5 An American's Home
3 Moro Ontpost \ G Moro Savage
Copyrighted by Herbert E. Ellsworth

Body Guard for the Sultan of Jolo Igorrote Belle

Moro Woman Negrito Boy
Copyrighted by Herbert E. Ellsworth

1 Ilocano Woman Weaving Silk 3 Spanish Fort in Mindanao

2 Entrance to Zamboanga, P. I. 4 The Famous Sultan of Jolo (Zulu)
and Col. Wallace, U. S. Army
Copyrighted by Herbert E. Ellsworth

1 The Niagara of Mindanao 4 Blowing up Fort Pawlns

2 Moro Woman 5 Moro Savage
3 Moro Making Fish Net 6 U. S. Troops on Parade
Copyrighted by Herbert E. Ellsworth

1 U. S. Troops Building Bridges 5 Filipino Fish Boats

2 U. S. Troops taking it easy 6 Filipino Country Store
3 Filipino Belles 7 Moro Savages
4 Filipino Church Bell
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Copyrighted by Herbert E. Ellsworth

Waterfall at Benguet \ Gorge at Pagsanjan, P. I.

Gathering " Tuba " On the Pagsanjan River

Copyrighted by Herbert E. Ellsworth

A Filipino Child A Manila Girl

Ilocano Woman Visayan Woman
Copyrighted by Herbert E. Ellsworth

1 U. S. Troops Building Bridges 6 Gathering Cocoanuts

2 Church at Iloilo, P. I. 7 Entrance to Iloilo, P. I.
3 U. S. Army Camp, Mindanao, P. I. » 8 Moro Kids
4 Natives Treed by a Carabao 9 Street Scenes, Zamboanga, P. I.
5 War Dance of the Savages
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2 Fishing Stream 7 Filipino Fresidente's Home
3 Moro Carpenter 8 Filipino Funeral
4 Moro Savages 9 Camp Wallace, Manila
5 General Sumner and Moro Chiefs
Copyrighted by llerbert E. Ellsworth

1 Moro Fishermen 6 Mule Train

2 Moro Woman and Kid 7 Soldiers and Filipino skulls
3 Soldiers Returning from Battle x 8 Scene at Malabang
4 Moros carrying sick Soldier 9 U. S. Troops at Jolo, P. I.
5 Scene at Malabang, P. I.
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2 Filipino Pugilists 8 Moros Carrying Wounded IT. S. Soldiers
3 Filipino Home 9 IT. S. Wagon Train
4 IT. S. Soldier Held Up (30c.) 10 Moro Chief and Followers
5 IT. S. Soldiers, Tree Choppers 11 Moro Kid
6 Moro Women Fruit Venders 12 Moro Chief Visiting IT. S. Troops
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Cocoanut Avenue Old Spanish Fort
Copyrighted by Herbert E. Ellsworth

1 Moro Market 4 A Happy Soldier and Carabao

2 TL S Troops at Jolo, P. T. £ 25-foot Snake
3 General Miles Visiting Mindanao 6 Burial of U. S. Soldier
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A pretty spot Ilocano Head Hunters

Matalang, Falls, Mindanao Moro Soldier and Shield
Copyrighted by Herbert E. Ellsworth

U. S. Troops at Work Filipino Divers

Filipino Musicians
Filipino Water Sports U. S. Soldier Gettinar the Blanket
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