REVIEWER IN CHEMISTRY (FINALS)

ELECTROCHEMISTRY
REDOX REACTIONS
- A type of chemical reaction that involves TWO PROCESSES:
a transfer of electrons between two GALVANIC OR VOLTAIC PROCESS
species. - chemical reactions that result in the
- are common and vital to some of the production of electrical energy.
basic functions of life, including
photosynthesis, respiration, and corrosion ELECTROLYTIC PROCESS
or rusting. - reactions in which chemical changes
occur on the passage of an electrical
TERMINOLOGY: current
 OXIDATION – the loss of electrons
 REDUCTION – the gain of electrons ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL
 OXIDIZING – the species being reduced
 REDUCING – the species being oxidized

OXIDIZING AND REDUCING AGENTS

- An oxidizing agent, or oxidant, gains e-

and is reduced in a chemical reaction. ELECTROLYTIC CELL
- A reducing agent, or reductant, loses e-
and is oxidized in a chemical reaction.

2 TYPES OF ELECTRODES:
 ANODE
 CATHODE
FILIPINO SCIENTISTS AND THEIR INNOVATIONS
1. FE DEL MUNDO
- Invention: Incubator
- The first Asian to have entered the
prestigious Harvard University’s School of
Medicine
- She was an alumna of the University of the
Philippines (UP) College of Medicine
2. ANGEL ALCALA
- Invention: Artificial Coral Reefs
- The man behind the invention of the
artificial coral reefs used for fisheries in
Southeast Asia.
3. DIOSDADO BANATAO
- Invention: Graphical User Interface (GUI)
- He is known for introducing the first single-
chip GUI accelerator that made
computer work a lot faster and for helping
develop the Ethernet controller chip that
made internet possible.
4. GREGORIO ZARA
- Invention: Videophone
- He is a renowned Filipino engineer and
physicist
- The inventor of the first videophone, a
native of Lipa, Batangas and enrolled at
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT) in the United States, and graduated
with a degree of BS in Mechanical
Engineering in 1926
5. AGAPITO FLORES
- Invention: Fluorescent Lamp
- He is the inventor of fluorescent lamp,
which is the most widely used source of
lighting in the world today.
- It was the product of 79 years of the
development of the lighting method that
began with the invention of the electric
bulb by Thomas Edison
6. PEDRO ESCURO
- Invention: Production of Rice
- He leads the improvement, segregation,
and release of nine Seed Board rice
selections. He was renowned by
developing rice breeding in the country.
- He received 18 honors and awards, that
includes his outstanding accomplishments
in rice improvement and outstanding
contribution to rice breeding and
genetics; Recognized as the “Father of the
Philippine Rice Breeding Program”.
7. JULIAN BANZON
- Invention: Renewable Sources of
Chemicals and Fuels
- Known for his cleverness and creativity.
This Filipino scientist declared that coconut
could be a renewable resource of
chemicals and fuel. He makes use of local
equipment in approximately all his
researches.
- He also revealed that ethyl esters could be
taken from sugarcane.
8. DANIEL DINGEL
- Invention: Water-powered car
- a Filipino engineer who claimed to have
invented a “hydrogen reactor” able to
power a water-fueled car.
9. EDUARDO SAN JUAN
- Invention: Lunar Rover
- Mechanical engineer Eduardo San Juan
(aka The Space Junkman) worked on the
team that invented the Lunar Rover or
Moon Buggy. San Juan is considered the
primary designer of the Lunar Rover.
- San Juan was also the designer for the
Articulated Wheel System. Prior to the
Apollo Program, San Juan worked on the
Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM).
10. EDUARDO QUISUMBING
- Innovation: Noted Expert in Medical Plants
- Filipino botanist, Eduardo Quisumbing was
a noted expert in the medicinal plants of
the Philippines. He was author of more
than 129 scientific articles, many on
orchids. Eduardo Quisumbing served as
the Director of the National Museum of the
Philippines, where he rebuilt the
Herbarium.
- The plant "saccolabium quisumbingii" is
named in honor of Eduardo Quisumbing.
NATURE AND ENVIRONMENT
NATURE
- is the natural, physical, or material world or
universe.
- refer to the phenomena of the physical
world, and also to life in general. The study
of nature is a large, if not the only, part of
science.
- derived from the Latin word “natura”
meaning “essential qualities, innate
disposition”, and in ancient times, literally
meant “birth”.
ENVIRONMENT
- It is everything around us. It can be living
or non-living things and includes physical,
chemical and other natural forces.
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
- It encompasses all living and non-living
things occurring naturally, meaning in this
case not artificial. The interaction of all
living species, climate, weather, and
natural resources that affect human
survival and economic activity. It is often
used as a synonym for habitat.
ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT
ANTROPOGENIC IMPACTS
- it Includes changes to biophysical
environments and ecosystems,
biodiversity, and natural resources caused
directly or indirectly by humans, including
global warming, environmental
degradation such as ocean acidification,
mass extinction, and biodiversity loss.
HOW DO HUMAN ACTIVITIES AFFECT THE ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
ENVIRONMENT? - A substance, a state or an event which
has the potential to threaten the
HUMAN ACTIVITIES surrounding natural environment / or
- contribute to climate change by causing adversely affect people's health, including
changes in Earth's atmosphere in the pollution and natural
disasters such as
amounts of greenhouse gases, aerosols storms and earthquakes.
(small particles), and cloudiness.
- The largest known contribution comes Hazards can be categorized in four types:
from the burning of fossil fuels, which 1. Chemical
releases carbon dioxide gas to the 2. Physical
atmosphere. 3. Biological
4. Cultural
CAUSES;
 Human Overpopulation CHEMICAL HAZARDS
 Irrigation - A type of hazard caused by exposure to
 Overconsumption chemicals in the workplace. Exposure to
 Agricultural Land Loss chemicals in the workplace can cause
 Agriculture acute or long-term detrimental health
 Fishing effects.
 Technology Meat Production
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
POLLUTION - An agent, factor or circumstance that
- occurs when pollutants contaminate the can cause harm with or without contact.
natural surroundings; which brings about They can be classified as type
changes that affect our normal lifestyles of
occupational hazard or environmental
adversely. hazard. Physical hazards include
- disturbs our ecosystem and the balance in ergonomic hazards, radiation, heat and
the environment. cold stress, vibration hazards, and noise
- occurs in different forms; air, water, soil, hazards.
radioactive, noise, heat/ thermal and
light. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
- Also known as biohazards, refer to
TWO SOURCES OF POLLUTION: biological substances that pose a threat
to the health of living organisms, primarily
 POINT SOURCES that of humans.
- Easy to identify, monitor and control.
Release pollutants from discrete Sources of biological hazards may include
conveyances, such as a discharge pipe, bacteria, viruses, insects, plants, birds, animals,
and are regulated by federal and state and humans. These sources can cause a variety
agencies. of health effects ranging from skin irritation and
allergies to infections (e.g., tuberculosis, AIDS),
 NON-POINT SOURCES cancer and so on.
- Is a combination of pollutants from a large
area rather than from specific identifiable CULTURAL HAZARDS
sources such as discharge pipes. - Also known as social hazards, result from
your location, socioeconomic status,
ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDEX occupation, and behavioral choices. For
- A method of quantifying and numerically example, smoking cigarettes is hazardous
marking
the environmental performance to your health, and this is a behavioral
of a state's policies. choice.
- The EPI was preceded by the
Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI),
published between 1999 and 2005. Both
indices were developed by Yale University
Columbia University in collaboration with
the World Economic Forum and the Joint
Research Centre of the European
Commission.

TWO DIMENSIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL

PERFORMANCE:

1. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
- which rises with economic growth and
prosperity
2. ECOSYSTEM VITALITY
- which comes under strain from
industrialization and urbanization.