Lecture 1 & 2 2/20/2020

CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management

CE-315: Course Introduction

CLOs:
Hazards and Disaster
 Develop an understanding of the key concepts, definitions and
Management key perspectives of Hazards and Disaster Management.

 Develop an understanding of the basic concepts of Disaster

Management Cycle (Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness,
Response and Recovery).

 Develop an understanding of the basic types of hazards and their

Dr. M. Rizwan Riaz potential consequences specially in the context of Pakistan.
Assistant Professor  Understand how to effectively manage different kinds of
disasters.

 Develop an understanding of the Disaster Management Structure

of Pakistan and its challenges.
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CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management

Course Introduction Introduction/Basic Concepts

Reference Books:
 Introduction to International Disaster Management by Damon P.
Coppola, Third Edition, 2015.
 Disaster Risk Reduction Approaches in Pakistan by Atta-Ur-
Rahman, Amir Nawaz Khan & Rajib Shaw, Springer, 2015.
 Disaster Management, A Disaster Manager’s Handbook by W.
Nick Carter, Asian Development Bank, 2008.
 NDMA (National Disaster Management Authority) and UNISDR
(United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction)
Reports.
Tentative Evaluation:
30 + 30 + 30 + 10
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Hazard:
Potentially damaging physical event or phenomenon that
may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and
economic disruption or environmental degradation.
Hazards can include natural (geological, hydrological,
meteorological and biological) or induced by human processes
(environmental degradation and technological hazards).
Hazards can be single, sequential or combined in their
origin and effects. Each hazard is characterized by its location,
intensity, frequency and probability.
Hazard Analysis:
Identification, study and monitoring of any hazard to
determine its potential, origin, characteristics and behavior.
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CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management

Category Event Hazards

Hazards:
Meteorolog- Hurricane / tropical High winds, heavy rain, flooding, storm surge,
ical cyclone tornadoes, coastal erosion
Other storms High winds, heavy rain, flooding, storm surge,
tornadoes, coastal erosion, lightening, frost, hail,
ice, snow, blizzards, snow avalanche, rockfall
Cold & heat waves Extreme temps.
Lightning Electrical discharge, wildfire
Drought Wildfire, salination
Geological Earthquake Ground shaking, ground rupture, ground cracking,
liquefaction, landslides, tsunami
Volcanic eruption Tephra fall, pyroclastic density currents, lava
flows, volcanic gases & aerosols, ground
cracking, landslides, lahars, tsunami
Landslide, mass Rockfall, tsunami, subsidence, ground cracking
failure
Hydrological Flood events Erosion, landslides, high water levels
Biological Diseases, environ. Malaria, Measles, Dengue, Congo etc.
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CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management

Introduction/Basic Concepts Introduction/Basic Concepts

Vulnerability:
The conditions determined by physical, social, economic
and environmental factors or processes, which increase the
susceptibility of a community or society to the impact of hazards.
Vulnerability in this context can be defined as the
diminished capacity of an individual or group to anticipate, cope
with, resist and recover from the impact of a natural or man-made
hazard.
The concept is relative and dynamic. Vulnerability is most
often associated with poverty, but it can also arise when people
are isolated, insecure and defenseless in the face of risk, shock
or stress.
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Capacity:
A combination of all the strengths and resources available
within a community, society or organization that can reduce the
level of risk, or the effects of a disaster.
Capacity may include physical, institutional, social or
economic means as well as skilled personnel or collective
attributes such as leadership and management.
Capacity may also be described as capability.
Resilience:
The capacity of a community, society or organization
potentially exposed to hazards to adapt, by resisting or changing
in order to maintain an acceptable level of functioning.
Resilience can be increased by learning from past
disasters for better future protection and risk reduction.
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CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management

Introduction/Basic Concepts Introduction/Basic Concepts

Risk: Disaster:
The chances of losses (deaths, injuries, property, A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or
livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environment damaged) society causing widespread human, material, economic or
resulting from interactions between hazards and vulnerable social environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected
conditions. community or society to cope using its own resources.
Risk is expressed as
Risk = Hazards x Vulnerability It results from the combination of hazards, conditions of
Some experts also include the concept vulnerability and insufficient capacity to reduce the potential
of exposure to refer to the physical aspects of vulnerability. negative consequences of risk.

Risk Assessment/Analysis: A disaster occurs when a hazard impacts on vulnerable

A methodology to determine the nature and extent of risk people.
by analysing potential hazards and evaluating existing
vulnerability that could pose a potential threat to people, property, (VULNERABILITY X HAZARD)/CAPACITY = DISASTER
livelihoods and the environment.
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CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management

Introduction/Basic Concepts
Disaster Management Cycle:
Disaster Risk Management (DRM):
The comprehensive approach to reduce the adverse
impacts of a disaster. DRM encompasses all actions taken before,
during, and after the disasters.
It includes activities on mitigation, preparedness,
emergency response, recovery, rehabilitation, and reconstruction.
Disaster Risk Reduction/Disaster Reduction:
The measures aimed to minimize vulnerabilities and
disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit
(mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards.
Emergency Management:
The management and deployment of resources for dealing
with all aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness,
response and rehabilitation
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CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management

Disaster Management Cycle: Components of Disaster Risk Management

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CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management

Components of Disaster Risk Management Components of Disaster Risk Management

Mitigation: Mitigation:
Mitigation lessens the likelihood and severity of disaster by
implementing sustained actions, such as improved construction
Actions Include:
practice, to reduce or eliminate long-term risk to people and  Vulnerability reduction/mitigation strategies (structural and
property. non-structural)
Mitigation of hazard impacts reduces
the possibility of disaster and reduces the Structural Measures: Any physical construction to reduce or
need for assistance. avoid possible impacts of hazards, or application of engineering
Actions Include: techniques to achieve hazard-resistance and resilience in
 Hazard Assessment structures or systems.
 Vulnerability Analysis Non-structural Measures: Any measure not involving physical
 Risk Assessment/Evaluation construction that uses knowledge, practice or agreement to
 Integration of disaster risk reduction activities in all reduce risks and impacts, in particular through policies and laws,
development activities making it mandatory, with a mechanism public awareness raising, training and education.
similar to EIA process or making it a part of the EIA process.
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CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management

Components of Disaster Risk Management Components of Disaster Risk Management

Preparedness: Response:
Preparedness lessens the severity of disasters by To be ready for response with capability to provide rapid
preparing people for disaster, developing plans to ensure an and efficient medical, rescue and emergency supplies, and
effective response and recovery, and training people to equipment to those in need.
implement plans after a disaster occurs.
Actions Include:
Actions Include:  Mobilization
 Prediction and warning for different disasters.  Assessment
 Emergency preparedness (for monitoring, alert and  Requirement analysis
evacuation, immediate disaster assistance to set-up medical  Rescue and evacuation
operations, deployment of search and rescue teams and  Emergency assistance
distribution of disaster supplies and equipment). (medial care, shelter, distribution
 Education, training and public awareness. of food, water and supplies).

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CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management

Components of Disaster Risk Management Disaster Management Wheel:

Recovery:
Recovery is implementation of actions to promote
sustainable re-development following a disaster, including new
building code standards and land-use planning controls.

Actions Include:
 Rehabilitation
 Reconstruction
 Rebuilding of houses and buildings
 Financing for rebuilding
 Repair of roads, bridges, water system etc.
 Psychological counselling
 Long-term assistance to rebuild the community is critical to
survival.
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CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management

Components of Disaster Risk Management Disaster Management Continuum:

*Policy/Person or
Present Trend: Action controlling a
situation by causing
During the past, these four aspects were represented in something to happen
the form of a continuous cycle as four phases Mitigation, rather than waiting to
Preparedness, Response and Recovery to explain their respond to it after in
relationship with development. happens.

However, that concept is not being used now as it poses

a danger that it may lead to certain misinterpretations, such as:

 All phases are independent, unrelated activities.

 Mitigation is carried out only before a disaster.
 Reconstruction can be done without considering for any
recurrence of disasters in the future (especially in rare, but
events with high consequences).
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CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management

Disaster Management Continuum: Disaster Management Continuum:

Pre-Disaster Phase:
During this phase, the population has returned to pre-
Pre-Disaster Phase Disaster Phase Post-Disaster Phase disaster standards of living. But, they recognize the need for
certain measures which may be needed to reduce the extent or
Prevention Response Rehabilitation impact of damage during the next similar disaster.
For example, after an earthquake which caused a lot of
Mitigation Relief Development damages to improperly built houses, the population begins to
rebuild stronger houses and buildings that give away less easily
Preparedness Recovery Reconstruction
to earthquakes.
Or, in the case of tsunami, to avoid housings very close to
the shore and the development of a ‘greenbelt’ – a thick stretch of
trees adjacent to the coast line in order to reduce the impact of
the tsunami waves on the land.
This process of making the impact less severe is called
Mitigation.
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CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management

Disaster Management Continuum: Disaster Management Continuum:

Pre-Disaster Phase: Disaster Phase:
Preparedness Phase: This phase involves the The phase during which the event of the disaster takes
development of awareness among the population on the general place. This phase is characterized by profound damage to the
aspects of disaster and on how to behave in the face of a future human society. This damage/ loss may be that of human life, loss
disaster. of property, loss of environment, loss of health or anything else.
This includes education on warning signs of disasters, In this phase, the population is taken by profound shock.
methods of safe and successful evacuation and first aid
measures. Response Phase: This is the period that immediately follows the
occurrence of the disaster. In a way, all individuals respond to the
disaster, but in their own ways. The ambulances and medical
personnel arrive, remove the injured for transportation to medical
camps or hospitals and provide first aid and life support. The
public also take part in relief work. The needs of the population
during this phase are immediate medical help, food, clothing and
shelter.
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CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management

Disaster Management Continuum: Disaster Management Continuum:

Disaster Phase:
Recovery Phase: When the immediate needs of the
population are met, when all medical help has arrived and people
have settled from the hustle–bustle of the event, they begin to
enter the next phase, the recovery phase which is the most
significant, in terms of long term outcome.
It is during this time that the victims actually realize the
impact of disaster. It is now that they perceive the meaning of the
loss that they have suffered. They are often housed in a camp or
in some place which is often not their house, along with other
victims.
Post-Disaster Phase:
During this time, they need intensive mental support so as
to facilitate recovery. When the victims have recovered from the
trauma both physically and mentally, they realize the need to
return back to normal routine. That is, to pre-disaster life.
During this phase, they need resources and facilities so
as to enable them to return back to their own homes, pursue their
occupation, so that they can sustain their life on their own, as the
help from the government and other non-governmental
organizations is bound to taper in due course.
Thus, they are provided with a whole new environment,
adequate enough to pursue a normal or atleast near normal life.
This is called Rehabilitation.

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