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[Title Here, up to 12 Words, on One to Two Lines]

Jamie Jules Christopher P. Rodriguez

2 - Manresa

Author Note

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Table of Contents

Abstract................................................................................................................................3

Introduction..........................................................................................................................4

History.............................................................................................................................5

[Heading 3]..................................................................................................................6

References............................................................................................................................8

Footnotes..............................................................................................................................9

Tables.................................................................................................................................10

Figures...............................................................................................................................11
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Abstract

During the 18th-century industrial revolution, workers were coerced to work for 10 to 16

hours daily and six days a week, which was faced by the mounting labor movement struggles

that it was shortened to 10, and then to eight hours for a working day in the 19th century. It was

adopted by the Treaty of Versailles on its labor provisions, which served as the precursor for the

International Labour Organization (ILO) Hours of Work (Industry) Convention of 1919.

The Philippines has been having a growing problem of unemployment, and the few who

are luckily employed suffer from long hours of work. The proposed solution to this dilemma is

lowering the work hours of the normal 40 hour week employee. Australia, Germany, Switzerland

are few of the countries who have the shortest work hours in the world. These countries are

shown to be the happiest countries in the world and have a low unemployment rate. The proposal

of this paper is to lessen the normal work hours from 40 hours to 32 hours.

1.
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Introduction

Working time is the period of time that a person spends at paid labor. Unpaid labor such

as personal housework or caring for children or pets is not considered part of the working week.

In Philippine setting, the normal hours of work under the Labor Code is eight (8) hours in one

work day. Work day is understood to mean one (1) 24-hour cycle which starts from the time the

employee is engaged to work and ends on the same time the following day. However, the

employer is free to adopt what time in a day the work shall start as long as the total number of

hours worked will not exceed 8 hours. If the number of hours worked exceed eight (8) hours, the

employee must be paid overtime pay for the excess.

Hours worked refers to all compensable period of work. Hours work includes (1) all the

time during which an employee is required to be on duty or to be at a prescribed workplace; and

(2) All the time during which an employee is suffered or permitted to work.

The following general principles may be used to determine whether the time spent by an

employee is considered hours worked or not:

1. All hours are hours worked which the employee is required to give his employer,

regardless of whether or not such hours are spent in productive labor or involve physical

or mental exertion.

2. An employee need not leave the premises of the work place in order that his rest period

shall not be counted, it being enough that he stops working, may rest completely and may
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leave his work place, to go elsewhere, whether within or outside the premises of his work

place.

3. If the work performed was necessary, or it benefited the employer, or the employee could

not abandon his work at the end of his normal working hours because he had no

replacement, all time spent for such work shall be considered as hours worked, if the

work was with the knowledge of his employer or immediate supervisor.

4. The time during which an employee is inactive by reason of interruptions in his work

beyond his control shall be considered working time either if the imminence of the

resumption of work requires the employee’s presence at the place of work or if the

interval is too brief to be utilized effectively and gainfully in the employee’s own interest.

History

The industrial revolution, the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period

from around 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840, paved the way for a larger fragment of

the population to work year-round, because this labor was not tied to the season and

artificial lighting made it possible to work longer each day. Peasants and farm laborers moved

from rural areas to work in urban factories, and working time during the year increased

significantly. Before collective bargaining and worker protection laws, there was a financial

incentive for a company to maximize the return on expensive machinery by having long hours.

Records indicate that work schedules as long as twelve to sixteen hours per day, six to seven

days per week were practiced in some industrial sites.

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Over the 20th century, work hours was significantly shortened by almost half, mostly due

to increasing wages brought about by economic growth with a supporting role from trade unions,

collective bargaining, and progressive legislation. The workweek, in most of the industrialized

world, dropped steadily, to about 40 hours after World War II. The limitation of working hours is

also proclaimed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1, International Covenant on

Economic2, Social and Cultural Rights, and European Social Charter. 3Most countries in the

developed world have seen average hours worked decrease significantly.4

In the late 19th century in the United States, it was assessed that the average work week

was over 60 hours per week.5 Today the average hours worked in the U.S. is around 33, with the

average man employed full-time for 8.4 hours per work day, and the average woman employed

full-time for 7.9 hours per work day.6

The New Economics Foundation has recommended moving to a 21-hour standard work

week to address problems with unemployment, high carbon emissions, low well-being,
7
entrenched inequalities, overworking, family care, and the general lack of free time. Actual

work week lengths have been falling in the developed world.

1
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 24
2
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Article 7
3
European Social Charter, Article 2
4
Evolution de la durée du travail en France et dans le monde – Direccte". Lorraine.direccte.gouv.fr. Archived from
the original on 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2018-11-05
5
"Hours of Work in U.S. History". Economic History Association. 2010-02-01
6
"American Time Use Survey Summary". Bls.gov. 2017-06-27. Retrieved 2018-06-06.
7
Coote, Anna; Franklin, Jane; Simms, Andrew (February 2010). "21 hours: Why a shorter working week can help us
all to flourish in the 21st century" (PDF). London: New Economics Foundation. ISBN 9781904882701. Archived
from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2016. Retrieved 05 October 2018.
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Factors that have contributed to lowering average work hours and increasing standard of

living have been:

 Technological advances in efficiency such as mechanization, robotics and

information technology.

 The increase of women equally participating in making income as opposed to

previously being commonly bound to homemaking and childrearing exclusively.

 Dropping fertility rates leading to fewer hours needed to be worked to support

children.

Previous Research

Pencavel 2014 posited that long weekly hours and long daily hours do not necessarily

yield high output and this implies that, for some employees engaged in certain types of work,

their profit-maximizing employer will not be indifferent to the length of their working hours over

a day or week. This paper has suggested a different reason for an optimizing employer to care

about the length of working hours: employees at work for a long time may experience fatigue or

stress that not only reduces his or her productivity but also increases the probability of errors,

accidents, and sickness that impose costs on the employer. Unlike the case of fixed employment

costs, these concerns over work stress incline the firm not to extend the work hours of

employees, but to curtail them. The point at which fatigue sets in and the nature of the link

between working hours and work effort or fatigue is likely to vary across types of work and

across workers. 8

8
The Productivity of Working Hours, 2014, John Pencavel, http://ftp.iza.org/dp8129.pdf
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[Heading 4]. (Last Name, Year)

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References

Last Name, F. M. (Year). Article Title. Journal Title, Pages From - To.

Last Name, F. M. (Year). Book Title. City Name: Publisher Name.

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Footnotes
1
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Tables

Table 1

[Table Title]

Column Head Column Head Column Head Column Head Column Head
Row Head 123 123 123 123
Row Head 456 456 456 456
Row Head 789 789 789 789
Row Head 123 123 123 123
Row Head 456 456 456 456
Row Head 789 789 789 789

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Figures
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