Chapter 5 Factoring and Applications: Find The Greatest Common Factor For Each Group of Numbers

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Chapter 5 FACTORING AND APPLICATIONS

5.1 The Greatest Common Factor; Factoring by Grouping
Learning Objectives
1 Find the greatest common factor of a list of terms.
2 Factor out the greatest common factor.
3 Factor by grouping.
Key Terms
Use the vocabulary terms listed below to complete each statement in exercises 1-5.
factoring factored form common factor greatest common factor
factoring by grouping
1. The ___________________ of a list of integers or expressions is the largest common

factor of those integers or expressions.
2. A polynomial is written in ___________________ if it is written as a product.
3. The process of writing a polynomial as a product is called ___________________.
4. An integer or expression that is a factor of two or more integers or expressions is called a

___________________.
5. ___________________ is a method for grouping terms of a polynomial in such a way

that the polynomial can be factored even though its greatest common factor is 1.
Objective 1 Find the greatest common factor of a list of terms.

Find the greatest common factor for each group of numbers.
1. 36, 18, 24 1.________________
2. 108, 48, 84 2.________________
3. 17, 23, 40 3.________________
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4. 70, 126, 42, 56 4.________________
5. 84, 280, 112 5.________________
Find the greatest common factor for each list of terms.
6. 18b3 , 36b 6 , 45b 4 6.________________
7. 7 m4 , 12m5 , 21m9 7.________________
8. y7 z 2 , y4 z8 , z3 8.________________
9. 6 k 2 m 4 n 5 , 8k 3 m 7 n 4 , k 4 m 8 n 7 9.________________
10. 45a 7 y 4 , 75a 3 y 2 , 90a 2 y, 30a 4 y 3 10.________________
11. 9 xy 4 , 72 x 4 y 7 , 27 xy 2 , 108 x 2 y 5 11.________________
Objective 2 Factor out the greatest common factor.

Complete the factoring.
12. 84 = 4 ( ) 12.________________
13. −18 y 8 = −3 y 5 ( ) 13.________________
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14. −75a 4 y 2 = 25a3 y 2 ( ) 14.________________
Factor out the greatest common factor.
15. 26r + 39t 15.________________
16. 45 xy + 18 x + 27 x3 y 16.________________
17. 24ab − 8a 2 + 40ac 17.________________
18. 15a 7 − 25a 3 − 40a 4 18.________________
19. 9 y 2 − 7 19.________________
20. 56 x 2 y 4 − 24 xy 3 + 32 xy 2 20.________________
21. 3 ( a + b ) − x ( a + b ) 21.________________
22. x 2 ( r − 4s ) + z 2 ( r − 4s ) 22.________________
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Objective 3 Factor by Grouping.

Factor each polynomial by grouping.
23. x 2 + 2 x + 5 x + 10 23.________________
24. x 4 + 2 x 2 + 5 x 2 + 10 24.________________
25. 3 x 2 − 9 x + 12 x − 36 25.________________
26. xy − 2 x − 2 y + 4 26.________________
27. 2a 3 − 3a 2b + 2ab 2 − 3b3 27.________________
28. 12 x 3 − 4 xy − 3 x 2 y 2 + y 3 28.________________
29. 2 x 4 + 4 x 2 y 2 + 3 x 2 y + 6 y 3 29.________________
30. 12 x 2 + 4 xy − 6 xy − 2 y 2 30.________________
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5.2 Factoring Trinomials
Learning Objectives
1 Factor trinomials with a coefficient of 1 for the squared term.
2 Factor such trinomials after factoring out the greatest common factor.
Key Terms
coefficient prime polynomial
1. A ___________________ is a polynomial that cannot be factored into factors having

only integer coefficients.
2. A ___________________ is the numerical factor of a term.
Objective 1 Factor trinomials with a coefficient of 1 for the squared term.

List all pairs of integers with the given product. Then find the pair whose sum is given.
1. Product: 42; sum: 17 1.________________
2. Product: 28; sum: -11 2.________________
3. Product: –64; sum: 12 3.________________
4. Product: –54; sum –3 4.________________
5. x 2 + 7 x + 12 = ( x + 3)( ) 5.________________
6. x 2 + 3x − 28 = ( x − 4 )( ) 6.________________
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7. x 2 + 4 x + 4 = ( x + 2 )( ) 7.________________
8. x 2 − x − 30 = ( x + 5)( ) 8.________________
Factor completely. If a polynomial cannot be factored, write prime.
9. x 2 + 11x + 18 9.________________
10. x 2 − 11x + 28 10.________________
11. x 2 − x − 2 11.________________
12. x 2 + 14 x + 49 12.________________
13. x 2 − 2 x − 35 13.________________
14. x 2 − 8 x − 33 14.________________
15. x 2 + 6 x + 5 15.________________
16. x 2 − 15 xy + 56 y 2 16.________________
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17. x 2 − 4 xy − 21 y 2 17.________________
18. m 2 − 2mn − 3n 2 18.________________
Objective 2 Factor such trinomials after factoring out the greatest common factor.
Factor completely.
19. 2 x 2 + 10 x − 28 19.________________
20. 3h 3 k − 21h 2 k − 54hk 20.________________
21. 4a 2 − 24b + 5 21.________________
22. 3 p 6 + 18 p 5 + 24 p 4 22.________________
23. 2a 3b − 10a 2b 2 + 12ab3 23.________________
24. 3 y 3 + 9 y 2 − 12 y 24.________________
25. 5r 2 + 35r + 60 25.________________
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26. 3 xy 2 − 24 xy + 36 x 26.________________
27. 10k 6 + 70k 5 + 100k 4 27.________________
28. x5 − 3 x 4 + 2 x3 28.________________
29. 2 x 2 y 2 − 2 xy 3 − 12 y 4 29.________________
30. a 2b − 12ab 2 + 35b3 30.________________
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5.3 More on Factoring Trinomials
Learning Objectives
1 Factor trinomials by grouping when the coefficient of the squared term is not 1.
2 Factor trinomials by using the FOIL method.
Key Terms
squared term of a trinomial binomial factor
1. A factor containing only two terms is called a ___________________.
2. The ___________________ is the term in which the variable is raised to the second
power.
Objective 1 Factor trinomials by grouping when the coefficient of the squared term is
not 1.
Factor by grouping.
1. 8b 2 + 18b + 9 1.________________
2. 3 x 2 + 13 x + 14 2.________________
3. 15a 2 + 16a + 4 3.________________
4. 6n 2 + 11n + 4 4.________________
5. 3b 2 + 8b + 4 5.________________
6. 3m 2 − 5m − 12 6.________________
7. 3 p3 + 8 p2 + 4 p 7.________________
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8. 8m 2 + 26mn + 6n 2 8.________________
9. 7 a 2b + 18ab + 8b 9.________________
10. 2 s 2 + 5st − 3t 2 10.________________
11. 9c 2 + 24cd + 12d 2 11.________________
12. 25a 2 + 30ab + 9b 2 12.________________
13. 9r 2 + 12r − 5 13.________________
14. 12a 3 + 26a 2b + 12ab 2 14.________________
Objective 2 Factor trinomials by using the FOIL method.

15. 2 x 2 + 5 x − 3 = ( 2 x − 1)( ) 15.________________
16. 6 x 2 + 19 x + 10 = ( 3x + 2 )( ) 16.________________
17. 16 x 2 + 4 x − 6 = ( 4 x + 3)( ) 17.________________
18. 24 y 2 − 17 y + 3 = ( 3 y − 1)( ) 18.________________
Complete each trinomial by trial and error (using FOIL backwards).
19. 10 x 2 + 19 x + 6 19.________________
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20. 4 y 2 + 3 y − 10 20.________________
21. 2a 2 + 13a + 6 21.________________
22. 8q 2 + 10q + 3 22.________________
23. 8m 2 − 10m − 3 23.________________
24. 14b 2 + 3b − 2 24.________________
25. 15q 2 − 2q − 24 25.________________
26. 9 w2 + 12 wz + 4 z 2 26.________________
27. 10c 2 − cd − 2d 2 27.________________
28. 6 x 2 + xy − 12 y 2 28.________________
29. 18 x 2 − 27 xy + 4 y 2 29.________________
30. 12 y 2 + 11 y − 15 30.________________
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5.4 Special Factoring Techniques
Learning Objectives
1 Factor a difference of squares.
2 Factor a perfect square trinomial.
3 Factor a difference of cubes.
4 Factor a sum of cubes.
Key Terms
difference of squares perfect square trinomial difference of cubes
sum of cubes
1. The ___________________ can be factored as a product of the sum and difference of

two terms.
2. ( )
A ___________________ can be factored as ( x + y ) x 2 − xy + y 2 .
3. A ___________________ is a trinomial that can be factored as the square of a binomial.
4. ( )
A ___________________ can be factored as ( x − y ) x 2 + xy + y 2 .
Objective 1 Factor a difference of squares.

Factor each binomial completely. If a binomial cannot be factored, write prime.
1. x 2 − 49 1.________________
2. 100r 2 − 9 s 2 2.________________
3. 9 j 2 − 16
49
3.________________
4. 36 − 121d 2 4.________________
5. 9m 4 − 1 5.________________
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6. m4n2 − m2 6.________________
Objective 2 Factor a perfect square trinomial.

Factor each trinomial completely. It may be necessary to factor out the greatest
common factor first.
7. y2 + 6 y + 9 7.________________
8. m 2 − 8m + 16 8.________________
9. z 2 − 43 z + 94 9.________________
10. 64 p 4 + 48 p 2 q 2 + 9q 4 10.________________
11. −16 x 2 − 48 x − 36 11.________________
12. −12a 2 + 60ab − 75b 2 12.________________
Objective 3 Factor a difference of cubes.

Find each difference. Write each answer in lowest terms.
13. a 3 − 1 13.________________
14. b3 − 27 14.________________
15. c3 − 216 15.________________
16. 125 z 3 − 8 16.________________
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17. c9 − d 6 17.________________
18. 125m3 − 8 p 3 18.________________
19. 64 x3 − 27 y 3 19.________________
1 20.________________
20. 8m 3 −
27
21. 1000a 3 − 27b3 21.________________
Objective 4 Factor a sum of cubes.

Find each difference. Write each answer in lowest terms.
22. y 3 + 27 22.________________
23. m3 + 64 23.________________
24. n3 + 216 24.________________
25. 8b3 + 1 25.________________
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26. 343d 3 + 27 26.________________
27. t 6 + 1 27.________________
28. 64 x3 + 27 y 3 28.________________
29. 216m3 + 125 p 3 29.________________
1 30.________________
30. 27t 3 +
64
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5.5 Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring
Learning Objectives
1 Solve quadratic equations by factoring.
2 Solve other equations by factoring.
Key Terms
quadratic equation standard form zero-factor property
1. The ___________________ states that if two numbers have a product of 0, then at least
one of the numbers is 0.
2. A quadratic equation written in the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , where a ≠ 0 , is in

___________________.
3. A ___________________ is an equation that can be written in the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ,

where a, b, and c are real numbers, with a ≠ 0 .
Objective 1 Solve quadratic equations by factoring.

Solve each equation. Check your answers.
1. ( y + 9 )( 2 y − 3) = 0 1.________________
2. ( 3k + 4 )( 5k − 7 ) = 0 2.________________
3. b 2 − 49 = 0 3.________________
4. 2 x 2 − 3 x − 20 = 0 4.________________
5. x 2 − 2 x − 63 = 0 5.________________
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6. 8r 2 = 24r 6.________________
7. 3x 2 − 7 x − 6 = 0 7.________________
8. 3 − 5x = 8x2 8.________________
9. 9 x 2 + 12 x + 4 = 0 9.________________
10. 25 x 2 = 20 x 10.________________
11. 9 y 2 = 16 11.________________
12. 12 x 2 + 7 x − 12 = 0 12.________________
13. 14 x 2 − 17 x − 6 = 0 13.________________
14. c ( 5c + 17 ) = 12 14.________________
2
15. 3 x ( x + 3) = ( x + 2 ) − 1 15.________________
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Objective 2 Solve other equations by factoring.

Solve each equation.
16. 3x ( x + 7 )( x − 2 ) = 0 16.________________
17. x ( 2 x 2 − 7 x − 15 ) = 0 17.________________
18. z ( 4 z 2 − 9 ) = 0 18.________________
19. z 3 − 49 z = 0 19.________________
20. 25a = a 3 20.________________
21. x3 + 2 x 2 − 8 x = 0 21.________________
22. 2m3 + m 2 − 6m = 0 22.________________
23. ( 4x 2
− 9) ( x − 2) = 0 23.________________
24. z 4 + 8 z 3 − 9 z 2 = 0 24.________________
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25. 3 z 3 + z 2 − 4 z = 0 25.________________
26. (y 2
− 5 y + 6 )( y 2 − 36 ) = 0 26.________________
27. 15 x 2 = x3 + 56 x 27.________________
28. ( y − 7 ) ( 2 y 2 + 7 y − 15) = 0 28.________________
29. ( x − 32 ) ( 2 x 2 + 11x + 15 ) = 0 29.________________
30. ( y − 1) ( y 2 − 25 ) = 0 30.________________
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5.6 Applications of Quadratic Functions
Learning Objectives
1 Solve problems involving geometric figures.
2 Solve problems involving consecutive integers.
3 Solve problems by using the Pythagorean formula.
4 Solve problems by using given quadratic models.
Key Terms
consecutive integers consecutive odd integers consecutive even integers

hypotenuse
1. ___________________ are odd integers that are next to each other.
2. Two integers that differ by 1 are ___________________.
3. The ___________________ is the longest side in a right triangle. It is the side opposite
the right angle.
4. ___________________ are even integers that are next to each other.
Objective 1 Solve problems involving geometric figures.

Solve the problem.
1. The length of a rectangle is 8 centimeters more than 1.________________
the width. The area is 153 square centimeters. Find
the length and width of the rectangle.
2. The length of a rectangle is three times its width. If 2.________________

the width were increased by 4 and the length
remained the same, the resulting rectangle would
have an area of 231 square inches. Find the
dimensions of the original rectangle.
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3. The area of a rectangular room is 252 square feet. 3.________________

Its width is 4 feet less than its length. Find the
length and width of the room.
4. Two rectangles with different dimensions have the 4.________________

same area. The length of the first rectangle is three
times its width. The length of the second rectangle
is 4 meters more than the width of the first
rectangle, and its width is 2 meters more than the
width of the first rectangle. Find the lengths and
widths of the two rectangles.
5. Each side of one square is 1 meter less than twice 5.________________

the length of each side of a second square. If the
difference between the areas of the two squares is
16 meters, find the lengths of the sides of the two
squares.
6. The area of a triangle is 42 square centimeters. The 6.________________

base is 2 centimeters less than twice the height.
Find the base and height of the triangle.
7. A rectangular bookmark is 6 centimeters longer than 7.________________

it is wide. Its area is numerically 3 more than its
perimeter. Find the length and width of the
bookmark.
8. A book is three times as long as it is wide. Find the 8.________________

length and width of the book in inches if its area is
numerically 128 more than its perimeter
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9. The volume of a box is 192 cubic feet. If the length 9.________________

of the box is 8 feet and the width is 2 feet more than
the height, find the width of the box.
10. Mr. Fixxall is building a box which will have a 10.________________

volume of 60 cubic meters. The height of the box
will be 4 meters, and the length will be 2 meters
more than the width. Find the width of the box.
Objective 2 Solve problems involving consecutive integers.

Solve the problem.
11. The product of two consecutive integers is four less 11.________________
than four times their sum. Find the integers.
12. Find two consecutive integers such that the square 12.________________
of their sum is 169.
13. Find two consecutive integers such that the sum of 13.________________
the squares of the two integers is 3 more than the
opposite (additive inverse) of the smaller integer.
14. The product of two consecutive even integers is 24 14.________________

more than three times the larger integer. Find the
integers.
15. Find all possible pairs of consecutive odd integers 15.________________

whose sum is equal to their product decreased by
47.
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16. Find two consecutive positive even integers whose 16.________________

product is 6 more than three times its sum.
Objective 3 Solve problems by using the Pythagorean formula.

Solve the problem.
17. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 4 inches longer 17.________________

than the shorter leg. The longer leg is 4 inches
shorter than twice the shorter leg. Find the length of
the shorter leg.
18. A flag is shaped like a right triangle. The 18.________________

hypotenuse is 6 meters longer than twice the length
of the shortest side of the flag. If the length of the
other side is 2 meters less than the hypotenuse, find
the lengths of the sides of the flag.
19. A field has a shape of a right triangle with one leg 19.________________
10 meters longer than twice the length of the other
leg. The hypotenuse is 4 meters longer than three
times the length of the shorter leg. Find the
dimensions of the field.
20. A train and a car leave a station at the same time, 20.________________
the train traveling due north and the car traveling
west. When they are 100 miles apart, the train has
traveled 20 miles farther than the car. Find the
distance each has traveled.
21. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 1 foot larger 21.________________

than twice the shorter leg. The longer leg is 7 feet
larger than the shorter leg. Find the length of the
longer leg.
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22. Mark is standing directly beneath a kite attached to 22.________________

a string which Nina is holding, with her hand
touching the ground. The height of the kite at that
instant is 12 feet less than twice the distance
between Mark and Nina. The length of the kite
string is 12 feet more than that distance. Find the
length of the kite string.
23. A 30-foot ladder is leaning against a building. The 23.________________

distance from the bottom of the ladder to the
building is 6 feet less than the distance from the top
of the ladder to the ground. How far is the bottom
of the ladder from the building?
24. A field is in the shape of a right triangle. The 24.________________

shorter leg measures 45 meters. The hypotenuse
measures 45 meters less than twice the longer leg.
Find the dimensions of the lot.
25. Two ships left a dock at the same time. When they 25.________________
were 25 miles apart, the ship that sailed due south
had gone 10 miles less than twice the distance
traveled by the ship that sailed due west. Find the
distance traveled by the ship that sailed due south.
26. A ladder is leaning against a building. The distance from 26.________________

the bottom of the ladder to the building is 8 feet less than
the length of the ladder. How high up the side of the
building is the top of the ladder if that distance is 4 feet
less than the length of the ladder?
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Objective 4 Solve problems by using given quadratic formulas.

Use the quadratic model to answer the questions.
The equation y = −.04 x 2 + .93 x + 21 was developed to model fuel economy trends within the
automobile industry starting in 1978. Suppose that an automotive engineer is revising the
model to project fuel economy trends into the 21st century. She develops the following
formula:
y = −.02 x 2 + 1.19 x + 27
and determines that x is coded so that x = 0 represents 1999.
27. Calculate the expected miles per gallon in 2005. 27.________________

Round your answer to the nearest tenth.
28. Calculate the expected miles per gallon in 2049. 28.________________

Round your answer to the nearest tenth.
Use the quadratic model to answer the questions.
29. If a ball is thrown upward from ground level with an 29.________________

initial velocity of 80 feet per second, its height h (in
feet) t seconds later is given by the equation
h = −16t 2 + 80t
After how many seconds is the height 100 feet?
30. An object is propelled upward from a height of 16 30.________________

feet with an initial velocity of 48 feet per second. Its
height h (in feet) t seconds later is given by the
equation
h = −16t 2 + 48t + 16
After how many seconds is the height 48 feet?
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Chapter 5 Factoring and Applications: Find The Greatest Common Factor For Each Group of Numbers

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Chapter 5 Factoring and Applications: Find The Greatest Common Factor For Each Group of Numbers

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Name: Date:

Chapter 5 FACTORING AND APPLICATIONS

factoring factored form common factor greatest common factor

1. The ___________________ of a list of integers or expressions is the largest common

2. A polynomial is written in ___________________ if it is written as a product.

3. The process of writing a polynomial as a product is called ___________________.

4. An integer or expression that is a factor of two or more integers or expressions is called a

5. ___________________ is a method for grouping terms of a polynomial in such a way

Objective 1 Find the greatest common factor of a list of terms.

2. 108, 48, 84 2.________________

3. 17, 23, 40 3.________________

4. 70, 126, 42, 56 4.________________

5. 84, 280, 112 5.________________

Find the greatest common factor for each list of terms.

6. 18b3 , 36b 6 , 45b 4 6.________________

7. 7 m4 , 12m5 , 21m9 7.________________

10. 45a 7 y 4 , 75a 3 y 2 , 90a 2 y, 30a 4 y 3 10.________________

11. 9 xy 4 , 72 x 4 y 7 , 27 xy 2 , 108 x 2 y 5 11.________________

Objective 2 Factor out the greatest common factor.

13. −18 y 8 = −3 y 5 ( ) 13.________________

14. −75a 4 y 2 = 25a3 y 2 ( ) 14.________________

Factor out the greatest common factor.

15. 26r + 39t 15.________________

17. 24ab − 8a 2 + 40ac 17.________________

18. 15a 7 − 25a 3 − 40a 4 18.________________

Objective 3 Factor by Grouping.

27. 2a 3 − 3a 2b + 2ab 2 − 3b3 27.________________

Chapter 5 FACTORING AND APPLICATIONS

coefficient prime polynomial

1. A ___________________ is a polynomial that cannot be factored into factors having

2. A ___________________ is the numerical factor of a term.

Objective 1 Factor trinomials with a coefficient of 1 for the squared term.

2. Product: 28; sum: -11 2.________________

3. Product: –64; sum: 12 3.________________

4. Product: –54; sum –3 4.________________

Complete the factoring.

Factor completely. If a polynomial cannot be factored, write prime.

10. x 2 − 11x + 28 10.________________

18. m 2 − 2mn − 3n 2 18.________________

20. 3h 3 k − 21h 2 k − 54hk 20.________________

21. 4a 2 − 24b + 5 21.________________

23. 2a 3b − 10a 2b 2 + 12ab3 23.________________

25. 5r 2 + 35r + 60 25.________________

27. 10k 6 + 70k 5 + 100k 4 27.________________

30. a 2b − 12ab 2 + 35b3 30.________________

Chapter 5 FACTORING AND APPLICATIONS

squared term of a trinomial binomial factor

1. A factor containing only two terms is called a ___________________.

3. 15a 2 + 16a + 4 3.________________

10. 2 s 2 + 5st − 3t 2 10.________________

11. 9c 2 + 24cd + 12d 2 11.________________

12. 25a 2 + 30ab + 9b 2 12.________________

13. 9r 2 + 12r − 5 13.________________

14. 12a 3 + 26a 2b + 12ab 2 14.________________

Objective 2 Factor trinomials by using the FOIL method.

15. 2 x 2 + 5 x − 3 = ( 2 x − 1)( ) 15.________________

17. 16 x 2 + 4 x − 6 = ( 4 x + 3)( ) 17.________________

18. 24 y 2 − 17 y + 3 = ( 3 y − 1)( ) 18.________________

Complete each trinomial by trial and error (using FOIL backwards).

21. 2a 2 + 13a + 6 21.________________

22. 8q 2 + 10q + 3 22.________________

23. 8m 2 − 10m − 3 23.________________