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Destroy t h i s r e p o r t when no l o n g e r needed.
Do n o t r e t u r n it t o t h e o r i g i n a
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The f i n d i n g s i n t h i s r e p o r t are n o t t o be as a n
o f f i c i a l Department of t h e Army
d e s i g n a t e d by o t h e r
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11 ' 1
I
I
PROJEC T TRINIDAD
EXPLOSIVE EXCAVATION TESTS IN
SANDSTONE AND SHALE
BRUCE B . REDPATH
' NOTICE
This report was prepared as an account of work
sponsored by the United States Government. Neither
the United States nor the United States Atomic Energy
Commission, nor any of their employees, nor any of
their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees,
makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any
legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, com-
pleteness or usefulness of any information, apparatus,
product or process disclosed, or represents that its use
would not infringe privately owned rights,
C ond ucted b y
a
::
The U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (USAEWES) Explosive Ex-
cavation Research Laboratory (EERL) was the USAEWES Explosive Excavation Research
Office (EERO) from 1 August 1971 to 2 1 April 1972. P r i o r to that time, it was known
a s the USAE Nuclear Cratering Group (NCG).
Abstract
. 1
stones and shales n e a r Trinidad, Colorado, in 1 9 7 0 and 1971. The principal objectives
of these excavation experiments were to obtain single-charge cratering curves, to’
verify row-charge designs for achieving a specified excavation, to, determine the effects
of millisecond delays in row-charge cratering, to experiment with cratering in varying
terrain, and t o compare the cratering effectiveness of several explosives. Three v a r i -
eties of aluminized ammonium-nitrate blasting agents and ANFO were used. *Airblast
and s e i s m i c effects of each detonation were monitored. The s e r i e s culminated with the
excavation of a railway cut 400 f t long with 4 4 tons of explosives distributed among
32 charges.
Acknowledgments
This report is the outcome of the efforts of many people involved in Project
Trinidad. LT T e r r y Shackelford wrote Chapter 2 and, together with MAJ Charles
Gardner, also wrote Chapter 6; LT Dale Mc Williams contributed significantly to
Chapter 4; and Charles Snell prepared Chapter 5. MAJ Richard Gillespie w a s Test
Director. The Albuquerque Engineer District provided outstanding contractual and
operational support throughout the project. M e s s r s . Wayne McIntosh and Victor
Hensinger of the Albuquerque District contributed significantly to the efficient accomp-
lishment of the experimental program. All of the people above were responsible f o r
the successful conduct of their respective technical programs in the field, and to them
is due the credit for the overall s u c c e s s of the project.
Appendix E was written by Prof. J. M. Duncan and M r . C. K. Chan of the
University of California, Berkeley; this work w a s performed by Prof. Duncan and
Mr. Chan under contract DACW07-71-C-0032 with the University of California,
Berkeley.
COL William E. Vandenberg, LTC Robert L. LaFrenz, and LTC Robert R .
Mills, Jr. w e r e Directors of EERL during the course of the field work and the
preparation of this report.
- iv-
Contents
FOREWORD . ii
ABSTRACT . iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . iv
CONVERSION FACTORS . x
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION . . 1
General . 1
Background and Objectives . . 1
Scope of P r o g r a m . . 2
P r o j e c t Organization . 4
CHAPTER 2. SITE DESCRIPTION . 4
Location and Topography . 4
Geology . 5
P r e s h o t Engineering P r o p e r t i e s of Site Medium . 6
CHAPTER 3. CRATER MEASUREMENTS . 7
B-Series . . 8
C-Series . 12
Simultaneous Rows (Cl, C2, C3) . . 13
Delayed Row-Charges (C4, C5) . . 17
Double Row-Charge Detonation (C6) . . 17
D- Series . 18
Single Row- Charge through Varying T e r r a i n ( D l ) . . 18
Single Row-Charge along a Sidehill (D2) . . 23
Double Row-Charge along a Sidehill (D3) . .' . 25
Delayed Double Row-Charge (Railway Cut, D4) . 27
CHAPTER 4. SEISMIC MEASUREMENTS . . 32
Scope . . 32
Results . 35
CHAPTER 5. AIRBLAST MEASUREMENTS . 36
Scope . . 36
Results . 37
CHAPTER 6. ENGINEERING STUDIES O F D4 CRATER . 39
Introduction . 39
On-Site Investigative P r o g r a m s . . 39
Mass Density and Bulking Factor . . 39
Field Determination of Particle Gradation . . 39
Drilling, Coring, and Borehole Photography . . 40
Shaping of Railroad Cut . . 41
Fallback Compaction and Field Settlement Study . 42
CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSIONS
APPENDIX A DRILL HOLE LOCATIONS, STRATIGRAPHY
. 44 a
AND LITHOLOGY, AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES DATA . 47
APPENDIX B CRATER PROFILES AND CROSS SECTIONS . 54
APPENDIX C SEISMIC DATA . . 62
APPENDIX D AIRBLAST DATA . 65
APPENDIX E LABORATORY TESTING O F FALLBACK MATERIAL . 78
REFERENCES . . 92
FIGURES
~ - - _
.
-
1. Organization of P r o j e c t Trinidad . 3
2. P r o j e c t Trinidad site location . 4
3. Generalized stratigraphic section of Trinidad,
Vermejo, and Raton formations . . 5
4. Engineering classification f o r intact rock . . 7
5. Aerial view of principal experimental a r e a showing B
series, C s e r i e s , and D4 c r a t e r . . 8
6. Bucket auger used to emplace charges . 3.0
7. Typical 1-ton single-charge c r a t e r . 10
8. Apparent c r a t e r r a d i i and depths for B s e r i e s . . 10
9. Volumes of B s e r i e s apparent c r a t e r s . 10
10. C3 row c r a t e r . . 15
11. Row c r a t e r enhancement v s charge spacing . 15
12. Single-charge c r a t e r i n g c u r v e s with row c r a t e r
dimensions superimposed . 16
13. Longitudinal profiles, charge layout, and c r o s s
sections of C6 c r a t e r . 19
14. D1 preshot t e r r a i n , charge layout, c r o s s sections,
and c r a t e r profile . . 21
15. D1 c r a t e r . . 22
16. Longitudinal profiles and c r o s s sections of D2 c r a t e r . . 24
17. D2 c r a t e r . . 25
18. Longitudinal profiles and cross sections of D3 c r a t e r . . 26
19. D3 c r a t e r . . 26
20. Anticipated c r o s s section and plan view of D4 experiment . . 28
21. Chart of charge spacing vs depth of cut for 1- and 2-ton
charges of TD-2 s l u r r y in sandstone and shale . . ' 28
22. D4 detonation . . 29
23. D4 c r a t e r viewed f r o m west to east along center
line of railroad . .. 29
24. C r o s s sections of D4 railway cut showing comparison
between c r a t e r and cut excavated by conventional methods . . 31
25. Locations of s e i s m i c monitoring stations during
P r oj e ct T r inid ad
26. Peak ground motion amplitudes v s distance . 34
27.
P r o j e c t Trinidad detonations .
Peak airblast o v e r p r e s s u r e s f o r selected
. 38
-vi-
28. Map of D4 c r a t e r showing location of postshot
engineering investigations . 40
29. Location of c o r e holes in D4 c r a t e r and extent of
blast-induced fracturing ( c r o s s section through Station 93+00) . 41
30. Dozer daylighting end of cut and bringing cut to g r a d e . . 41
31. Dozer s c a l e s c r a t e r slopes; front loader removes
material from crater . 42
32. Finished cut . 42
33. Settlement m a r k e r s . 42
34. Layout of settlement m a r k e r s for vibratory compaction tests . 43
35. B r o s smooth-roller vibratory compactor . . 43
36. Surface settlement produced by vibratory compaction tests . . 44
Al. Map showing location of c o r e holes for B and C
s e r i e s and D4 railroad cut . 47
A2.
for Experiment D1, D2, and D3 .
Map showing location of emplacement and c o r e holes
. 48
A3. Stratigraphy and lithology of B s e r i e s . 49
A4. Stratigraphy and lithology of C s e r i e s . 49
A5. Stratigraphy and lithology of Experiments D1, D2, and D3 . . 50
A6. Stratigraphy and lithology of D4 railroad cut . . 50
Bl. C r a t e r nomenclature . 54
B2. C r o s s sections of c r a t e r s B1 and B2 . . 55
B3. C r o s s sections of C r a t e r s B3 and B4 . . 56
B4. C r o s s sections of C r a t e r s B5 and B6 . . 57
B5. C r o s s sections of C r a t e r s B7 and B8 . . 58
B6. Longitudinal profiles and representative c r o s s sections
for Rows C1 and C2 . . 59
B7. Longitudinal profiles and representative c r o s s sections
forRowC3 . . 60
B8. Longitudinal profiles and representative cross sections
for Rows C4 a n d C5 . . 61
D1. Observed single-charge t r a n s m i s s i o n factors as a function
. .
of scaled depth of b u r s t f o r aluminized ammonium nitrate
s l u r r y detonations, P r o j e c t Trinidad 72
El. Comparison of g r a i n - s i z e distribution curves determined
by point count technique and by sieving . 79
E2. Grain-size distribution c u r v e s for m a t e r i a l as received
and for test specimens . . 80
E3. Variations of maximum and minimum density with
maximum particle s i z e . . 81
E4. W e t specimen (36-in. d i a m e t e r ) after testing . 82
E5. S t r e s s - s t r a i n and volume change curves for specimens
compacted to 7 1%relative density (confining
p r e s s u r e , 15 psi) . 83
E6. S t r e s s - s t r a i n and volume change curves for specimens
compacted to 7 1% relative density (confining
p r e s s u r e , 30 psi) . . 83
- vii -
E7. Stress-strain and volume change curves for specimens
compacted to 7770 relative density (confining
pressure, 15 psi) . . 83
E8. Stress-strain and volume change curves for specimens
compacted to 7 770 relative density (confining
pressure, 30 psi) . . 84
E9. Stress-strain and volume change curves for specimens
compacted to 7 370 relative density (confining
pressure, 15, psi) . . 84
E10. Stress-strain and volume change curves for specimens
compacted to 7 370 relative density (confining
pressure, 30, psi) . . 84
Ell. Stress-strain and volume change curves for specimens
.
compacted to t h r e e relative densities (confining
pressure, 15 psi) . 85
E12. Stress-strain and volume change curves for specimens
compacted t o three relative densities (confining
pressure, 30 psi) . 85
E13. Compression time curves for specimens compacted
to 8070 relative density . . 86
E14. One-dimensional compression curves f o r specitr-ens
compacted to 8070 relative density . 86
E l 5. One-dimensional compression curves for specimens
compacted to 5070 relative density . 87
E16. Variations of angle of internal friction with
relative density
E17. Variation of volumetric s t r a i n due to wetting
with maximum particle s i z e .
E18. Variation of compression due to wetting with
overburden p r e s s u r e f o r a t - r e s t p r e s s u r e conditions . 91
TABLES
-viii-
C1. Maximum recorded particle velocities f o r B - s e r i e s . 62
C2. Maximum recorded particle velocities f o r C1, C2, C3 . . 62
C3. Maximum recorded particle velocities for C4, C5, C6 . . 63
C4. Maximum recorded particle velocities for D-series . 64
D1. Close-in airblast observations for Detonations Bl through
B8 (single-charges). Altitude = 6200 f t AMSL; ambient
p r e s s u r e = 810 mbar . 65
D2a. Close-in airblast observations f o r Detonations C1 and C2
(row-charges). Altitude = 6200 f t AMSL; ambient
p r e s s u r e = 810 mbar . 66
D2b. Close-in airblast observations for Detonations C3 and C4
(row-charges). Altitude = 6200 f t AMSL; ambient
p r e s s u r e = 810 mbar . 67
D2c. Close-in airblast observations f o r Detonations C5 and C6
(row-charges). Altitude = 6200 ft AMSL; ambient
p r e s s u r e = 810 mbar . 68
D3. Close-in airblast observations f o r Detonations D1 through
D3 (row-charges). Altitude = 6200 f t AMSL; ambient
p r e s s u r e = 810 m b a r . 69
D4. Close-in airblast observations f o r Detonation D4 (row-charges).
Altitude = 6200 f t AMSL; ambient p r e s s u r e = 810 mbar . . 70
.
D5a. Ground- shock-induced o v e r p r e s s u r e reinforcement correction
factors f o r Trinidad row-charge detonations . 73
D5b. Gas -vent- induced o v e r p r e s s u r e reinforcement correction
factors f o r Trinidad row-charge detonations . . 74
D6.
.
Airblast amplitudes f o r row-charges expressed in t e r m s
of single-charge airblast amplitudes . 76
El. Composition and specific gravities of various sized
fractions of Trinidad fallback . 80
E2. V a l u e s of particle breakage factor B determined by
resieving triaxial specimens after testing . . 87
E3. Summary of triaxial test results . . 89
E4. Surface settlements d u e to groundwater rise within 5 f t
of ground surface f o r various fallback layer thicknesses . 91
- ix-
Conversion Factors
British units of measurement used in this r e p o r t can be converted to m e t r i c units as
follows:
Multiply BY To Obtain
-X-
TECHNICAL REPORT E-73-1
PROJECT TRINIDAQ
EXPLOSIVE EXCAVATION TESTS
IN SANDSTONE AND SHALE
Chapter 1. Introduction
-1-
This report covers only the initial experiments and associated technical
experimental work performed a t Trinidad, programs covered by this report.
including the f i r s t railway cut. A consid- Table 1 shows a summary and sequence
erable amount of additional cratering ex- of the c'ratering detonations of this proj-
perimentation was performed during late ect. The A-series consisted of attempts
1970 and through 1971. Included in these to create emplacement cavities for explo-
later experiments were Project Middle sives by means of hole springing. The
Course 1; Project Minimound: and P r o j - initial results did not warrant employment
ect Middle Course 11.3 The l a s t two rail- of this technique for any of the cratering
way cuts, designated R R 2 and R R 3 , are shots, and the results of this s e r i e s have
4 5
also the topic of a separate report. been documented in a separate report.
The B-series consisted of eight single
SCOPE O F P R O G R A M 1-ton cratering blasts, three using ANFO
It will be helpful to the reader to (ammonium nitrate and fuel oil) and five
briefly outline the scope of the cratering using an aluminized s l u r r y blasting agent.
LTC W. E. Vandenberg
TEST MANAGER
Adam Remboldt
TECHNICAL DEPUTY
Bruce Redpath
I
I
TECH NICA L SUPPORT OPERATIONAL SUPPORT
1 EXPLOSIVES
I ENGR and CONST and OPNS
t
t
SAFETY ( L L L ) ISUPPORT (AlbuquerqueEngr.Dist. )
I I
Legend
PUBLIC
LLL - Lawrence Livermore Loboratory INF ORMATl O N
EERL - Explosive Excavation Research Laborotory SERVICES
- Albuquerque Engineer District
t
AED
WES - Waterways Experiment Station DRILLING
NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( M i l e High
Drilling Co.)
INDUSTRIAL
OPERATIONS
TECHNlCAL PROGRAMS
D SECURITY
I I
II
INVESTIGATIONS
'ITE
(EERL-AED) I1 SPRING1NG
(EERL) I MEASUREMENTS MEASUREMENTS
-3-
program. The r e s u l t s of the major monitored for potential damage resulting
technical p r o g r a m s a r e discussed in f r o m the l a r g e r detonations.
s e p a r a t e chapt e r s .
The s e i s m i c and airblast studies were
oriented p r i m a r i l y towards comparisons PROJECT ORGANIZATION
-
the east by the Great Plains, The P u r g a -
toire River and its tributaries have
0 n-J
b ,
broken the a r e a into a s e r i e s of flat- 1 TRINIDAD
-
-4
a
The regional climate is semiarid, with
most of the precipitation occurring in the Explanation:
s u m m e r as thundershowers. Winters a r e
relatively mild with intermittent heavy
snowfalls. Average precipitation i s 14 in. Coal
while the average temperature is about
51°F. The s e m i a r i d climate has given 1000
r i s e to a distinctive flora. The dominant
t r e e s a r e juniper, piPrlon, and s c r u b oak.
G r a s s e s a r e abundant throughout the a r e a ,
E-;:;i
- -:..._,....,.,
_.(....:\
Conglomeratic
sa ndstone
-5-
northward. Isolated normal faults a r e scat- the Project Trinidad site. The r e s u l t s
t e r e d throughout the area. In the t e s t area of the laboratory physical t e s t s a r e pre-
J,
sented in Appendix A .
The cratering experiments of Project The unconfined compressive strength
Trinidad were c a r r i e d out in the Vermejo of the intact rock ranges from about
formation of Late Cretaceous age. The 4 5 0 psi for shale and coal to 8,000 p s i for
Vermejo formation consists of complexly sandstone. The wide range in compres-
interbedded grey to black, carbonaceous, sive strengths reflects the different rock
coaly, and silty shale; buff, grey, and types and the presence of fractures in
grey-green arkosic sandstone; g r e y and some of the samples.
dark-grey siltstone; and coal. The bed- Water contenl of the rocks at Trinidad
ding is thin-to-massive. The thinner ranges from 1.2 to 9.2%. The degree of
beds a r e parallel stratified and parallel saturation ranges from 58.3 to 99.6, with
laminated, but the thicker beds a r e len- an average of about 78T0. Porosity values
ticular and irregular. The sandstone is range from 5.3 to 17.0'10, and averages
composed of very-fine-to-medium-sized about 10%.
grains of quartz, feldspar, mica, and The material at the Trinidad t e s t site
ferromagnesian minerals cemented by has an average -- in s i t u density of 156 lb/
3 3
clay and calcium carbonate. The sand- ft (2.5 g / c m ).
stone is highly friable and contains c a r - Seismic velocities a t the Trinjdad site
bonized plant remains. The shale is varied greatly. Overburden and weath-
mostly nonfissile and has a wide range of e r e d rock velocities ranged from 1,000 to
sand and carbonaceous content. The coal 2,500 feet p e r second (fps), a representa-
beds, which a r e interbedded with the tive velocity for overburden and weathered
shale and siltstone, a r e of bituminous rock was 1,250 fps. Interbedded sand-
grade and have been extensively mined. stone and shale and thinly bedded sand-
Stratigraphic columns taken from the stone had velocities ranging from 2,500
c o r e holes in the t e s t a r e a a r e shown in to 6,000 fps (a represelitative velocity i s
5,000 fps). The massive, unweathered
.I,
-8-
Appendix A.
Overburden in the t e s t area consists sandstone had a velocity that ranged from
of v e r y clayey soil. Platy fragments of 7,000 to 8,500 f p s (a representative veloc-
sandstone and rounded river-run cobbles ity is 7,500 fps).
6
a r e common in the soil. Overburden The rock quality designation, RQD,
thicknesses vary from 0 to 15 f t in the was used to determine a qualitative index
t e s t area. of the in situ rock mass. The quality of
the rock as determined by this method
PRESHOT ENGINEERING was fair-to-poor (RQD's ranged from 39
PROPERTIES O F SITE MEDIUM to 56%). The RQD was developed by
This section presents a s u m m a r y of Deere and is used as a measure of the
the engineering properties of the rock a t in situ quality of the rock. Specifically,
a,1-
. :I: Tables A 1 through A3.
Figures A 3 through A6.
-6-
the RQD is the percentage of c o r e recov- f
u)
C
e r y computed by considering only pieces t!
c
VI
of c o r e longer than 4 in. a, f
.-0 0
t
r
0)
.-
0
c
classification based on unconfined com- -aCI,
wl
to-intermediate strength.
/ Siltstone
0 Shale
I I I l l I I I I I
-7-
Fig. 5. Aerial view of principal experimental a r e a stowing B s e r i e s , C s e r i e s ,
and the D4 c r a t e r .
-a -
metallized slurry. The design approach operated, track-mounted drill w a s used
was to assume that the optimum depth of for this supplementary drilling.
burial would be near 1.9 ft/E1I3 (where E After the explosives w e r e emplaced,
is the total energy of the explosive in the holes w e r e stemmed with a mixture
Mcal), and then to bracket this depth. of drill cuttings, 3/4-in. aggregate, and
The value of 1.9 f t / M ~ a l l /was
~ based on water. Except f o r the two delayed row-
previous cratering experience. In this charges, primacord initiated by an elec-
manner cratering curves could be devel- tric cap at the surface w a s used to deto-
oped to determine the optimum depth of nate the charges. A column of boosters
burial. ANFO was used as the explosive extending the full height of the cratering
in Detonations B1 through B3, and an charge w a s used in all cases. The char-
aluminized ammonium-nitrate s l u r r y a c t e r i s t i c s of the explosives used in the
was used in Detonations B4 through B8. * various phases of the project a r e shown
Table 2 s u m m a r i z e s the charge emplace- in Table 3.
ment conditions. The r e s u l t s of the c r a t e r measure-
The explosives were emplaced in 3 -ft ments program for the 1-ton B - s e r i e s
diameter holes drilled with the bucket a r e given in Table 4. One of the B-series
auger shown in Fig. 6. A considerable. c r a t e r s is shown in Fig. 7. The apparent
amount of auxiliary drilling and blasting radii and the depths of the c r a t e r s a r e
was required to b r e a k the rock in most of plotted against depth of burial in Fig. 8,
the emplacement holes s o that it could b e and the apparent crater volumes are plot-
removed with the bucket auger. An air- ted against depth of burial in Fig. 9.
-9-
-
30
1 I I I
25 - ... -
u Radius d-#
.f \
c
I \ -
/@
20- Q
''.,
c
6
v)
.-0 A Slurry
\
\
\ -
5E
v)
15- \
.- \
-..\\
U Q ANFO Hb-4 \
*.*@..
b 10-
c ' Depth
0
'
.-*
-
0, t& \
U .i @'p -
5- \ \
\
0 A
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Depth of burial - ft
Fig. 6 . Bucket auger used t o emplace
charges. Fig. 8. Apparent c r a t e r radii and depths
for B s e r i e s .
12,000 1 I I I
- -
10,000 - -
c3,
cc 8,000
I
a 6,OOb
-E,
8 4,000
B1
2,000 - -
Fig. 7 . Typical 1-ton single-charge
-
0- 1 ' ' . I ' 1 ' (per
crater. 8 12 16 20 24
Depth of burial - ft
C r o s s sections of the apparent c r a t e r s
a r e contained in Appendix B.
Fig. 9. Volumes of B series apparent
Considering the wide lateral variations craters.
in near surface geology that exist at the
test a r e a , the data points in Figs. 8 and 9
show remarkably little scatter about the at the location of Detonation B3. Over-
(visual) best-fit curves drawn through the burden depths at the other ground zeros
points. The anamalous appearing c r o s s - did not exceed 4 ft, except for B4 which
over of the c r a t e r radius curves for has 9 ft.
s l u r r y and A N F O can probably be attrib- On the basis of Figs. 8 and 9, the fol-
uted to almost 10 ft of overburden present lowing optimum c r a t e r dimensions for
-10-
Table 3 . Characteristics of Project Trinidad explosives.
Apparent Apparent
crater crater Lip crest Lip Lip
Depth radius, depth, radius, height, radius,
of burst,
DOB Ra Da a1 Hal Reb
Detonation (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft)
B1 15.2 17 8 .O 22 2.5 60
B2 18.0 20 11.5 25 3.8 60
B3 19.7 24 6.5 27 1 35
B4 15.9 23.5 12.8 28 3.1 60
B5 18.6 23.2 13.0 30 3.4 70
B6 20.9 21.5 11.5 29 3.7 70
B7 22.6 20.2 6 .O 32 2.6 60
B8 28.1 -
b - b - b - b - b
-12-
~
-*
Rows C1, C2, and C3 were designed to those of a single c r a t e r . If the results
according to the following relationship were in accord with the enhancement
between enhancement and charge spacing: equation above, then the principles of
row-charge design would be f i r m l y
e2 - established.
The charge spacings selected for the
where t h r e e rows were 1.4 R a J 1.1 RaJ and
0.8 RaJ where R a is the radius of the
e = enhancement of row c r a t e r optimum single c r a t e r . These spacings
dimensions relative to dimen-
sions of optimum single c r a t e r were a r b i t r a r i l y selected to provide a
-13-
Charge Hole
Table 5. C-series charge emplacement.
Depth to Charge Depth of burst
0
-
Charge spacing depth top of charge height Actual uesign Detonation
c 1r
number (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) Date Time
} 1;; i
CIA 16.5 3.4 18.2
looT
C1B 1.4Ra 20.1 16.2 3.9 18.2
c1c 16.2 4.O 18.2 78.7 Sep 71
C1D c2.0 19.2 16.3 3.7 18.2
C1E 15.4 3.8 17.3
}
C2A 18.1 4.O 20.1
C2B l.lRa 22.0 18.3 3.7 20.2
c2c 18.6 3.6 20.4
C2D {25.0 20.7 18.4 3.5 20.2
C2E 17.2 3.5 19.0
C3A 21.6 3.1 23.2
C3B 20.9 3.9 22.9
c3c 21.3 4.4 23.5
C3 D 20.6 4.4 22.8
C3E 20.5 4.4 22.7
C3F 24.7 20.7 4.O 22.7
21.7 3.7 23.6
} 1 1%
C3G 25.4
C4A 19.4 3 .O 20.9
I:I
C4B l.lRa 22.4 18.8 3.6 20.6
c4c 19.2 3.1 20.8 1 Oct 71
C4 D {25.0 22.3 18.8 3.1 20.4 50-msec de-
C4E 18.9 3.4 20.6 lay between
1
20.0
C5D 18.4 3.5 20.2 25-msec de-
C 5E 22.5 18.5 4.O 20.5 lay between
sufficiently wide range t o produce sig- The results of the C1,C2, and C 3 deto-
nificant changes in c r a t e r size. nations a r e summarized in Fig. 11, which
The r e s u l t s of the C - s e r i e s are con- shows the c r a t e r dimensions, expressed
tained in Table 6. Cross sections and in t e r m s of single-crater dimensions,
,profiles f o r all the C - s e r i e s c r a t e r s superimposed on the enhancement equa-
appear in Appendix B. Figure 10 is a tion. The agreement between the result
photograph of C r a t e r C3 that illustrates and the enhancement predicted by the
the s i z e of a typical row c r a t e r . equation is reasonable. Deviations from
14-
a
Table 6. Summary of row c r a t e r dimensions.
Row
Number
c h aof
rges edE%Pf
Charge spacin
(ft) (ft)
Average
(ft)
H a l f - w i d t h (\Va/2)
Min
(ft) Avg
(ft) M( fatx) Min
(ft)
Depth ( D a r )
I(vf tg) M
( fat x) vEnhancement (avg)"
'jar
'-
a1 -
'Ial
\la oar
c1 5 1.4 32 18.0 21.7 24.0 26.0 10.5 12.8 15.0 I .o 1.04 o.sa 1 .-12 0.42
c2 5 1.1 25 20.0 22.5 25.5 28.5 13.0 14.1 14.8 1.13 1.11 1.08 1.43 0.30
c3 7 0.8 ' 18 23.0 31.7 33.7 34.7 14.3 18.9 22.0 1.32 1.47 1.45 1.42 0.41
c4 5 1.1 25 20.6 24.0 25.4 26.2 8.5 10.8 12.1 (50-msec delay) 1 .35 0.39
c5 5 1.1 25 20.2 20.7 26.5 32.2 8.6 12.8 14.6 (25-msec delay) 1.32 0.31
CG in 1.1 25 20.0 (See p r o f i l e s and c r o s s s e c t i o n s ) ( d o u b l e row) - -
a C r a t e r d i m e n s i o n s a p p l y t o t h e l i n e a r s e c t i o n of t h e c r a t e r , as d e f i n e d by t h e s h a d e d a r e a i n F i g . l3l of A p p e n d l x R.
b T h e d i m e n s i o n s of t h e o p t i m u m s i n g l e c r a t e r , as d e r i v e d f r o m t h e B - s e r i e s , a r e R a = 2 3 ft, Da = 13 f t , a n d o p t i m u m
DOB = 1 8 f t . T h e m e d i a n c r a t e r s l o p e a n g l e ( m e a s u r e d a t t h e p r e s h o t g r o u n d s u r f a c e ) is 3 4 d e g .
a,
spacing is decreased and the c r a t e r be-
E
al -
V
C
comes larger.
0
-c 1.2 - It is interesting to note that the C3
K
W - c r a t e r , produced by closely spaced 1-ton
1.0 - charges, is equivalent to what would have
- been excavated by 3.5-ton charges spaced
a t 1.9 Ra. This is apparent when the
yield increase required for a dimensional
increase of 1.46 times i s computed:
0.3
Fig. 11. Row c r a t e r enhancement vs = 1.46
charge spacing. 1
-1 5-
I. I I I I
wher Weer is th quivalent yield f the
l-ton charges in the C3 row. It follows
o R for single charge
45- a that:
D for single charge 'W = 1.46 3*33 21 3.5 tons.
a eq
It is implicit in the derivation of the
enhancement formula that, for a given
rock type, each charge in a row will
-
always excavate the s a m e volume of ma-
terial r e g a r d l e s s of the charge spacing.
The unit volume, or cubic feet of appar-
ent c r a t e r p e r ton of explosive, w a s
determined for each row in the C - s e r i e s .
This unit volume is also compared to the
optimum single volume and is tabulated
in Table 7. The data in Table 7 for rows
C1, C2, and C3 show that row C2 deviated
the most f r o m the nominal figure of 1.3
for row-charge efficiency relative to that
of a single charge. This, however, is
not reflected in the c r a t e r dimensions,
which a g r e e well with the predicted
enhancement.
The average volume of apparent c r a t e r
Fig. 12. Single-charge c r a t e r i n g curves 3
with row-crater dimensions for rows C1, C2, and C3 is 11,140 ft /ton
superimposed. of explosive, and when this is compared
VolumeJton of explosivea
Volume p e r ton/
Row (charge spacing) (ft3) single c r a t e r volume
-16-
3
with the 9,100-ft volume of the optimum cant that there was no reason to t r y a
single c r a t e r formed by TD-2, the a v e r - longer delay period in C5. Consequently,
age row charge/single charge efficiency the 25-msec delay period w a s chosen for
is 1.25. T h e r e is insufficient data to war- the C5 row.
\
rant changing the value of 1.3, currently The dimensions o i C r a t e r s C4 and C5
in use, to the lower value of 1.25. The a r e given in Table 5. When these dimen-
3
average value of 11,140 ft /ton for the sions a r e compared with the dimensions
simultaneous row-charges will be used of row C2, it a p p b r s that a delay between
as a reference in the discussion on the charges has almost no effect on c r a t e r
delayed rows that follows. width and a significant effect on c r a t e r
depth. With the depth of C2 a s a r e f e r -
Delayed Row-Charges ((24, C5) ence, a 25-msec delay reduced the depth
The evaluation of a particular explo- of C5 to 91"/u, and the 50-msec delay r e -
sive excavation project may indicate that duced the depth of C4 to 7770 of the depth
ground shock o r airblast constraints of C2. The c r a t e r s a r e shallowest a t the
would render the project infeasible if all end a t which the delay sequence started.
the charges in a row were detonated A m o r e meaningful analysis can be made
simultaneously. Two of the C - s e r i e s by comparing the unit volumes of the
detonations, C4 and C5, were planned to delayed rows to the average unit volume
determine whether the use of millisecond of all three simultaneous rows, When
3
time delays between charges would r e - the average unit volum-e of 11,140 ft /ton
duce ground shock and airblast effects for rows C1, C2, and C3 is taken, the
without significantly reducing the volume 25-msec delay reduced the volume of
of material excavated. The charge spac- apparent c r a t e r p e r ton of explosives to
ing in these two rows was established a t 87% of the average, and the 50-msec
1.1 Ra s o that the r e s u l t s could be com- delay to 75% of the average. The c o r r e -
pared to row C2, the corresponding sponding reductions of ground shock and
s imult aneously detonat ed row. How ever , airblast a r e discussed i n l a t e r chapters.
because C 2 had what appears to be a n
anomalously low unit volume, the delayed Double Row-Charge Detonation (C6)
r o w s will be compared with the average The C6 detonation was originally
unit volume f o r all three simultaneously planned a s a single, delayed row. When
detonated rows. it became apparent that a double row of
It was n e c e s s a r y to decide before the charges would be required to achieve the
row-charges w e r e emplaced the time width of n planned railroad cut, a p r e -
delays to be used. A-50 m s e c delay was liminary double-row experiment was
selected f o r row C4, with the option of believed necessary. One of the rows in
delaying the charges in row C5 by either the C6 detonation had already been drilled
25 o r 100 msec, the final decision to be a t a spacing of 1.1 Ra when the decision
-17-
The separation between the two rows and the deepest c r o s s section an average
was s e t at 1.5 times the half-width depth of 14.7 ft. A s shown in Table 6 the
(1.5 Wa/2) of a single row. The factor of average amount of material excavated by
1.5 w a s based on observations made in each charge was 98% of the optimum sin-
s m a l l e r scale experiments, and was be- gle 1-ton c r a t e r volume.
lieved to be close to the maximum sepa- A subsequent review of available infor-
ration that could be used without creating mation on double row detonations indi-
a ridge along the c r a t e r bottom. The cated that the use of a short time delay
half-width of a row with a spacing of between the detonation of the two rows
1.1 R is predicted with the enhancement would produce a l a r g e r c r a t e r . Several
a
formula: s m a l l s c a l e experiments confirmed this,
and a time delay was incorporated into
e2 -- 1.4
m = 1.27 l a t e r double row experiments at Trinidad.
e = 1.13 D-SERIES
The shallowest c r o s s
charges designed to cut a channel with a
constant bottom elevation through a ridge
F o r design purposes, the deepest portion
a
section has an average depth of 11.0 f t of the cut w a s assumed to be 15 ft and the
-1 8-
D = 12.6 ft
or
.-
C
0
c
50 0 50 J 100 150
6290
-a)
W
62 60
ri 6290
I
.-+0
C
-5
0
6260
W
100 50 0 50
6290
C6
6260
100 50 0 50
Distance -ft
length was 110 ft. The shot was designed The single c r a t e r dimensions for
using varying charge weights and constant ANFO w e r e used to design this experi-
enhancement; i.e., a constant charge ment. The optimum dimensions, ob-
spacing in t e r m s of S/Ra. served in the B - s e r i e s , were:
Figure 14 is a profile view of the R~ = 20 ft/ton0e3
charge layout showing the design depth
and the actual c r a t e r bottom along both Da = 11 ft/ton0a3
the centerline and the deepest portion of
the c r a t e r . dob = 17 ft/tonoa3
-1 9-
Table 8. Summary of D-series experiments. 0
Number of Weight of
charges explosive
Row-charge (lb) Explos ivea (lb1 Description
The design was started at the deepest imately 12.5 ft. Because we a r e using
point of the cut, a r b i t r a r i l y selected to enhancement of 1.36, this depth can be
be 15 ft. It was also decided that charge reduced by this factor in o r d e r to compute
weights would not exceed 2,000 lb. Be- the charge weight required at this location.
cause an unenhanced l-ton ANFO charge W e therefore have an effective depth of
will excavate a depth of 11 ft, the re- cut of:
quired amount of enhancement to cut 15 ft
with a 1-ton charge is computed:
= 9.2 ft,
15 = 1.36;
e =- and the charge weight required, W, can
11
then be found:
so that the charge spacing to achieve this
* wos3
2 0 0 0 ~ --- ~
enhancement can be computed as :
11 9.2
1 4 1 4
S/R = = f- = 0.76.
a e .85
6320 -
631 0 -
6300
6290 -
62 80 -
6290 6320
6310
6300
6290
632 0 -
6310
6300
6290
. B 2 0 0 0 Ib
40 20 0 20 40 60 80 1 00
Distance - ft
-21-
Table 9. D1, D2, D3 charge emplacement.
Depth t o
Hole top of Charge Charge Depth of b u r s t Tempera-
Charge depth charge weight height Detonation ture Wind
number (ft) (ft) (Ib) (ft) (ft) (ft) T i m e (MST) Date (deg) ( m p h ) Weather
1
22.0 18.5 1200 3.5 20.2 20.5
I D1H
D1I
16.5
12.3
14.9
10.8
500
200
1.6
1.5
15.7
11.5
16.0
11.0
i l%
D2A 22.3 13.3 2000 9 .o
D2B 22.2 13.5 2000 8.7
D2 C 22.3 13.0 2000 9.3 18.0 1030 18 N o v 7 0 49 0 Clear
D2 D 22.1 13.5 2000 8.6 17.8
!il%
D3A’ 28.9 18.3 4000 10.6 23.6
D3B’ 29.3 19.1 4000 10.2
D3C’ 29.5 20.5 4000 9 .o
D3 D’ 29.7 20.3 4000 9.4 25.0
D3E‘ 29.5 18.6 4000 10.9 24 .O
D3F’ 30.2 18.6 4000 11.6 24.4
-22-
of explosive. This unit volume is nearly c r a t e r than one produced with TJ-)-2, and
a factor of two l a r g e r than the observed it should be s m a l l e r by a factor of:
(540)0'
- 3
volume of the optimum single c r a t e r exca-
vated by ANFO. The reason for this i s = 0.87.
860
not clear. The sidehill topography may
have resulted in m o r e material being If this factor is valid, then the charge
ejected than would have occurred in level spacing for the TD-1 explosive in the D 1
terrain, and the single A N F O c r a t e r used experiment was actually 1.4/0.87 = 1.6 Ra,
as a reference may not have been r e p r e - Figure 16 shows the centerline profile
4,
-0-
-23-
Center1 ine profi Ies
Preshot
Profiles through deepest portion
63 00
I I I I 1 I I I I 1 I I 1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Distance - ft
(a )
c
A l l charges are 2000 Ib of
TD-1 i n 2-ft diameter holes 1:;
.-
0
6310
B
+
al
W 6300
63101 v
fl D2C
631 0 \\ A6280
D2D
6300 76300
I I I 1 I I I I
20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance - ft
(b)
be expected to have a unit volume close That this nominal unit volume w a s ex-
to: ceeded could be attributed to less fallback
into the c r a t e r because of the sloping t e r -
-
540 X 11,140 = 7,000 ft 3/ton.
860 rain. The deepest portion of the c r a t e r
-24-
Profiles and c r o s s sections of the D3
c r a t e r , both preshot and postshot, a r e
shown in Fig. 18. T h e r e were s i x
charges in each row, the downslope row
consisting of 1-ton charges and the up-
slope row containing 2-ton charges. The
explosive, which was surplus from
another project, was manufactured by
Gulf Chemicals and was designated IR-10.
It w a s an ammonium-nitrate base s l u r r y
with a reported aluminum content of
Fig. 1 7 . D2 c r a t e r .
approximately 25%. The charges were
emplaced in 3-ft diameter holes.
is offset about 20 ft downslope from the The IR-10 s l u r r y w a s reported to have
centerline of the charges, and slumping a bubble energy of 1,130 cal/g. On the
of the upslope c r a t e r w a l l appears to have basis of this value of bubble energy rela-
occurred. tive to that for TD-2, the following opti-
Although the apparent c r a t e r would be mum single-crater dimensions were
only marginal as a potentially useful exca- estimated for designing D3:
vation, there is a l a r g e amount of broken
rock in the form of fallback that could be - -
Ra (ft) Da(ft) DOB (ft)
-2 5-
Centerl ine Centerl ine
profi I e through profile through
Charge 1 -ton charges 2-ton charges
s to t io ns
6340 -
-35 ft -
- -------------e
635
/ 0F,<
4
6300- do ' I 2b do I 20 so I 1 I 1O: I 140 I O1; 1k0 2
k I 210
Uphill charges fired 6340
75n m c e r after downhill
~
ya
c
6320
Y
c
Lc
I U L WUUU I D
I
C
.-
0
2000 Ib 0+70
.-
C
0
c
B
c
Pal
-
W 6320
al
w
D3C'
D3C
40 f t
1+40 6290
6320
6280
!O 140 160
Distance - ft
Fig. 1 8 . Longitudinal profiles and c r o s s sections of D3 c r a t e r .
-2 6-
'.A
The mound in the middle of the c r a t e r the delay time probably was too long. The
may have been the result of only partial mound from the downhill row may have
detonation of a charge. That this oc- been too well developed a t the time the
c u r r e d is simply a matter of speculation: second row of charges was detonated.
however, the side-on high-speed film of The decision was made to use a s h o r t e r
the experiment did show a pronounced low delay time between the rows of the follow-
point in the rising mound a t this location. on D4 experiment.
The apparent c r a t e r volume p e r ton of The depth of the D3 c r a t e r , averaged
explosive, averaged over the linear por- over the entire linear portion of the c r a -
3
tion of the c r a t e r , is 9,040 f t /ton. This t e r , was 10.7 ft. The maximum depth
unit volume was unexpectedly low in com- was 15.5 ft and the shallowest portion was
3
parison to the average of 11,140 ft /ton 5.5 ft deep. If the mound in the c r a t e r
realized in the C - s e r i e s , especially in bottom is disregarded, then the average
view of the reported high bubble energy of depth is about 12.5 ft.
the explosive. A s previously mentioned, The presplitting did not result in a
the IR-10 explosive was surplus from smooth, planar face on the upslope wall
another project, and it may have deterio- of the c r a t e r , although portions of the
rated during the 6 mo it w a s in storage presplit holes were visible n e a r the s u r -
although there is no test information to face. It is believed that the low strength
substantiate this hypothesis. Further, of the rock and slumping prevented the
t h e r e is a major discrepancy in the val- formation of a clean wall. It appears that
ues of bubble energy reported by the the presplit plane was located at the c o r -
manufacturer. The original value of r e c t distance from the main charges
1,130 c a l / g i s in Table 3, and it is this because there was little or no disturbance
value that w a s used in the design of D3. of the ground surface beyond their loca-
After the experiment, a much lower value tion. It is possible that removal of the
of bubble energy, approximately fallback would have revealed the exist-
400 cal/g, was reported for this explosive. ence of a presplit surface a t depth, say
If the lower value is the c o r r e c t one, then 15 f t , but this was not done. T h e r e is
the charges were buried too deeply and still no reason to believe that presplitting
spaced too far apart. It is interesting to cannot be used in conjunction with crater-
note that, comparing the volume of the ing detonations, but more experimenta-
3 tion is definitely needed.
D3 c r a t e r to the average of 11,140 f t /ton
excavated by TD-2, the IR-10 would have
a bubble energy of roughly 680 cal/g. Delayed Double Row-Charge
(Kailway Cut, D4)
It is possible that the delay time be-
tween the two rows was too long and that The D4 experiment" was designed to
excavate a 400-ft cut along the realine-
a
the interaction of ejecta from the two
rows w a s detrimental to cratering effi- ment of the Colorado and Wyoming
ciency. The high-speed film of the deto-
-4-
.L
-27-
Railroad. The t e r r a i n in the a r e a of the north row consisted of eighteen 1-ton
c u t w a s varying, with a portion of the cut charges and the south row consisted of
along a gentle sidehill. Design depth of twelve 2-ton and two 1-ton charges, a
the cut ranged from 15 to 20 ft and the total of 32 separate charges and 44 tons
required width at subgrade elevation was of explosive. The rows were alined
4 6 ft. Conventional excavation of the cut parallel to the railway centerline but
would have required the removal of ap- were offset 2 3 ft on both sides of the cen-
3 terline. Each row w a s designed sepa-
proximately 13,000 yd of e a r t h and rock.
The location of the cut is shown in Fig. 5. rately according to the t e r r a i n elevation
The explosive a r r a y consisted of two along i t s alinement. A constant-yield
parallel rows of charges. The anticipated (i. e., varying-enhancement) design w a s
c r o s s section and a plan view of the u s e d f o r both rows.
In the varying enhancement design
1
charges
depth of cut = eDa =( S/R,
1'4 )112 Da,
: *
* - 92+00
- 93+00
e 2-ton
1-ton 0
n
10 2
-
required i f 2-ton charges are used 1
for depths of cut greater than 16 f t -
A Pre-spl i t
1 because of their greater spacing. -
- .
- 94+00 -
-
5 -- -
- (Explosive = TD-2) -
- -
0 - 1 1 I I 1 I I ' I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I ' 1.1 I I 1-
4
.I,,
-29-
Table 10. D4 charge emplacement s u m m a r y ,
Depth t o 9
-30-
South
c North
632C
63 OC
62 80
2 tons 1 ton
9 1+80
6320
I
63 00
I= 6280
I
c 92+60
.-0
I
-I-
P
al
W 6320
63 00
62 80
93+40
1~
East
6320
6300
62 80
94+20
I I I I I 1
32 0 2 80 240 2 00 160 120 80
Distance - ft
Fig. 24. C r o s s sections of D4 railway c u t showing comparison between c r a t e r and cut
excavated by conventional methods.
-32-
0 John A. Blume and A s s o c i a t e s of San
Francisco. A s u p p l e m e n t a l p r o g r a m of
t w o of w h i c h w e r e at t h e i n t a k e t o w e r .
recording locations a r e s h o w n in Fig. 2 5
All
5r-1 5r-2
GM-3 (on t o p (on foun-
GM- 1 GM-2 (-5000 f t GM-4 floor of dation
(200 ft f r o m (in east of (in intake of intake
Detonation intake t o w e r ) Viola) Series B) Sopris) tower) tower)
B1
a
3400 5050 I
‘16,000 16,000
B2 5040 16,000 16,000
B3 51 60 16,000 16,000
B4 Approx. 3 570 5090 - Approx . 16,000 16,000
B5 3390 4940 - 16,000 16,000
B6 3240 4840 16,000 16,000
B7 3330 4850 16,000 16,000
B8 3170 4740 16,000 16,000
I - - -
I
.
D1 2300 9,000 9,000
D2 - - 2600 9,300 9,300
D3 - - 2850 9,550 9,550
D4 I 1800 - I 15,500 15,500
a
D a s h e s d e n o t e t h a t s t a t i o n was not r e c o r d e d ,
-33-
having a natural frequency of 1 Hz and 7070
critical damping. The geophones were
r e c o r d signals at and near the intake
tower, and portable r e c o r d e r s were
0
embedded in modeling clay in o r d e r t o used a t the other locations. Radio com-
attach them t o the rock o r structure at munication w a s maintained between each
each location. The signals w e r e recorded r e c o r d e r and Project Control at det-
on direct-write oscillographs. A semi- onation times. The NOAA instrumenta-
permanent installation w a s set up t o tion, which is described in Ref. 1 2
10 I I I I I"lI I I I I 1 I Ill I I I I I l l 1
f
Single 1-ton charge a t optimum
burial depth
1
f2.3
\
I
E,
I
x
.-
+
u 0.1
-
0
al
>
-alV
.-+
x
L
Y
0 C6 - 10 tons
a
Q)
C3 - 7 tons .
Cl,C2,Dl,D2 - 5 tons
0.01 C5 - 5 tons, 25-msec delay
C4 - 5 tons, 50-msec delay
D3 - 6, 12 tons, 250-msec delay \
-
-*\ e
*..
-
-2.0
0. I I I I 1 1 1 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I l l 1 1
-34-
also consisted of velocity transducers weight, and the fact that attenuation i s
a r r a y e d triaxially. proportional to frequency.
The observation that the attenuation of
RESULTS peak amplitudes with distance depends
upon total charge weight also means that
'The data collected during this program the apparent weight- scaling of amplitudes
a r e tabulated in Appendix C. Motions will depend on the distance f r o m the deto-
have been expressed in terms of zero-to- nation. The weight scaling varied from
peak amplitudes, and an attempt has been about 0 . 4 5 at 2,500 f t to about 0 . 9 5 a t
made to report separately the amplitudes 15,000 ft. A statistical analysis of all the
f o r compressional, shear, and surface seismic information f r o m Project Trinidad,
waves f o r all events except the B s e r i e s . including the data f r o m the Middle Course I1
The peak amplitudes recorded at the Series, is the subject of Ref. 1 3 . In this
ground motion stations a r e presented report the peak amplitudes were succes-
graphically a s a function of distance in sively adjusted for weight- scaling and
Fig. 26. The straight-line representation depth of burial until all the data points had
of the data on a log-log plot i s equivalent a least squares best fit to a straight line
t o an inverse power law relationship of on log-log paper. The final best-fit equa-
the form: tion through all the data points, which was
derived in Ref. 13, is:
v = KWPR-~
v = 3.37 x lo5 w0.74 R-187
where
X exp[0.06 (dob-20) ]
V = peak particle velocity
where
K = a constant
V = peak particle-velocity, in
W = charge weight
cmlsec,
R = distance from the detonation
W = largest instantaneously deto-
p and n = empirically d e t e r m i n e d
nated charge weight, in tons,
exponents.
R = distance, in ft,
This is the most common f o r m of equation dob = scaled depth of burst, in
f o r empirically describing the variables ft/ton 113 .
involved, but it is not a physical descrip- This equation can be used to predict peak
tion of attenuation. 14 amplitudes at the Trinidad site within a
A number of significant results a r e factor of two for charge weights f r o m 1 to
apparent f r o m an inspection of Fig. 26. 100 tons, and f o r distances f r o m 1 to
It will be noted that the r a t e at which 10 mi.
amplitudes attenuate with distance de- The peak particle velocities we're lower
c r e a s e s a s the total yield of the detonation than had been predicted before the begin-
increases. This i s probably because of ning of the test program. The initial
the relatively g r e a t e r low frequency con- preshot predictions were based on previous
tent of the siesmic signal with increasing experience with s i m i l a r charge weights
source size; i.e., increasing charge at other sites; however, the observed peak
-3 5-
amplitudes were lower by a factor of corded at a building was 1.5 c m / s e c in
approximately five. This is believed t o Viola, and careful scrutiny of plaster
be primarily due to the weak and stratified walls failed t o disclose any new c r a c k s o r
nature of the rock. the widening of pre-existing ones.
A significant result of the seismic pro- The response of the intake tower was
g r a m is the marked reduction of ground analyzed by John A. Blume and Associates
shock when delays are used between to establish ground motion c r i t e r i a that
charges in a row. Although this effect would avoid detectable damage to the
was w e l l known from the extensive u s e of structure.15 The tower is a massive
delays in quarrying, it was not known reinforced concrete structure about
whether the technique could be used f o r 180 f t high. Its fundamental natural
l a r g e r scale cratering detonations. In- period of oscillation is about 0.6 sec.
spection of Fig. 26 w i l l show that the Because the response of the tower t o
delayed five-charge rows generated seis- ground motion depends on the frequency
mic amplitudes virtually identical t o a content of the ground motion, and because
single 1-ton charge. This is approximately the spectrum of ground motion depends on
a three-fold reduction of the seismic sig- both charge weight and distance, it is not
nal generated by a simultaneously detonated possible t o state a simple set of c r i t e r i a .
row of five charges. The relatively longer F o r a relatively large detonation, say
delay time of 50 m s e c appears to have 300 tons, a safe level of ground motion
been only slightly m o r e effective in dimin- would be about 3.5 c m / s e c ; however, for
ishing ground shock than the 25-msec delay; s m a l l e r charges of the o r d e r of 5 tons,
however, the s h o r t e r delay was definitely the safety criterion would be 20 to
advantageous from the standpoint of 30 c m / s e c of ground motion at the base
c r a t e r ing eff i c iency . of the tower. Peak motion recorded at
The r e s u l t s of monitoring close-in the base of the tower was approximately
residential s t r u c t u r e s was disappointing 0.08 c m / s e c , and the maximum motion
in the sense that no damage was observed. recorded at the top of the tower w a s about
The peak ground motion amplitude re- 0.18 c m i s e c .
-3 6-
the explosion. This is followed by the Some of the m o r e relevant information
gas-vent-induced pulse when the cavity is presented graphically in Fig. 27, in
gas vents t o the surrounding atmos- which observed peak o v e r p r e s s u r e s for
phere. The gas-vent pulse is relatively selected events have been plotted against
strong f o r shallow detonations, but i s distance. Figure 27 is intended t o pro-
rapidly suppressed with increasing vide a comparison between peak overpres-
scaled depth of burial; it also lags s u r e s from a variety of detonations.
further behind the ground-shock-induced Airblast amplitudes from two 1-ton deto-
pulse for deeper detonations. Ground nations, Detonation B6 n e a r optimum
shock airblast becomes dominant for depth of burial and a 1-ton surface burst,
deep explosions. a r e plotted to provide a f r a m e of refer-
The amplitude of either airblast pulse ence for the row-charge data. The
is a function of range f r o m the experiment row-charge data a r e f r o m a simultaneously
location, type and weight of explosive, detonated five-charge row ( C l ) , f r o m a
depth of burial, rock type, and the a m - delayed five-charge row (C5), and from
bient atmospheric conditions. P a s t ex- the delayed double-row D4 detonation.
perience has shown that peak p r e s s u r e at Except for the surface burst, lines with
intermediate distances generally attenuates -1.2
a slope of R have been drawn through
as R - l . o to R - 1 . 3 , where R is the dis-
the data points. The o v e r p r e s s u r e s
tance. Further, it is possible to adjust plotted in Fig. 27 a r e those recorded
f o r charge size and f o r differences in perpendicular to the sides of the rows,
ambient a i r p r e s s u r e by simple scaling these p r e s s u r e s always being higher than
l a w s . The remaining factors; Le., depth those recorded off the ends (axial d i r e c -
of burial, medium, and explosive type, tion) of the row charges. With the excep-
are the chief influences on airblast from tion of the data for B6, the peak p r e s s u r e s
single-charge explosions that can be plotted w e r e generated by the gas vent.
examined experimentally . Previous To put the plotted airblast amplitudes
experiments have investigated airblast into some perspective, Table 1 2 contains
f r o m TNT and nuclear explosives in a c r i t e r i a for damage, a matter of direct
variety of soil and rock media. interest for explosive excavation projects.
T h e r e a r e several significant aspects
RESULTS to the information in Fig. 27. The intro-
duction of delays between the charges in
Because of the volume and complexity a row substantially reduces the airblast
of the data collected, only a f e w selected generated, a s is seen by comparing C1
r e s u l t s of the airblast program a r e p r e - to C5. The detonation of the a r r a y of
sented in this chapter. A complete sum- 44 tons of explosive in D4 generated a i r -
m a r y of the observed peak o v e r p r e s s u r e blast p u l s e s that were generally lower in
is tabulated in Appendix D, and an analysis amplitude than those generated by a 1-ton
of this information accompanies the data. surface burst. However, one of the
Reference 1 6 i s a thorough analysis of all recordings for D4 indicates an overpres-
the airblast data. s u r e that approaches a 1-ton surface
-37-
I I I I I I I I I I I I I l l 1
5 charge
row 25-rnsec
delay (CS), i
1-ton near
lllVlll ,
"V,
Table 12. Airblast damage c r i t e r i a . This is pointed out t o illustrate the man-
Overpressure, P n e r in which airblast pulses from a r r a y s
(mbar) Degree of damage
of charges can interact, and the fact that
2 Possible window damage, particularly
to large store windows. airblast is, in general, difficult t o predict.
3 Some damage to large plate glass
windows can be expected. No window pane damage was reported
4.5 Some damage to average size windows
can be expected.
f o r these detonations, although the nearest
13 Extensive damage to windows; probable buildings w e r e Only 2,500 ft away. Fig-
damage to average wooden d o o r s .
40 Most small casement wmdows smashed. u r e 27 shows that the threshold f o r damage
Over 4 0 Structural damage possible. to small windows corresponds to a distance
of approximately 1,000 ft f r o m a five-
burst. This point is plotted in Fig. 27, charge row such a s C1. A t this distance,
and is attributed to reinforcement of the there is probably a g r e a t e r probability of
gas vent pulse f r o m one of the two r o w s damage f r o m rock missiles than from
by the ground shock pulse from the other. airblast.
-38-
Chapter 6. Engineering Studies of ID4 Crater
INTRODUCTION MASS DENSITY AND BULKING FACTOR
0
the in situ density of the country rock
determined by coring and the m a s s density
ON- SITE INVESTIGATIVE PROGRAMS of the fallback. It is a valuable p a r a m e t e r
in determining the posts hot properties,
balancing of cuts and fills, and estimating
Figure 28 shows the location of the
e a r t h nd rock moving production
field p r o g r a m s in and around the c r a t e r . r a t e s . 30,21
-3 9-
Scale - ft
----- I
-40-
0 Three NX c o r e holes were drilled in
/
Ground surface
the cratered a r e a a s shown in Figs. 28
and 29. Holes 1 and 2 were located at 6300 -
the bottom of the c r a t e r and hole 3 was 6280 -
located on the ayparent c r a t e r lip, 100 f t
f r o m the centerline. The holes were induced fracturing
located approximately at mid-crater. 100 60 20 0 20 60 100
Analysis of the c o r e indicated 7 f t of
fallback in Holes 1 and 2, a depth that Fig. 29. Location of c o r e holes in D4
c r a t e r and extent of blast-
contrasts with the 2 f t of fallback observed induced fracturing ( c r o s s
in the west end where the trench was section through Station 93+00).
excavated. Further investigations indi -
cated 1 to 2 f t of fallback in the low a r e a
on the east end of the c r a t e r . This varia-
tion in the thickness of the fallback r e p r e -
sents the presence of mounds in the bottom
of the c r a t e r that appear to be randomly
distributed.
The extent of blast -induced fracturing
was determined from an examination of
the c o r e and f r o m borehole photographs.
The rock was highly fractured to depths
of 16 to 18 ft below the ground surface at
Holes 1 and 2. N o blast-induced fracturing Fig. 30. Dozer daylighting end of cut and
could be observed at Hole 3 . Outlining the bringing cut to grade.
boundary of blast-induced fracturing shown
in Fig. 30 was difficult because of the material w a s pushed into the c r a t e r and
already fractured and weak nature of the the operation progressed towards the w e s t
country rock. end of the c r a t e r , cutting and filling a s
required. A considerable mound of mate-
SHAPING OF RAILROAD CUT r i a l w a s pushed out the west end of the
c r a t e r . This operation is shown in
Earthwork w a s required to shape the Fig. 30. Some ripping was necessary in
c r a t e r into its final design configuration; o r d e r to daylight the ends of the c r a t e r ;
i.e., ready to accept subbase, ballast, and daylighting of t h e ends was not included
track. This work consisted of daylighting in the experiment design.
the ends of the c r a t e r , scaling the slopes, Three working days w e r e required to
and leveling the bottom to subgrade eleva- daylight the ends and bring the bottom of
tion. A bulldozer with ripper accomplished the c r a t e r to rough subgrade. Two addi-
most of the earthmoving. tional days were spent in scaling the slopes
Operations began with the daylighting and final leveling of the bottom of the cut.
A 5-yd 3 front-loader was brought in to
of the east end of the c r a t e r . The loose
-41-
a s s i s t the dozer in scaling the slopes be- m a r k e r s , detailed in Fig, 33, were em-
cause of the difficulty in negotiating the placed in the undisturbed fallback. The
slopes with a blade f u l l of material. The m a r k e r s w e r e emplaced on the natural
slopes were scaled by pushing the material mounds and valleys of the c r a t e r bottom
into the c r a t e r and spoiling it with the in o r d e r to observe settlements of dif-
front loader, a s shown in Fig. 31. ferent thicknesses of fallback. The
The a r e a in the vicinity of Station 91+60 locations of the m a r k e r s are shown in
w a s somewhat troublesome because of the Fig. 34.
steepness of the c r a t e r slopes, large p a r - These m a r k e r s w e r e first surveyed on
ticle sizes, and the amount of rubble in the 18 December 1970, and surveyed again
bottom of the c r a t e r . Several hundred 4 mo l a t e r on 17 April 1971. During the
cubic y a r d s of material were removed
f r o m this area alone. Figure 32 shows
the final cut configuration.
Total equipment time required was 45
dozer - hours and 16 front -loader hours.
Equipment time could have been reduced
substantially had the c r a t e r been day-
lighted by the explosion, in which case it
is estimated that the cut could have been
shaped in about 3 working days.
Settlement-at-depth marker
-42-
l2 f t ~ r ft
Settlement markers
0 Surface marker
12 ft f
Q Depth marker (buried 2-1/2 f t )
*Depth marker (buried 5 ft)
-4 3
0.
+
I \'\
13 10, 16 !IO, 13, 16 I I
' l o 04,
13, 14, 16 .9 0 8 10, 16 16
\ \*5, 8 08, 14 04, 9 , 14 13 @ 10
0.
Lc
4-
I
c
K
Q)
0.
-----*3, 15 ----------L O 6,~ 15-
,
-E 011
Q) 012 0 3
c
Q)
v, I
\
'\ 07
02, 6 r X 11 17
.?
0.
Chapter 7. Conclusions
-44-
The use of millisecond time delays The final experiment, the D4 railway
between the charges in a row offers a cut, is considered a s u c c e s s in all r e -
promising method of reducing ground spects. A subsequent analysis of the
shock and airblast without incurring an direct costs of emplacement drilling,
unacceptable l o s s of row-charge cratering explosives and post shot shaping indicates
efficiency. In general, the seismic and that the cut was explosively excavated for
airblast amplitudes generated by a approximately $36,000. The Government
delayed row -charge were approximately estimate of the cost to accomplish the
equivalent to what would be generated by s a m e amount of work by conventional
one of the charges in the row detonated methods, including presplitting f o r slope
by itself. Although the two delay t i m e s control, was approximately $47,000.
of 25 and 50 msec resulted in about equal The results of the seismic and airblast
reductions of airblast and groundshock, programs a r e important contributions to
the s h o r t e r delay is definitely p r e f e r r e d the technology. Measurement of the ef-
because it has the least effect on c r a t e r fects of the single- and multiple-charge
volume. It is tentatively concluded that detonations makes it much e a s i e r to p r e -
a delay of 25 m s e ~ / t o n ' / ~is appropriate dict these side effects for future
for delayed row-charges. detonations.
Comparison of the simultaneously A number of specific conclusions can
detonated double row, C 6 , and the D4 be made with regard to the engineering
delayed double row demonstrates that the properties of the c r a t e r s , an important
introduction of a delay time between the aspect of explosive excavation: These
detonation of parallel row charges in- conclusions a r e based on investigations
c r e a s e s cratering performance of a double of the D4 c r a t e r .
row. The delay time should be of the Cratering detonations in the hetero-
same o r d e r a s the vent time,
*
which is geneous weak-to- intermediate - strength
approximately 150 rnsec/ton113 for rock at Trinidad produce rubble w i t h a
charges buried at optimum cratering depth. particle gradation that can be classified
The single and double rows along a a s a poorly graded gravel in the Unified
sidehill produced relatively broad, shallow Soil Classification System, and can also
craters. The charge spacing was too wide be described a s a clayey gravel. The
in the D2 single row, and the performance m a t e r i a l is fragmented to the extent that
of the explosive and the time delay be- necessary earthwork can be accomplished
tween rows were questionable in the D3 quickly and easily, w i t h a minimum of
double row. It is now believed that the equipment.
charges in D3 were buried too deeply and The D4 delayed row-charge detonation
too f a r apart, the consequence of using an ejected enough material from the Crater
incorrect value of explosive bubble energy that the thickness of fallback m a t e r i a l
to design the experiment. susceptible to settlement was reduced
i
:
significantly. Moreover, there is con-
The time at which the explosion gases
siderable evidence that the fallback i s
under the rising mound of rock a r e vented
to the atmosphere. favorably compacted by the impact of its
-4 5-
deposition. The value of relative density Appendix E do show, however, that It is
of 70% estimated for the Trinidad fallback possible to determine the angle of internal
in the field is almost a s great a s the friction by testing model m a t e r i a l s with
relative densities achieved in many engi- grain-size curves parallel to the actual
neered fills (see Appendix E). It is con- grain-size curve, provided that the speci-
cluded that the fallback will not be SUS- mens were compacted to the relative
ceptible to l a r g e settlements or t o stability density of the actual fallback. The in-
problems, and that it will provide a stable ability to estimate settlement f r o m the
subgrade for the railroad. behavior of the modeled m a t e r i a l at
The rocks of which the fallback is com- Trinidad is valuable documentation of the
posed a r e weakened by water, and, a s a media d e p e n d e n c y of modeling mate-
result, saturation of the m a t e r i a l would rials. Higher strength and m o r e homo-
cause settlement and would reduce the geneous materials investigated by
angle of internal friction by s e v e r a l Marachi et al. 2o show much better
degrees. The cohesion of the rubble, the modeling characteristics.
intact horizontal bedding surrounding the The rock surrounding the cut was dis-
cut, the wet and d r y angle of internal turbed only in the immediate vicinity, w i t h
friction, and the gentle 30-deg side slopes little evidence of an extensive rupture
provide adequate a s s u r a n c e of continued zone. The weak, fractured, and weathered
slope stability. nature of the rock probably accounts for
The s m a l l e r particles of the fallback the limited extent of the rupture zone.
a r e softer and m o r e highly susceptible Finally, the point-count technique pro-
to compression when wetted. Conse- vided a reasonably accurate particle
quently, the amount of settlement due to gradation curve (see Appendix E). More
wetting cannot be estimated on the basis experience i s needed in dealing with fines
of t e s t s on s m a l l size specimens of and their relationship to the c o a r s e frac-
model'' m a t e r i a l s .
11
The test r e s u l t s in tion of the material.
e
-46-
Appendix A
Drill Hole Locations, Stratigraphy and Lithology,
and Material Properties Data
This appendix contains detailed in- sections for each s e r i e s , obtained f r o m
formation about t h e experimental sites. the c o r e holes, a r e shown in Figs. A 3
F i g u r e s A 1 and A 2 a r e topographic maps through A6, and the laboratory-determined
showing the location of all charges in physical properties of the rock a r e given
each experiment. The stratigraphic in Table A l .
-47-
Fig. A2. Map showing location of emplacement and c o r e holes f o r Experiments
D1, D2, and D3.
Southwest Northeast
83
6300
6320 I c4c
C6C
c
y.
I
.-
L
6280
5al
L
w
450 ft
6260
6280 d
350 f t
I-4
Legend
.O:.'"
OVERBURDEN: Clayey soil with platy
fragments of sandstone
and river-run cobbles.
Legend
SANDSTONE: Fine to medium-grained
arkosic sandstone,
OVERBURDEN: Clayey roil with platy moderate to highly
fragments o f sandstone and river-run fractured.
cobbles.
SHALE: Grey to black silty shale,
SANDSTONE: Fine to medium-grained hiahIY
" I
fractured .
arkosic sandstone, moderate to highly
COAL: Soft bituminous coal,
fractured.
very highly fractured.
SHALE: Grey to black silty shale,
highly fractured.
Fig. A3. Stratigraphy and lithology of Fig. A4. Stratigraphy and lithology of
B series. C series.
-49-
West East
West East
D2A
D4A
D3D
6300 D4C
6320 D4B
+
D1 E rc
I
.-
S
+
q_ 0
+
I 0
>
-
al
.-0
C
w 6280
A
0
>
-
W
w 630C
I
-I
125 f t L
62 6C
125ft L
Legend
62 8C 260 f t
OVERBURDEN: Clayey soil with platy
-
Legend
fragments of sandstone and river run
cobb I es.
SHALE: Grey to black silty shale, COAL: Soft bituminous coal, very
.
high Iy f ra c turecl .
h igh Iy fractured
Fig. A5. Stratigraphy and lithology of Fig. A6. Stratigraphy and lithology of
Experiments D1, D2, and D3. D4 railroad cut.
-50-
Table A l . Results of t e s t s of B - s e r i e s rock cores.
113 19.1-19.8 3.0 150.i 2.70 10.7 4563 0.4-1.3 Light g r a y sandstone with h a i r l i n e t o
1/16 in. s h a l e s e a m s .
H3 19.8-20.8 3.8 151.3 2.70 10.4 5937h 1.3 Light p r a y sandstone, fine grained.
R3 21.0-22.9 3.2 156.5 2.70 7.1 1739 0.23 Dark g r a y si1ty sandbtone, very fined
grained.
B8 13.2-13.5 5.1 149.2 2.70 11.5 1P33b’C 0.8OC Tan siltstone with random crientated
s h a l e s t r i n g e r s . Free water was
o b s e r v e d on the s u r f a c e of t h e t e s t
s p e c i m e n while under c o m p r e s s i o n .
BE 15.8-17.0 2.7 156.7 2.71 7.4 51 59 1.5 Liglit g r a y sandstone, fine grained.
n8 21.5-22.2 4.4 146.0 2.70 13.3 1027b 0.072 G r a y sandy siltstone with s h a l e s e a m s
t o 1 in. wide. Free water was
o b s e r v e d on the s u r f a c e of the t e s t
s p e c i m e n while under c o m p r e s s i o n .
na 24.8-27.2 2.0 106.1 1 .E2 6.6 1070b 0.23 Coal.
BE 27.0-28.4 1.2 160.8 2.72 5.3 4 93 0.33 G r a y s a n d y siltstone with i r r e g u l a r
s h a l e and coal s e a m s h a i r l i n e t o
2 in. wide, and partly open f r a c t u r e s .
F a i l u r e o c c u r r e d along a high angle,
p a r t l y open f r a c t u r e .
awater content was d e t e r m i n e d on fragment- remaining fromi c o m p r e s s i o n t e s t .
bVaIues f o r unconfined c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h have been adJusted for height-diameter r a t i o p e r ASTM C-42.
‘Ciameter of t e s t s p e c i m e n was not uniform due t o drilling action.
-51-
Table A2. Results of tests of C-series rock cores.
Modulus
Dry Grain Compressive of elasticity
Hole Depth Water
content density specific P o r o s i t y strengtha
number (ft) (70) (lb/ft3) gravity (70) (psi) (lo6 psi) Description and r e m a r k s
Hole
number
Depth
(ft)
Water
contents
(%) (1b/rt3)
Grain
specific P o r o s i t y
gravity (%)
Ci?%sbVe
(psi)
Of
Moduhs
(lo6 p s i ) D e s c r i p t i o n and r e m a r k s
D1 E 3.8- 5.1 4.1 144.6 2.68 14 3608 0.65 Sandstone, light brown, intersecting high
angle f r a c t u r e s f r o m 3.8-4.5 ft.
5.6- 6.5 4.1 149.4 2.66 10 2947 0.41 Sandstone, light brown, h a r d .
9.7-11.3 5.9 138.9 2.69 17 863 0.12 Sandstone, light brown, 60 d e g f r a c t u r e
f r o m 9.7-10.1 ft; 45 d e g incipient
f r a c t u r e 10.3-10.7 f t .
12.1-13.7 2.8 150.5 2.69 11 2163 0.31 Sandstone, light gray, changing t o light
brown a t 12.8 ft; n u m e r o u s incipient
frsctures.
2 1.4- 22 .O 7.3 138.7 2.71 18 4 60 0.13 Shale, light gray, hard.
28.6-29.6 4.9 145.4 2.73 14 873 0.25 Shale. light gray. hard, a p p r o x i m a t e
45 d e g incipient f r a c t u r e top to bottom.
D3D 11.9-12.8 2.1 155.1 2.70 8 8272 2.35 Sandstone, v e r y light brown, v e r y fine-
grained, hard. V e r y thin l a y e r s of
s h a l e a t both e n d s of s a m p l e .
13.0-14.3 3.5 148.4 2.65 10 530 0.24 Siltstone, light gray, m u c h - f r a c t u r e d .
18.7-19.5 3.0 152.7 2.62 7 1373 0.67 Siltstone, shaly, light gray, horizontal
s e p a r a t i o n planes a t 18.9 and 19.1 It.
21.5-22.5 4.6 148.9 2.66 11 1074 0.25 Siltstone. shaly. light gray. hard.
Horizontal slickensided f r a c t u r e a t
22.0 ft.
WA 12.0-12.6 3.3 151.9 2.63 7 3055 0.50 Sandstone, light gray, fine-grained;
n u m e r o u s horizontal s e p a r a t i o n planes
15.5-16.6 5 .o 138.9 2.66 16 3853 0.14 Sandstone, light brown, h a r d .
21.2-22.0 3.8 151.3 2.71 IO 2000 1.04 Sandstone. light brown, hard; 60 d e g f r a c -
ture for compression test.
22.6-24.0 2.4 155.4 2.65 6 6824 1.6 Sandstone, fine-grained, light gray, hard;
45 d e g f r a c t u r e 23.1-22.8 ft.
28.1 -28.3 2.7 152.2 2.69 9 -C -C Siltstone, light gray, dry, hard; too badly
fractured for compression test.
28.3-26.5 4.4 148.0 2.71 12 -C -C Siltstone, shaly. light gray, moist; too
badly f r a c t u r e d f o r c o m p r e s s i o n t e s t .
32.4-33.1 6.6 143.5 2.71 15 510 0.09 Shale, gray, moist; many thin horizontal
s e p a r a t i o n planes.
33.1-33.8 4.3 149.4 2.70 12 898 0.34 Shale, light gray, dry, hard; n u m e r o u s
horizontal s e p a r a t i o n planes.
W B 6.0- 6.65 3.6 154.3 2.66 6 -C - C
Siltstone, gray, hard; v e r y badly f r a c -
tured.
15.3-15.9 3.3 150.5 2.64 9 4140 2 .o Sandstone, light brown, h a r d ; @-in. s h a l e
s e a m r e m o v e d f r o m bottom.
18.85-19.5 7 .O 140.0 2.72 17 739 0.11 Shale, gray. moist; n u m e r o u s slicken-
sided s e p a r a t i o n planes.
W C 15.9-15.5 2.6 152.1 2.68 9 2780 0.60 Sandstone, light brown, fine-grained, h a r d .
- 1 *E
18.9-1 9.7
19.7-20.3 24 -
1 5lC3 2.68
- -
1OC -
4958
- Sandstone, light brown, h a r d .
Sandstone, light brown, hard. V e r y thin
s h a l e s e a m s a t 19.8 and 19.9 ft.
22.3-23.9 3.8 148.2 2.69 12 4200 0.76 Sandstone, light brown with light g r a y band
f r o m 22.5-23.0 ft; horizontal s e p a r a t i o n
planes a t 23.1, 23.4, and 23.6 ft. C o m -
p r e s s i o n s p e c i m e n taken f r o m 2 3 . 2 -
23.8 ft.
29.2 -29.9 3.7 150.5 2.69 11 710 0.06 Siltstone. light gray, h a r d ; f r a c t u r e s a t
29.3, 29.5, and 29.7 ft.
31 2-31.8 2.1 158.7 2.69 6 2460 0.56 Siltstone. light gray, dry. hard; 45 d e g
s e p a r a t i o n plane 31.4-31.7 ft.
32.0-32.7 1.9 154.2 2.67 7 7169 0.77 Siltstone, light gray, fine-grained. h a r d ;
n u m e r o u s thin, s h a l e s e a m s . Horizontal
s e p a r a t i o n plane a t 32.7 It.
32.7-33.5 2.4 154.4 2.67 7 4245 0.65 Sandstone, light gray, fine-grained, h a r d ;
m o r e and t h i c k e r l a y e r s of s h a l e .
a W a t e r content w a s d e t e r m i n e d on f r a g m e n t s r e m a i n i n g f r o m c o m p r e s s i o n t e s t s .
bValues for unconfined c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h h a v e b e e n adjusted for h e i g h t - d i a m e t e r r a t i o p e r ASTM-C 42.
'Not tested.
-53-
Appendix B
Crater Profiles and Cross Sections
This appendix contains the c r o s s s e c - through B5. The row c r a t e r s w e r e c r o s s -
tions and profiles for all of the B - s e r i e s sectioned at selected, representative loca-
and C - s e r i e s c r a t e r s . Figure B1 explains tions and were also profiled along the
the meaning of the t e r m s used in standard centerline through the charges. The s u r -
c r a t e r nomenclature. Each of the single- vey data a r e shown in Figs. B6 through
charge c r a t e r s was surveyed along two B8. The average widths and depths of the
orthogonal sections, a s shown in Figs. B2 row c r a t e r s a r e shown on the drawings.
T r u e c r a t e r boundary
Cross s e c t i o n o f s i n q l e - c t i a r q e o r vow c r a t e r
/
\ /
P l a n v i e w o f row c r a t e r
Reb - eRadius
jecta
o f o u t e r boundary o f continuous
Val -
ground surface
Volume o f apparent l i o
Da
- Maximum depth o f apparent c r a t e r below
Vt
- Volume o f t r u e c r a t e r below o r i g i n a l
and normal t o o r i g i n a l ground surface ground s u r f a c e
6300
BI
DOB = 15.2 ft
(ANFO) Ra = 17.0 ft
Da = 8.0 ft
h
I
.-
C
0
-u5
_./
6290
DOB = 18.0 ft
(ANFO) Ra = 20.0 ft
Da = 11.5 ft
J
_;j
6290
8-2
-
10 0
Scale
10 20
- ft
-55-
r 1
6330 ' 1
63 00 DOB = 19.7 ft
ri
(ANFO) Ra = 24.0 ft
Do = 6.5 f t
..-- - _
----_
i
g
6300 B -3
I
.-0
C
L
b
>
-al
1
W
6320 --__ -_
S
6l
DOB = 15.9 ft
6290 Ra = 23.5 f t
Do = 12.8 f t
i
6290
@
B -4
10 0 10 20
-
*
:*
Scale - ft
-56-
6290
---_
S
.----------- _--__--.--
DO8 =H18.6 ft
Ra =23.2 ft
----_
Do = 13.0 ft
-- -- - --- -----
N
---- I
6320 7
8-6
10 0 10 20
Tx=F
Fig. B4. Cross sections of Craters B5 and B6.
-57-
a
6310
i
I
6280 R
DOB = 22.6 f t
Ro = 20.2 f t
Da = 6.0
'. .,
ft
W
E
62 80
B -7
+
Lc
- -.
t
L
sr
I
@ J
6270 i DOB = 28.1 f t
W ---------
E
62 80
El 10 0 10 20
8-8
Scale - ft
6280
’ 6310P-7--
c.
v
.-0P
c
C
i
iii 6280 L East a West
, z y
I I l l 1 1 1 1 1
L A
50 0 50
6310Ll
6280
150
East I
1 00
I
50 0
-,
50
West
c1
Wa/2 = 25.5 ft
D = 14.1 ft
6300
6270
6300F
4
.--c
A
0
-K/
-w
6 2 7 O L Ea:t
1 1 1 I I I I
Q
1 1 1 1
West
I I
100 50 0 50
&O°F&
6270 ,
100
East
1 1 1 1
50
1 I I I
0
0
1 1 1 1
50
West
1 1
Distance --ft
c2
Fig. B.6. Longitudinal profiles and representative cross sections for Rows C1 and C2.
-59-
wa/2 = 33.7 f t
Dar = 13.9 ft
2 6310,
6t 3
6270 -East , I I I I
'
I I I
-
(
0
I
0
" ' " " ' '
1 West
1
100 50 0 50
c
CL.
6270 L rS0.20 40.15 0 0 . 1 0 40.05 mO=Delay (sec)
I
I 1 I ! ) I I 1 I I I
I I 1 I I I I I
50
.-5
L
0 100 150
West
I l l I I I I I I I I I
6 3 0 0 r r
1 1
100 50 0 50
L
6 2 7 0 1 East
I I I l I I
01 , I , I West
I ,
100 50 0 50
c4
Wa/2 = 26.5 ft
D = 12.8ft
zc
i 6270LEaSt El West
1 , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , ,
50 0 50
Distance - ft
c5
-61-
Appendix C
Seismic Data
B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8
S t a t ion component ( c m /se c ( c m /se c ) ( c m /se c ) (c m /sec ) ( c m /s e c ) ( c m /se c ) ( c m /se c ) ( c m/see )
Table C2. Maximum recorded particle velocities for C1, C2, C3.
( A l l values t o be multiplied by
C1 C2 c3
Compressional Shear Surface Compressional Shear Surface Cornpressional Shear Surface
Station Coniponent (clii/sec) (crn/sec) (crn/sec) (crn/sec) icm/sec) icrn/seci icm,iser) icm/secl (cm/sec)
GM-1 v 0.5 7 .0 17 10 8.5 16 IS 12 25
R 5.0 6.0 7 .s 5.5 12 8.2 8.5 10 10
r 4 .0 11 9.0 3.5 14 10 5.0 12 14
CM-2 v 80 100 34 0 120 I so 4 50 230 160 ti60
11 180 400 400. 2 50 310 470 4G0 430 s4 0
r 80 270 200 100 400 120 200 480 210
CM-3 v 73 85 170 75 100 150 ‘30 100 225
I{ 60 82 85 70 70 85 85 55 60
T 25 75 51 0 30 85 75 20 85 95
SR-1 v 22 -aa 22 25 26 a 17 32 3 0, 23
R 9.0 - 37 0.0 - 38 10 -a r, 7
T 5.0 15 18 7 .0 -1 25 7.0 - :iti
SR-2 v 9.5 -a 16 7 .8 -
a
1s II -a 20
1% 8.2 -a 10 7.5 -a 12 12 1 ga 14
T 5.5 12 u .3 7.5 20 ~1.0 s.0 - 1-1
-62-
Table C3. Maximum recorded particle velocities for C4, C5, C6.
(All values to be multiplied by
c4 C5 C6
not recorded.
bunreliable.
-63-
Table C4. Maximum recorded particle velocities f o r D s e r i e s .
(All values t o be multiplied by
D1 u2 u3 D4
Compressional Shear Surface Compressional Shear Surface Compress lonal Shear Surface Compressional Shear Surface
Station Component (cm/sec) ( c m / s e c ) (crn/sec) (cm/seci (cmisec) (cm/sec) (cm/sec) (cm/sec) (cm/sec) (cm/sec) (cm/sec) (cm/sec)
GM-1 V 8.5 62 54 6.0 40 46 8 .O 92 82 16 28 60
R 8.9 33 23 7 .o 26 22 6.8 55 48 a' 40 25
T 3.3 18 6 .O 3 .o 51 11 - 92 46 - 40 20
b
a b b
a b b
ab
a b
ab b -a
-;
400 1500
GM-2 V
a 3 1, a
R
r a
- a
- a
- -
-b -
-tl -b
- a
- a
- -b
-
1200
600 -
1200
800
GM-4 V 130 70 300 50 zooa 480 100 -a 400 -b -b -b
-a b b b
R -
--
100 280 520 70 700 870
I
- T 50 280 7 00 40 -a 430 -a
50 -a 320 -
-b --
b b
a
SR-1 V 20 90 60 90 175 160 -a -aa 70
R 6.0 -7a
92
2-
o a
60 95 -a
30 80 180 -a - 110
T 4 .O -a 18 -a 60 50 -a 120 100 -a 100 100
aUnreliable.
bData not recorded.
Appendix D
Airblast Data
The observed peak o v e r p r e s s u r e s for tabulated in the following format: first,
P r o j e c t Trinidad a r e summarized in the name of the experiment i s given,
Tables D1 through D4, together with a n followed by the charge weight, type of
analysis of the data. The data have been explosive, and depth of burial (DOB, in
-65-
Table D2a. Close-in airblast observations f o r Detonations C1 and C2 (row-charges).
Altitude = 6200 f t AMSL; ambient p r e s s u r e = 810 mbar
Data s c a l e d
Observed data t o 1 t o n and 1000 m b a r
Peak
Distance, overpressure,
APs(mbar)
Detonation Source Azimuth R(ft) AP(psi)
al - p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o a l i g n m e n t of r o w .
bll - p a r a l l e l t o a n d off t h e end of t h e r o w .
‘Transmitter drift.
dRecord noisy.
eRecord lost.
feet). F o r row-charge events, the row peak excess above the local ambient
configuration, spacing and delays (if any) pressure. Most of the measured over-
between charges in the row, number’of p r e s s u r e s a r e average values from two
charges, and charge weight a r e also separate gages at the s a m e location.
specified. The next column identifies Both the ground-shock and gas-vent peak
the source of the airblast pulse (ground- o v e r p r e s s u r e s a r e listed (in successive
shock- induced o r gas-vent- induced). sections of the table) where available.
Next, f o r row-charge events only, the Overpressures f o r all row-charge detona-
direction in which the airblast pulse w a s tions were measured in at least two dif-
measured is given [perpendicular t o row ferent directions, perpendicular to’the
axis (1) o r off the end of the row (11 )]. row (I t o row) and off the end of the row
The succeeding two columns l i s t the dis- (11
t o row). The delayed row-charges
tance R (in feet) from the detonation to a have measurements along three directions:
given observed peak overpressure A P perpendicular t o the row, of the starting
(in psi), A P in this c a s e r e f e r r i n g t o end (/Is), and off the final end (\IF) of the
-66-
Table D2b. Close-in airblast observations for Detonations C3 and C4 (row-charges).
Altitude = 6200 f t AMSL; ambient p r e s s u r e = 810 mbar
Data s c a l e d
Observed data - t o 1 t o n and 1000 m b a r
Peak
Distance, overpressure,
Detonation Source Azimuth R(ft) A P(psi) f
‘~(3)
Peak
Distance, overpressure,
Detonation Source Azimuth RVt) AP(psi) APs(mbar) f
b L a r g e r of t w o p e a k s ; c a l i b r a t i o n u n s t a b l e , v a l u e u n c e r t a i n .
-68-
a Table D3. Close-in airblast observations for Detonations D1 through D3 (row-charges).
Altitude = 6200 f t AMSL; ambient p r e s s u r e = 810 mbar
Data scaled
Observed data to 1 ton and 1000 mbar
Peak:
Distance, overpr e m u r e ,
Detonation Source Azimuth R(ft) AP(psi) f
-
alu perpendicular to row, uphill side.
-
blD perpendicular t o row, downhill side.
C
Weighted by individual charge yields to overemphasize the larger charges; this weighting has almost no
effect on the data reduction. Weighting not normally used in prediction procedures.
a
'Tlnidentifiable; coincides with f i r s t negative phase from 1-ton row.
-69-
Table D4. Close-in airblast observations for Detonation D4 (row-charges).
Altitude = 6200 f t AMSL; ambient p r e s s u r e = 810 mbar
Data s c a l e d
Observed d a t a t o 1 ton and 1000 m b a r
aThe D4 detonation was a double row of c h a r g e s , emplaced along t h e contour of a gentle slope.
T h e downhill r o w (1-ton row) consisted of 18 c h a r g e s , each of 1-ton yield. T h e uphill row
(2-ton r o w ) consisted of 14 c h a r g e s , 12 f 2-ton and 2 of 1-ton yield. The s p a c i n g between
r o w s was 46 ft (approximately 41 f t / t o n l b ) . The 1-ton r o w was detonated approximately 150 m s e c
b e f o r e t h e 2-ton row.
Mean yield of 1-ton r o w = 1.0 ton
T o t a l yield of 1-ton r o w = 18.0 tons
Mean DOBg of I-ton r o w = 19.7 ft/tO 113
Mean spacing of c h a r g e s in 1-ton r o w = 3 5 f t / t o n l b
Mean yield of 2-ton r o w = 1.86 ton
Total yield of 2-ton r o w = 26.0 t o n s
M e a n DOBg of 2-ton r o w . = 17.9 f t p o n l P
Mean s p a c i n g of 2-ton r o w = 28.5 f t / t ~ n l / ~
bPerpendicular o v e r p r e s s u r e s include v a l u e s m e a s u r e d along both p e r p e n d i c u l a r s ( c l o s e r t o the
1-ton row, and c l o s e r to t h e 2-ton r o w ) . The m e a s u r e d values a t a given r a n g e along t h e s e two
d i r e c t i o n s d i f f e r by about 30% in some cases, due t o p a r t i a l and v a r i a b l e overlap between p u l s e s
contributed by t h e two rows. T h e v a r i o u s contributions are usually i n s e p a r a b l e and p r e c i s e r e i n -
forcement factors cannot b e determined.
'Adjusted values - o v e r p r e s s u r e o r pulse identification may be uncertain.
dGas-vent pulse f o r 1-ton r o w o v e r l a p s ground-shock p u l s e for 2-ton r o w in t h i s direction.
eGas-vent p u l s e s f o r both r o w s coincide at t h i s station; s c a l e d values are s c a l e d on t h e b a s i s
of "2-ton row" alone.
T h e waveforms of t h e p u l s e s observed off t h e end of t h e rows were complex, consisting of
multiple peaks whose r e l a t i v e amplitudes and attenuation r a t e s v a r i e d significantly. Six d i s t i n c t
peaks w e r e observed; t h e third, fourth, fifth, and sixth peaks could not be assigned t o any s p e c i f i c
s o u r c e , due t o t h e g r e a t length and t h e t i m e delay of t h e two r o w s with r e s u l t a n t o v e r l a p and
v a r i a b l e reinforcement between v a r i o u s pulses. T h e fifth and sixth peaks w e r e apparently dominant
at all r a n g e s off t h e end of t h e rows. N o s c a l e d d i s t a n c e s o r reinforcment f a c t o r s could b e
determined due t o t h e fact t h a t t h e s o u r c e s of t h e dominant p u l s e s a r e not always identifiable.
gAll depths a r e m e a s u r e d t o the c e n t e r of t h e c h a r g e s . T h e c h a r g e s in t h e 1-ton r o w w e r e
emFlaced in u n d e r r e a m e d holes, and had a height-to-diameter r a t i o of about 1.0. T h e h o l e s f o r
the 2-ton r o w w e r e not underreamed, and t h e c h a r g e s had a height-to-diameter r a t i o of about
4 to 1. T h e s e c h a r g e s w e r e approximately 1 0 ft long. Thus, t h e upper portions of t h e 2-ton
c h a r g e s w e r e q u i t e close to t h e ground s u r f a c e , and t h e s e charges probably vented a t r a t h e r
e a r l y t i m e (causing high gas-vent o v e r p r e s s u r e s f r o m t h e 2-ton r o w ) .
-70-
medium, and explosive type (for single- (f ) and gas-vent (f ) are plotted as a
gs gv
charge detonations). Close and inter- function of scaled depth of burial in
mediate range peak o v e r p r e s s u r e s for Fig. D l . In this case, f
decreases
gs
most cratering experiments attenuate slowly with increasing scaled depth of
with distance approximately as Rs
-1.2
. burial, as expected. A straight line i s
The l a r g e s t transmission factor observed fitted through the maximum values of
for a given experiment will thus provide f which a r e approximately twice those
gs
a n indication of the maximum expected observed for TNT experiments at com-
damage-producing airblast from any parabble scaled depths. V a l u e s of f
gv
experiment at the s a m e scaled burial show m o r e deviation, indicating that some
depth with the s a m e explosive in the same s c a t t e r of the vent t i m e s occurs f o r these
medium. experiments as well. However, f does
gv
Calculated transmission factors f o r decrease sharply with increasing depth,
all buried Trinidad experiments are as it should. The plotted values of f
gv
listed in the last column of Tables D1 are greater than those observed for TNT
through D4. T h e s e values will be used t o events at comparable scaled depths by a
compare the various experiments. factor of two t o ten. T w o curves are
drawn through the maximum values of f
gv'
SINGLE-CHARGE BURIED EVENTS the lower curve is considered the best
estimate of the maximum gas-vent t r a n s -
T h e most consistent airblast r e s u l t s mission factors f o r typical events.
are generally obtained from single-charge
events. Therefore, it i s of interest to ROW-CHARGE EVENTS
examine Detonations BJ through B8. The
t h r e e ammonium nitrate f u e l oil (ANFO) Airblast from a row of equal-size
events, B1, B2, and B3, show consider- charges a t a given scaled depth is g r e a t e r
able scatter. V a l u e s o f f are compar- than the airblast that would be produced
gs
able t o the other single-charge events, by only one of the charges detonated at
although B2 and B3 appear r a t h e r low. the s a m e scaled depth. The reinforce-
V a l u e s of f f o r B1 and B3 are higher ment of airblast f o r row-charge events
gv
than f o r any of the other (aluminized is usually measured by the r a t i o of the
s l u r r y ) experiments, but those for B2 are peak overpressure ( o r value of f), a t a
lower. B2 w a s intermediate between B1 given distance from the row, t o the peak
and B3 in scaled depth. The e r r a t i c be- o v e r p r e s s u r e ( o r value of f ) a t the s a m e
havior of the gas-vent airblast from distance from a single charge of the s a m e
ANFO detonations i s believed t o be a weight as the average weight of the charges
result of e r r a t i c vent times that are not in the row and at the s a m e average scaled
closely correlated with scaled depth of depth of burial. This ratio is known as
16
burial. the "difference factor" between row and
T h e aluminized ammonium-nitrate single charge airblast.
s l u r r y events show m o r e consistent be- The difference factors for past ex-
havior. V a l u e s of f f o r ground-shock periments under partially controlled
-71-
C
.-0
.- ul
5c
I-
e \
\
o. o A Ground shock, f
9s
o Gas vent, f
9V
0. oc
-72-
conditions have been found to fit a law m The scaled depth of burial.
of the form: QD The scaled spacing between charges.
m The rock type
B
Difference factor = n I. The type of explosive
where n = number of charges in the row .I. The average charge weight
and B = a n exponent whose value depends; e The absolute length of the row
upon the following: I
. The scaled range at which the air-
0 The azimuth, relative to the align- blast i s observed.
ment of the row, at which the a i r - Difference factors and values of B
blast is observed. "B" will be a have been calculated for the Trinidad row
maximum f o r observations perpen- experiments. F i r s t , the average charge
dicular t o the row, and will de- weight and the average scaled depth of
crease at azimuths c l o s e r t o the burial f o r each row w e r e determined
row axis. (Table D1). The observed o v e r p r e s s u r e s
Difference
B
Detonation Direction n factor, n B
~
'a
Parallel to 2-ton row of 2 tons 2.42 0.4 93
a
Two values given because signal showed double peak; l a r g e r value listed first.
b V a l u e s in parentheses indicate airblast overpressures less than comparable fitted
single-charge values; considered somewhat questionable.
C
T w o parallel 5-charge rows; data reduced as airblast from single 10-charge row.
-73-
and distances w e r e then scaled according Fig. D1 w a s used to obtain the value of
to the average charge weight, and values f f o r a single charge, and the lower of
gs
o f f were calculated, The largest the .two curves through the gas-vent
observed value of f in each direction for values w a s used to obtain f f o r a Single
gv
each experiment w a s compared t o the charge. The calculated difference factor
value o f f for a single-charge experiment are listed in Table D5a (ground-shock
at the same scaled depth of burial (see observations) and Table D5b (gas vent
Fig. Dl), and the difference factor w a s observations ).
calculated: difference factor = f row- Because the number of charges f o r
charge/f single charge f o r the s a m e each experiment i s known, the value of
scaled depth. The ground-shock line in B can be calculated. The B-values are
-74-
a listed in the last column of Tables D5a
and D5b.
with scaled depth of burial, number of
charges in the row, o r scaled spacing
Experiment D3 consisted of two six- between charges.22 The reasons for this
charge rows, but the separation and time e r r a t i c behavior a r e not fully understood,
delay between the rows were sufficiently but a r e believed t o be related to the in-
g r e a t that almost no airblast interaction homogeneous nature of the medium,
o r reinforcement occurred; therefore, the relatively s m a l l charge weights, and
pulses from each row w e r e treated as if i r r e g u l a r venting behavior, Many of the
they originated from two separate six- experiments showed highly complex wave-
charge rows and were analyzed separately. f o r m s in which some peaks could not be
The C6 double row, on the other hand, had positively identified o r interpreted.
no interrow delay. Separate signals from Irregular and unexplained variations in
the two rows could not be identified, and vent t i m e s between the individual charges
the event w a s treated as a single ten- in a row may have contributed t o the
charge row ( r a t h e r than two five-charge s c a t t e r in the data. The ground-shock-
rows 1. induced pulses showed complex multiple
It should be noted that, except for D1, peaks for some experiments. It i s im-
all rows consisted of aluminized ammonium- possible t o establish completely consistent
nitrate s l u r r y charges in rock very relationships bet ween single- and row-
s i m i l a r t o that of the B-series tests. cha.rge airblast s i m i l a r t o those found for
Therefore, the comparison of single- experiments in more uniform media,
charge values of f from Fig. D1 to f However, best estimates of the row-
values for the row-charge events should charge difference factors are given in
be valid. Experiment D1 used ANFO and Table D6. The conclusions discussed
may show the e r r a t i c gas venting behavior below must be considered tentative at
noted f o r the single charge ANFO experi- best:. A m o r e extensive discussion of
ments. The value of f f o r D-1 did in- the observed o v e r p r e s s u r e s and attenua-
gv
-
deed t u r n out t o be very low (Table D5b), tion r a t e s f o r individual row-charge
being comparable t o that expected f o r a events i s given in Ref. 1 6 .
single-charge (B 0). Waveforms observed off-the-end-of
The B-values in Tables D5a and D5b and perpendicular to the D4 (RR1) double
show an enormous amount of scatter, row w e r e of extraordinary complexity.
varying all the way from B = 0 (single- The length of the rows and the interrow
charge airblast) t o B =: 1.0 (perfect delay, a s well as the inconsistent venting
acoustic reinforcement). The average behavior from charge t o charge within a
values tend t o be somewhat g r e a t e r ( m o r e row, caused various pulses t o overlap
reinforcement) than those previously and reinforce in a complex manner'
a
determined f o r relatively large- yield dependent on azimuth and range. Overlap
r o w s (charge weights -10 tons), but less rendered the s o u r c e of s o m e peaks
than the observed reinforcement for unidentifiable, particularly off the end of
small-yield rows (charge weights -64 lb).22 the rows. F o r these reasons, scaling of
No definite correlation could be established the overpressures and determination of
-7 5-
Table D6. Airblast amplitudes for row-charges expressed in t e r m s of single-charge
airblast amplitudes.
Ground-shock-induced Gas-vent-induced
Conditions overpressures overpressures
I
rates in a given direction (related t o the relates o v e r p r e s s u r e s generated by the
problems mentioned above), and s o m e row-charge ( A P r ) to those generated by
questionable data points as noted in'the a single charge ( A P s ) weighing the s a m e
16 as the average charge in the row and at
table.
The principal characteristic of the the s a m e scaled depth of burial. The
airblast data f o r row-charges i s the number of charges in the row i s n.
l a r g e amount of s c a t t e r . However, the F o r simultaneous double row-charges
observed difference factors (i.e., airblast near optimum interrow spacing, the
reinforcement) for all experiments in this o v e r p r e s s u r e s and difference factors
s e r i e s have a fairly well-defined upper w e r e approximately the s a m e a s for a
bound f o r each component of the airblast single row containing the s a m e number of
pulse (gas vent and ground shock). These charges as both double rows; i.e., n i s
estimated upper limits, as listed in the total number of charges in both rows.
Table D6, may be used t o predict reliably The single -charge t r a n s m i s s ion
the airblast amplitudes for s i m i l a r experi- factors (Fig. D1) and row-charge
-7 6-
difference factors discussed in this means of predicting airblast from future
22
chapter may be used as an approximate events of a similar nature.
-77-
Appendix E
Laboratory Testing of Fallback Material
J. M. Duncan"' and C. K. Chan t
4
,
/'
--I Determined by East end of crater
c
I: point count technique West end of crater,,y
L
al Trinidad fa1 Iback
.-
C
u-
40
I
t
E
C
al
dl
II- '34-ton sample-
deterrnined.by sieving
*0 O L
0.01 0.1 1 10
Opening --in.
Fig. E l . Comparison of grain-size distribution curves determined by
point count technique arid by sieving.
-79-
U.S. s i e v e s i z e - in.
1
+
L
.-alrn
3
x
11
.-t
S
cc
c
C
al
2
al
a
Opening - in.
Fig. E2. Grain-size distribution curves f o r material as received and
f o r t e s t specimens.
314 t o 318 67 33 -
318 t o No. 4 - - 2.66
No.4 t o No. 8 50 50 -
All material - - 2.60
finer than No. 4
varied from 2 - 6 0 to 2.66, with an average four "model" materials having grain-SiZe
value of 2.63. distribution curves parallel t o that .for
the field material, but s m a l l e r maximum
RELATIVE DENSITY particle sizes. T e s t s w e r e performed
on materials with maximum particles sizes
Tests w e r e performed t o determine equal t o 2 in., 1 in., 1/2 in., and the No. 4
the maximum and minimum densities f o r sieve s i z e . The results of these tests
-80-
a are shown in Fig. E3.
and minimum densities increase with
The maximum compacted t o as high as 95% relative
density by pluvial compaction. To the
increasing maximum particle size. writers' knowledge, no studies have been
Extrapolating the experimental curves to performed t o determine the effectiveness
a maximum particle s i z e of 15 in., it w a s of pluvial compaction f o r well-graded
estimated that the maximum density of materials like the Trinidad fallback.
the material with the field gradation would
be about 130.0 lb/ft 3, and the minimum TRIAXIAL TESTING
about 109.5 lb/ft
3
. Using these values of
maximum and minimum density, it w a s Most of the triaxial and one-dimensional
determined that the relative density of compression test specimens were formed
the fallback in the field was about 7070, a t relative densities close to those deter-
This relative density of the fallback in mined for the fallback in the field, in
the field i s somewhat higher than w a s order. that the results of the t e s t s could
anticipated. However, studies by Walker be used t o evaluate the properties of the
23
and Whitaker21 and Silver and Seed material at its in situ density. A few
have shown that uniform sands can be t e s t s on s m a l l e r size specimens were
compacted efficiently by "pluvial com- performed at looser densities t o investi-
paction," o r dropping into place. Silver gate the effects of changes in density on
and Seed found that a uniform, angular the strength, compressibility, and com-
silica sand that they tested could be pression due to wetting,
c
#200 #lo0 #50 #30 #16 #8 #4 3/8 3/4 1-1/2 3 6 12
1301 I I I I I I I I I I I /
'O" n
90 -
80
-
I
specified by
ASTM D 2049-69
I 1 I -Minimum density
-81 -
F o u r drained triaxial t e s t s w e r e per-
formed on 36-in. diameter specimens
containing particles a s large as 6 in.
The grain-size distribution curves for the
material tested a r e shown in Fig. E2.
The specimens were compacted to dry
3
densities ranging from 119.6 lb/ft t o
120.6 lb/ft 3 , which corresponds to
relative densities of 71 f 20J0, very close
t o the field value.
Two t e s t s were conducted on material
that w a s compacted and tested at water
contents of 570, essentiallythe s a m e as
the field value. The second two specimens
w e r e saturated after compaction by
circulating w a t e r through them and by
applying back p r e s s u r e . The permeability
of the material w a s quite low, and con-
siderable time w a s required t o saturate
the specimens. After the tests the wet
specimens did not drain; they had con-
siderable cohesion and were able t o
stand unsupported, as shown in Fig. E4.
The s t r e s s - s t r a i n and volume change
curves f o r the two t e s t s performed using
u3 = 15 psi a r e shown in Fig. E5, and
those for tests conducted with u3 = 30 psi
are shown in Fig. E6. The s t r e s s - s t r a i n
curves shown in Figs. E 5 and E6 and in
other figures in this report have not been
corrected f o r the loads c a r r i e d by the Fig. E4. Wet specimen (36-in. diameter)
rubber membranes used to confine the after testing.
specimens. The loads are not very large,
however, and applying the appropriate of internal friction, which a r e discussed
correction t o the axial stress results in in a subsequent section.
a reduct ion in the maximum principal It may be noted that the wet specimens
stress ratio of the o r d e r of 0.1, o r about were considerably weaker than the dry
2%. Although the values of principal ones. The s t r e s s - s t r a i n curves f o r the
stress ratio shown on the s t r e s s - s t r a i n wet specimens a r e flatter than f o r the
curves have not been corrected, the dry ones tested at the same pressure,
stresses at failure have been corrected and the peak values of principal s t r e s s
for the purpose of calculating the angles ratio a r e smaller. It may also be seen
-82-
that the wet specimens compressed m o r e
I I I I during s h e a r than the dry ones. The
material is quite compressible; even a t
the low confining p r e s s u r e s employed in
Wet
the tests, the volumes of all the specimens
decreased during s h e a r .
Trinidad fallbock -
36 i n . dia . specimens Four drained triaxial tests were con-
maximum w r t i c l e size = 6 i n .
[ Dr = 71 %’ ducted on 6-in. diameter specimens. A s
0 = I5 psi
3 was the c a s e in the t e s t s on 36-in. diam-
e t e r specimens, two specimens were
tested wet and two were tested dry, using
Dry confining p r e s s u r e of 15 and 30 psi. The
maximum particle s i z e in the 6-in diam-
.-V e t e r specimens was 1-in. The specimens
L
-15 were prepared at densities of 114.1 t o
5 0 5 10 15 20 25 3
-
-% 114.8 lb/ft , correspond t o relative
*
A x i a l strain
9 densities of 7 7 1%.
Fig. E5. S t r e s s - s t r a i n and volume The s t r e s s - s t r a i n curves f o r the t e s t s
change curves f o r specimens a r e shown in Figs. E7 and E8. A s in the
compacted t o 71% relative
density (confining p r e s s u r e , case of the 36-in. diameter specimens,
1 5 psi).
‘m
b
1 5
.-+0
: 4
Y)
Y)
?
z 3
-
Trinidad fallbock
x
rinidad fallback 6 i n . d i a . specimens
6 i n . dia . specimens
.- maximum a r t i c l e size
muximum particle size =
u 2
.-S
I
a
1
--t
0 5 20 25 0 20 . 2 5
-5
10 15
-9
1
5 5 10 15
9 - -%
A x i a l strain A x i a l strain
3
Fig. E6. S t r e s s - s t r a i n and volume Fig. E7. S t r e s s - s t r a i n and volume
change curves f o r specimens change curves for specimens
compacted t o 717’0 relative compacted t o 77% relative
density (confining pressure, density (confining pressure,
30 psi). 1 5 psi).
-83-
b
1 5
.-+0
2 4
VI
2
-
2 3 Trinichd fallback
2.8 i n . dia . specimens
K
6 i n . d i a . specimens
.- maximum particle size
v 2
.-8
L-
& 1
I -5
*G -15P I 1 I 1 1 1
0 5 10 15 20 25
E,
- -
2
Axial strain
-84-
e ranging from 54.570 t o 80.570. The stress-
s t r a i n and volume change curves f o r these
t e s t s are shown in Figs. E l l and E12. e1
I 5
.+-0--
ONE-DIMENSIONAL COMPRESSION :? 4
TESTS "1
"7
:!
Eight one-dimensional compression t;
--
3 Trinidad fallback
2.8 i n . dia. s p e c i m e n s
t e s t s were conducted on material having .!L-- rnax. p a r t i c l e s i z e = 0.47 ii
u 2
a gradation curve parallel t o the field .CI--
gradation curve and a maximum particle a- 1
0
s i z e equal t o the No. 4 sieve. The t e s t s
w e r e conducted on specimens confined in I -5
4-in. diameter, 1-in. high Teflon-lined CJ
p 4
pression. Similarly, increasing the VI
m
1
t o the specimen while the p r e s s u r e w a s 0
maintained at 3 0 psi caused a large in-
c r e a s e in the settlement rate. Over a .-c
period of 100 min. after the water was
added, the settlement increased from
$ -15
about 2.8 t o about 9.4%. 0
-
5 5 10 15 20
Axial s t r a i n - %
25
The results for all four one-
3
dimensional compression t e s t s per- Fig. El:?. S t r e s s - s t r a i n and volume
formed on specimens compacted t o 80% change curves f o r specimens
compacted t o t h r e e relative
relative density a r e shown in Fig. E14. densities (confining pressure,
These four specimens were wetted while 30 psi).
-85-
10 psi t
20 psi
30 psi c
- Water added
.-
5
e
c
wl
-
.E 6
X
Q Trinidad fallback
Maximum particle size = No. 4
Dr = 80%
I I I I I I I I I I I 1
0.1 1 10 1 00 400
Time after loading - rnin.
0
lid Swelling due to wetting a t 0.1 psi
8
I -4
.-C
e
+
-0 -a
v)
.-
X
-
Q
t
r;Ei;g
Trinidad fallback
particle size = NO. 4
-86-
subjected t o p r e s s u r e s of 30, 20, 10, PARTICLE BREAKAGE
and 0.1 psi. The specimen which w a s
wetted at 0.1 psi swelled about 2.6% when Several specimens were sieved t o
the water w a s added, but all the others determine the amount of particle breakage
compressed upon wetting. Similar r e - during testing. The results a r e shown
sults for specimens compacted t o 50% in Table 2 in t e r m s of the particle break-
relative density a r e shown in Fig. E15. age factor B, defined by M a r ~ a l . ' ~This
~
A s would be expected, the amount of factor is the sum of the differences (of
s w e l l induced by wetting at the lowest the s a m e sign) in the percentages retained
p r e s s u r e was smaller, and the amounts on each sieve before and after a test.
of compression due t o wetting at higher L a r g e r values of B indicate m o r e change
p r e s s u r e s were l a r g e r for these l o o s e r in gradation and m o r e particle breakage
specimens. during the test. The data in Table E2
As for other soils tested previously, indicate that the particle breakage was
the amounts of compression induced by
Table E2. V a l u e s of particle breakage
wetting the specimens after loading were
factor B determined by re-
approximately equal t o the difference in sieving triaxial specimens
after testing.
the amounts of compression for wet and
Specimen d i a m e t e r
dry specimens at the s a m e p r e s s u r e .
3 6 in. 6 in. 2.8 in.
Thus the amount of compression due to Confining
pressure Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet
wetting at any p r e s s u r e can be estimated (psi) (%) (70) (%) (70) (70) (%)
compression
,Wet compression
1 Dr = 5 0 y 0 '
. -
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
A x i a l pressure - psi
Fig. E l 5. One-dimensional compressiori curves f o r specimens com-
pacted t o 50% relative density.
-87-
g r e a t e r f o r the wet than f o r the d r y with u3 = 1 5 psi; as shown in Table E3,
specimens. It may a l s o be noted that there the values of Q are about 1 t o 2 deg lower
w a s m o r e breakage f o r the s m a l l e r for tests conducted with a3 = 30 psi.
specimens that contained smaller, softer It may be seen that the angles of
particles . internal friction a r e about 6 deg lower
onathe average for wet specimens than
SUMMARY OF LABORATORY TEST for dry ones. The values o f $ measured
PROGRAM for all three specimen s i z e s are in fairly
The relative density of the fallback in good agreement, indicating that it would
the field is perhaps the most important be possible t o determine the angle of
factor controlling its s h e a r strength, internal friction with reasonable accuracy
compressibility, compress ion upon by testing "model" materials, even though
wetting, and susceptibility t o settlements the particles in the various size ranges
o r liquefaction during earthquakes. Mate- vary in hardness.
rials with relative densities as high as F o r the in situ relative density of 700/0,
that determined f o r the Trinidad fallback the angle of internal friction for the
(70700) a r e nearly as dense a s well- material in a d r y condition is about
engineered fills and should thus not be 43 deg, and f o r the material in a wet
susceptible t o s e v e r e problems of settle- condition, about 3 6 . 5 deg. These values
ment and stability. correspond t o a3 = 1 5 psi as in Fig. E16;
In o r d e r to determine the relative the values of 4 for both wet and dry con-
density of the fallback in the field, it w a s ditions would be somewhat s m a l l e r f o r
necessary to extrapolate on the basis of higher confining p r e s s u r e s .
minimum and maximum density values The values of volumetric s t r a i n due t o
determined f o r model materials with wetting measured in the triaxial and
s m a l l e r maximurn particle sizes. Be- one-dimens ional compress ion tests a r e
cause of the importance of knowing the shown in Fig. E17, plotted against the
relative densities accurately, it would maximum particle sizes. Tt may be s e e n
be desirable to study the effectiveness of that the specimens composed of s m a l l e r
pluvial compaction for well-graded fall- s i z e s underwent much more compression
back materials. If enough data could be due t o wetting than did those containing
obtained for various types of materials, l a r g e r particles. By extrapolating the
it might be feasible to predict the relative curves t o the maximum particle s i z e in
density based on small-scale laboratory the field (about 15 in.), it is possible to
and/or field tests conducted before the estimate the amount of settlement which
crater w a s made. would be induced by wetting. A s may be
The results of all the triaxial tests seen f o r the data obtained in one-.
performed are summarized in Table E3, dimensional compression t e s t s on speci-
and the measured values of $ are plotted mens composed of material with No. 4
against the relative densities of the test maximum particle size, the compression
specimens in Fig. E16. All of the values induced by wetting under at-rest p r e s -
shown in Fig. E16 are for t e s t s conducted sure conditions is about 20% g r e a t e r than
-88-
Table E:!. Summary of triaxial t e s t results.
Principal
stress
Angle of
Maximum Confining Density, Relative ratio, internal
particle pressure, density,
(5 'd friction,
size 3 Dr 4
Test (in.) (psi) (1b /ft ) (70) (deg)
36-in. Dry 6 15 120.3 71.5 5.32 43.1
36-in. Dry 6 30 120.3 71.5 4.95 41.5
3 6-in. Wet 6 15 120.6 7 3 .o 3.82 3 5.8
36-in. Wet 6 30 11.9.6 69.0 3.58 34.3
-89-
50 I I I I I I I I
o Dry
36-in. diam ,ecimen
/
o Wet
Dry
0 6-in. diam 2ecimen
a,
-0
46. Wet -
I 28-in. d iam specimen a Dry
. 42
a Wet
-8
.-0
C
.-V
c
-0
rc
L
E 38
aJ
.-C
c
Trinidad fa1 lback
cc o3 = 15 psi
0
-al0
C 34
4
30
tI 1
1
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Relative density - YO
-90-
I I
1 1
I I
I I
I I
1 I
I I I
r - -
\
r
a 1.6- -
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
Effective overburden pressure - psi
Fig. E18. Variation of compression due t o wetting with overburden pres-
s u r e f o r a t - r e s t p r e s s u r e conditions.
-91-
References
-93-
Distribution
-94 -
External Distribution (Continued) U. S. A r m y Engineer Division,
Pacific Ocean
U. S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu, Hawaii
Buffalo
Buffalo, New York U . S. Army Engineer Division,
South Atlantic
U. S. A r m y Engineer District, Atlanta, Georgia
Chic ago
Chicago, Illinois U . S. A r m y Engineer District,
Charleston
U. S. A r m y Engineer District, Charleston, South Carolina
Detroit
Detroit , Michigan U. S. Army Engineer District,
Jacksonville
U. S. A r m y Engineer District, Jacksonville , Florida
Rock Island
Rock Island, Illinois U . S. Army Engineer District,
Mobile
U , S. Army Engineer District, Mobile, Alabama
St. P a u l
St. P a u l , Minnesota U. S. A r m y Engineer District,
Savannah
U. S. A r m y Engineer Division, Savannah, Georgia
North Pacific
Portland, Oregon U . S. Army Engineer District,
Wilmington
U. S. A r m y Engineer District, Wilmington, North Carolina
Alaska
Anchorage, Alaska U. S. Army Engineer Division
South Pacific
U. S . A r m y Engineer District, San Francisco, California
P o r t Land
Portland, Oregon U . S. A r m y Engineer District,
Los Angeles
LJ. S. Army Engineer District, Los Angeles, California
Seattle
Seattle, Washington U. S. Army Engineer District,
Sacramento
U. S. A r m y Engineer District, Sacramento, California
W a l l a Wall a
Walla W a l l a , Washington U . S . A r m y Engineer District,
San Francisco
U. S. A r m y Engineer Division, San Francisco, California
Ohio River
Cincinnati, Ohio U. S. Army Engineer Division,
Southwestern
U. S. A r m y Engineer District, Dallas, Texas
Huntington
Huntington, West Virginia U. S. A r m y Engineer District,
Albuquerque
U. S. Army Engineer District, Albuquerque, N e w Mexico
L , ou i s vi11e
Louisville, Kentucky U. S. A r m y Engineer District,
F o r t Worth
I J . S . A r m y Engineer District, F o r t Worth, Texas
Nashville
Nashville, Tennessee U. S. A r m y Engineer District,
Galvest on
U. S. A r m y Engineer District, Galveston, Texas
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
-95-
External Distribution (Continued) U. S. Army Engineer Training
Center
U. S. Army Engineer District, F o r t Leonard Wood, Missouri
Little Rock
Little Rock, Arkansas Board of Engineers for Rivers
and Harbors
U. S. Army Engineer District, Washington, D. C.
Tulsa
Tulsa, Oklahoma U.S. Army Cold Regions Research
and Engr. Laboratory
U. S. Army Coastal Engineering Hanover, New Hampshire
Research Center
Washington, D. C. U. S. Army Const. Engineering
Research Laboratory
U. S. Army Engineer Topographic Cham pa i gn , 111inoi s
Command
Washington, D. C. U.S. Army Corps of Engineer
Waterways Experiment Station
U. S. A r m y Engineer Topographic Explosive Excavation Research
Laboratories Laboratory, Livermore 62
F o r t Belvoir, Virginia
TID-4 50G Distribution, UC-3 5,
U. S. A r m y Engineer Center N u c l e a r Explosions -
F o r t Belvoir, Virginia Peaceful Applications 23 6
Commandant
U.S. A r m y Engineer School
F o r t Belvoir, Virginia
NBC Division
U.S. Army Engineer School
F o r t Belvoir, Virginia
-96-
I.O R I G I N A T I N G A C T I V I T Y
¶.
(Corporateruthor)
IJSAE Waterways Experiment S t a t i o n E x p l o s i v e
E x c a v a t i o n Research L a b o r a t o r y
REPORT TITLE
P r o j e c t TRINIDAD -
+-
(Security cla8ailicetion 01 title. hody 01 ebstrect and indexin& annolation m u s l he antered w h e n the
I
2b. G R O U P
IZe. R E P O R T SECLIRI T Y CL A b S l F l C A T l O h
Unclassified
F i n a l T e c h n i c a l Report
5. AUTHORISI (Fir8t M W . middle initial, ia8t name)
Bruce B. Redpath
b. P R O J E C T N O . TR-E-73-1
c. Ob. O T H E R R E P O R T N O ( S ) (Any other numbers thst may be a s s l m e d
thie report)
d.
10. O l S T R l B U T l O N S T A T E M E N T
I
Approved f o r p u b l i c r e l e a s e ; d i s t r i b u t i o n u n l i m i t e d .
11. 5 U P P L E M E N T A R Y N O T E S 12. S P O N S O R I N G M I L I T A R Y A C T I V I T Y
3. A B S T R A C T
A s e r i e s of s i n g l e - , row-, and m u l t i p l e - c h a r g e c r a t e r i n g d e t o n a t i o n s , w i t h
i n d i v i d u a l c h a r g e w e i g h t s of one t o two t o n s , were c a r r i e d o u t i n weak, i n t e r b e d d e d
s a n d s t o n e s and s h a l e s n e a r T r i n i d a d , Colorado, i n 1970 and 1971. The p r i n c i p a l
o b j e c t i v e s of t h e s e e x c a v a t i o n experiments were: t o o b t a i n s i n g l e - c h a r g e c r a t e r i n g
c u r v e s ; t o v e r i f y row-charge d e s i g n s f o r a c h i e v i n g a s p e c i f i e d e x c a v a t i o n ; t o
d e t e r m i n e t h e e f f e c t s of m i l l i s e c o n d d e l a y s i n row-charge c r a t e r i n g ; t o experiment
w i t h c r a t e r i n g i n v a r y i n g t e r r a i - n ; . and t o compare t h e c r a t e r i n g e f f e c t i v e n e s s of
s e v e r a l e x p l o s i v e s . Three v a r i e t i e s of a l u m i n i z e d ammonium-nitrate b l a s t i n g a g e n t s
and ANFO were used. A i r b l a s t arid s e i s m i c e f f e c t s o f e a c h d e t o n a t i o n were monitored
The s e r i e s c u l m i n a t e d w i t h t h e e x c a v a t i o n of a 400-foot l o n g r a i l w a y c u t w i t h 44
t o n s of e x p l o s i v e s d i s t r i b u t e d among 32 c h a r g e s .
UNCLASSIF'IED
Security Classification
S e c u r i t y Classification
~
- - C
--
4. LINK A LINK 8 L I N K
-
KEY WORDS
ROLE
-ROLE ROLE W T
Cratering
Explosive Excavation
Explosives
Sandstone
UNCLASSIFIED
Security Classification