Modul Bahasa Inggris 5

ENGLISH FOR NURSES 5
MODUL PERKULIAHAN
BAHASA INGGRIS V
Disusun Oleh :
Drs. Nurhilaludin, MM
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan

WIDYA DHARMA HUSADA TANGERANG
LESSON 1
FAECES
READING
In the adult, normal faeces are brown, semi-solid and have a characteristic odour.
Faces consists of indigestible or undigested food, altered bile pigments, water, mucus,
cells from the intestinal tract and bacteria. When observing faeces, the following points
are noted; the frequency of defeacation and whether flatus is passed, the colour and
consistency of the stools, and the presence of any abnormal substances or objects.
Fresh blood in a stool is usually due to bleeding in the lower bowel. Altered blood in a
stool is due to bleeding in the stomach or small intestine and produces dark, tarry stool
– melaena. The absence of bile pigments and the presence of large amounts of fat
produce stools that are putty-coloured and extremely offensive.
Constipation is a condition in which the passing of stools is difficult and infrequent.
Diarrhea is a condition in which frequent loose or liquid stools are passed.
Stomach trouble color colour
Mr. Mills has a story of stomach trouble. He has an appointment at a medical out-
patients’ clinic at 14.30 on Monday, July 1st. He arrives on time, and after a few
minutes later, the doctor is ready to see him.
Doctor : Good afternoon, Mr. Mills, isn’t it?
Patient :Yes. Good afternoon, doctor
Doctor :sit down, please. Now, let me see, you’ve been having trouble with
your stomach, haven’t you?
Patient : Yes. I have this pain, and now my stools are all black and tarry
Doctor : How long have you had the pain?
Patient : Oh, for about two years. But it’s been getting much worse since the
beginning of May.
Doctor : Do you have it all the time?
Patient : No, it comes on about an hour to an hour and a half after I’ve had a
meal
Doctor : does it last long?

Patient : No, I usually have a biscuit and a glass of milk, and then it goes off.
Doctor : Have you ever vomited any blood?
Patient : Never
Doctor :Have you been feeling weak or tired or cold?
Patient : Well, I have been feeling a bit weak since I came home from my
Holidays
Doctor : When was that?
Patient : Three weeks ago
Doctor : For how long have you been passing these tarry stools?
Patient : Since last Friday
Doctor : Are they loose?
Patient : No. they’re not. They’re all black and hard
Doctor : How often do you have your bowel open?
Patient : Once a day. I usually take a laxative
Doctor : Well, thank you, Mr. Mills. Now would you mind undressing? I’d like to
examine you
I. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1. What do faeces consist of?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. What should be noted when observing faeces?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. What causes fresh blood in a stool?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Why is blood altered?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Why are stool putty-coloured and extremely offensive?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. What is constipation?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. What is diarrhea?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
II.VOCABULARY
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
1. If something cannot be digested, it can be called …………………….

2. If something has not been digested, it is called ………………………
3. We can say, the passing of faeces, or …………………………

4. We can talk about gas, or air in the bowels or ……………………….
5. We can say, altered blood in the stool, or ……………………..
6. We can say, organic colouring matter, or ………………………………..
7. We can say, the intestines, or the ………………………………..
8. We can say, an unpleasant smell, or an unpleasant ………………………..
9. If someone passes frequent, loose stools, he has ………………………
10. If someone passes stools with difficulty and irregularly, he has ……………………..
11. We can ask, how often do you pass faeces? or …………………………
12. We can say, a medicine which helps defeacation, or a ……………………..
III. GRAMMAR
TAG QUESTION
In a tag question, the speaker makes a statement, but is not completely certain of the
truth, so he or she uses a tag question to verify the previous statement. Sentences
using tag questions should have the main clause separated from the tag by a comma.
The sentence will always end with a question mark. Observe the following rules:
1. Use the same auxiliary verb as in the main clause. If there is no auxiliary, use do,
does, or did.
2. If the main clause is negative, the tag is affirmative; if the main clause is
affirmative, the tag is negative.
3. Don’t change the tense.
4. Use the same subject in the main clause and the tag. The tag must always contain
the subject form of the pronoun.
5. Negative forms are usually contracted (n’t). (if they are not, they follow the order
auxiliary + subject + not: He saw this yesterday, did he not?)
6. There is, there are or it as if it were a subject pronoun.
7. The verb have may be used as a main verb ( I have a new car) or it may be used
as an auxiliary (John has gone to class already). When it functions as a main verb
in American English, the auxiliary forms do, does, or did must be used in the tag.
When the sentence is positive, we have a negative tag

For example
She is a genaocologist, isn’t she?
You have seen the treatment room, haven’t you
He likes ice cream, doesn’t he?
She will come, won’t she?
They often visit him, don’t they
When the sentence is negative, we have a positive tag
She isn’t a geneacologist, is she?
You haven’t seen the treatment room, have you?
He doesn’t like ice cream, does she?
She won’t come, will she?
They don’t visit him often, do they?
EXERCISE
Supply the missing question tags
1. The syringe is sterile, ……………………..?

2. He has had his injection, …………………….?
3. He’s not a consultant, ……………………………?
4. They are radiographers, …………………………?
5. You’re not going, ……………………..?
6. They did it, ………………….?
7. This is the dispensary, ………………………?
8. This isn’t the preparation room, ………………………….?
9. They weren’t staff nurse , ……………………….?
10. Putri was admitted, ………………………………?
11. She went home last week, ………………….?
12. You will help me, ………………………..?

13. It won’t hurt, ……………………?
14. It doesn’t hurt, …………………..?
15. There are enough beds, ………………..?
16. She can walk, ……………………….?
17. It wasn’t difficult to find, ………………..?
18. You found them, ……………………….?
19. He will get better, ………………………..?
20. This equipment isn’t sterile, …………………………….?
21. You have given her a bedpan, ………………………..?
22. She is on duty, ………………………..?
23. Nurse Brown admitted him, ……………………….?
24. You will come tomorrow, …………………………?
IV. TRANSLATION
The key feature of abortion is cervical dilatation. As the name suggests, the
outcome is unavoidable pregnancy loss. The bleeding is more severe than in threatened
abortion and the woman may collapse from blood loss. The gestation sac separates
from the uterine wall and the uterus contracts to expel the concept. The uterine
contractions cause discomfort similar to that of labour contraction. If a vaginal
examination were made, the doctor would find the cervix dilating, possibly with
products of conception protruding through it. The gestation sac may be expelled
complete or part, usually placental tissue may be retained.
TERJEMAHAN:
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LESSON 2
MISCARRIAGE
Miscarriage, also called spontaneous abortion, spontaneous expulsion of the

embryo or fetus from the uterus before the 20th week of pregnancy, prior to the
conceptus having developed sufficiently to live without maternal support. An estimated
10 to 25 percent of recognized pregnancies are lost as a result of miscarriage, with the
risk of loss being highest in the first six weeks of pregnancy. Because many
miscarriages occur prior to a woman knowing she is pregnant, the actual prevalence of
miscarriage is suspected to be higher than that reflected in the data for clinically
recognized cases.
The loss of pregnancy in the first weeks following implantation typically results in
bleeding at about the time of the next expected menstruation. This form of early
miscarriage, which accounts for the majority of miscarriages, is described as chemical
pregnancy. The consecutive loss of pregnancies, which occurs in about 1 to 2 percent
of women, is known as recurrent miscarriage.
The most common cause, accounting for more than 60 percent of miscarriages, is an
inherited defect in the fetus, which might result in a deformed or otherwise abnormal
child. An acuteinfectious disease may play a role in causing some miscarriages,
particularly if it reduces the oxygen supply to the fetus. Certain uterine tumors or other
uterine abnormalities also may induce a miscarriage. Death of the fetus stemming from
external trauma or from knotting of the umbilical cord is another cause of miscarriage.
Physical traumas (such as blows to or falls of the mother) and psychological traumas
are rarely implicated in miscarriage.
Endocrine disorders such as deficient secretion of the hormone progesterone may cause
poor development of the decidua (the mucal lining of the uterus) or an abnormally
irritable uterus and may thus sometimes result in miscarriage.
Women over age 35 tend to be at increased risk of miscarriage relative to younger

women. Risk factors include the presence of a preexisting medical condition such as
thyroid disease, a history of miscarriage, and prenatal testing such as amniocentesis.
Smoking, drinking alcohol, or taking certain drugs during pregnancy are also recognized
risk factors.
The principal sign of an impending or threatened miscarriage is vaginal bleeding. Other

symptoms may include pain in the abdomen and lower back.

1. What is miscarriage?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. According to estimation, what causes miscarriage?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. What is the risk of miscarriage?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. When do miscarriages occur?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. What is the indication of early miscarriage?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. What is the recurrent miscarriage?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. What may play a role in causing some miscarriages?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
8. What is the principal sign of impending or threatened miscarriage?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
II. VOCABULARY
A. EMBRYO TO BIRTH
CHOOSE AN ADJECTIVE AND A NOUN TO COMPLETE THE SENTENCES BELOW
ADJECTIVES NOUNS
amniotic, birth, breech, dilated, fallopian, baby, blood, canal, cervix, contraction,
foetal, lanugo, maternal, menstrual, cord, fluid, hair, monitoring, period,
multiple, premature, umbilical, uterine position, pregnancy, tubes
1. Fertilization takes place in the fallopian tubes

2. the foetus develops within a sac containing ___________ ___________
3. Oxygen and nutrient are obtained from _____________ _______________
4. At sixteen weeks the foetus is covered in fine ____________ ____________
5. Verniox eases the baby’s passage down the ___________ _____________
6. Pregnancy normally lasts forty weeks from the first date of a woman’s last
____________ ________________
7. During labour _____________ ______________ becomes stronger and more regular.
8. Having more than one foetus in the wombs is known as a _________ __________
9. A full ____________ _____________ has an opening of about 10 cm
10.A __________ ___________ is when the baby is lying head upwards before delivery
III. GRAMMAR
ELLIPTICAL CONSTRUCTION/ABRIDGEMENT OF CLAUSES

When indicating that one person or thing does something and then adding that another
does the same, use the word so or too. To avoid needless repetition of words from the
affirmative sentences. Use the conjunction and, followed by a simple statement using
so or too. The order of this statement will depend on whether so or too is used.
Examples :
 You came to my house and she did, too

So did she
 She will come to campus and I will, too

So will I
 He has taken the medicine and she has, too
So has she
Negative sentences
 She can’t speak English, and I can’t either
Neither can I
 He will not come here, and I will not, either
Neither will I
 They did not attend the seminar, and We did not, either
Neither did we
EXERCISE
1. He came late and I ………………………/ ………………………….

2. They have made the report and we ………………………/ ………………………
3. She had done homework when lecturer came and her friend ………………./……………
4. Mr. Amar is signing the agreement and his colleague …………………/…………………..
5. I take exercise nearly every day and she …………………………/…………………………..
6. The man is in bad condition and his daughter……………………………../ ……………………
7. He has taken a shower and his wife……………………../…………………….
8. They were discussing when she came and I …………………../……………………………
9. She will go abroad and her friends …………………………/………………………………..
10. He made a statement and I ………………………………./ ………………………………..
11. She has not turned in the paper, and I ………………………../……………………………..
12. They don’t understand the lesson, and I …………………………../…………………………..
13. I did not work last night, and she ………………………………../……………………………….
14. She was not at home, and her brother ………………………../………………………………….
15. He doesn’t change his mind, his friend……………………………/…………………………………
IV. TRANSLATION
Miscarriage, also called spontaneous abortion, spontaneous expulsion of the

embryo or fetus from the uterus before the 20th week of pregnancy, prior to the
conceptus having developed sufficiently to live without maternal support. An estimated
10 to 25 percent of recognized pregnancies are lost as a result of miscarriage, with the
risk of loss being highest in the first six weeks of pregnancy. Because many
miscarriages occur prior to a woman knowing she is pregnant, the actual prevalence of
miscarriage is suspected to be higher than that reflected in the data for clinically
recognized cases.
The loss of pregnancy in the first weeks following implantation typically results in
bleeding at about the time of the next expected menstruation. This form of early
miscarriage, which accounts for the majority of miscarriages, is described as chemical
pregnancy. The consecutive loss of pregnancies, which occurs in about 1 to 2 percent
of women, is known as recurrent miscarriage.
TERJEMAHAN:
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LESSON 3
THERESIA WAS ADMITTED WITH AN ACUTE PELVIC
INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
Theresia was admitted to the gynecological ward at 2 a.m. She had been feeling
unwell and had experienced lower abdominal pain for several days, but on this day the
pain had become gradually worse until by 11 p.m. she was in severe pain and very
frightened. Christ, her husband, persuaded her that they should telephone their G.P
and he came to see her at half past midnight. He took Theresia’s temperature which
was raised, and discussed her symptoms with her, and then thought she ought to go to
hospital to be observed and examined.
Theresia was upset, but as the pain was still severe and she was very worried,
she agreed to go. Christ quickly gathered together some of the things that she might
need in hospital, while the G.P organized an ambulance and talked to the doctor on
duty at the hospital.
In the darkened quiet ward, the night nurse receives the message that a patient
is coming in with severe lower abdominal pain. She goes quickly to single empty room
and prepares it, collecting equipment that may be needed so that there will be delay or
unnecessary noise when the patient arrives. The night nurse realizes that the symptom
of lower abdominal pain without any other information could mean a variety of
conditions.
The doctor arrives and Christ is asked to sit in the waiting room while his wife is
examined.
When the doctor has completed taking a history and doing a physical
examination, he diagnoses Thresia’s pain as the result of an acute pelvic inflammatory
disease. The senior doctor on duty will be asked to confirm this diagnosis.

1. Was Theresia feverish?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Did she have a stomachache?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Who suggested to her to go to hospital?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. Has the diagnosis of her abdominal pain been confirmed?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. What does the nurse receive in the darkened quite ward?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. Why does the nurse go quickly and prepare it?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. What will happen if the symptom of lower abdominal pain without any other
information.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. When does the doctor diagnose Thresia’s pain?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
II. VOCABULARY
Replace the words in brackets with a more medical term. Choose from the
following!
accelerate consequences continous bind buffer derive disequilibrium

excite fluctuate inhibit intermittent maintains metabolism
overproduction regulator secreted stimulate underproduction
1. The endoctrine system operated by system of hormones, which are (produced)

_________________ into the blood system.
2. Hormones either (increase) _______________ or (slow) ____________ the activity
of specific cells.
3. Many hormones (join) _________________ to carry protein and this has a
(protective) _______________ affects against sudden changes.
4. Hormone levels generally (go up and down) _____________ but within limits. The
production of thyroxine is (all the time) ____________ while the production of
other hormones is (from time to time) _________________
5. Any (imbalance) ________________ in the endoctrine system can have important
(result) _________________. Problems in the endoctrine system usually involve
(making too much) ____________________ or (making too little) ____________
6. Growth hormone is important in children to (encourage) ____________growth.
7. The adrenal glands (get) ________________ some of their blood supply from the
renal artery.
8. Calcitonin and parathormone (keeps) _______________ plasma calcium within
normal limits.
9. Aldosterone is the most important (controller) _______________ of sodium and
potassium. Thyroxine (speed up) ______________ the release of energy in the
tissue.
III. GRAMMAR
PARTS OF SPEECH
1. NOUN
The position of Noun in a sentence is

a) Subject
1. Nurse works based on the shift
2. Patience is required for being a nurse
b) Object
1. I read the newspaper
2. He has turned in the assignment
c) complement
1. He is a doctor
2. what you did is a miracle
Bentukan kata bendadari suffixes (akhiran)

 ion : selection, duration, tension, creation, etc
 ty : density, creativity, unity, university, puberty, etc
 ness : goodness, illness, awareness, darkness, etc
 ture : structure, furniture, creature, culture
 ency : emergency, agency,
 ence : intelligence, diligence, decadence
 ment : development, department, argument, apartment, involvement, etc
 ance ; perseverance, ignorance,
 th : width, length, strength,
2. VERB
The position of verb in a sentence is as predicate
Example:
He explains the lesson
Prefixes or suffixes that forms verb
prefix
 en : enlarge, enhance, entitle, engulf, etc

 en: n+power + empower
 dis : discourage, dislike,
Suffix
 ize : minimize, equalize, naturalize

 en : shorten, whiten, lighten, lengthen, lessen
 fy : beautify, clarify, magnify, dignify,
3. ADJECTIVE:
The function of adjective is a noun modifier
Good boy ; good modified boy
Suffixes that form adjective:
 al : cultural, historical, magical, developmental, economical, etc

 ic : economic, scientific, erotic, energetic, generic, etc
 ous : mysterious, curious, serious, nervous, suspicious, etc
 ive : active, creative, productive,
 able : durable, available, capable,
 ful ; useful, meaningful, beautiful, careful,
 less : useless, meaningless, careless, wireless,
4. ADVERB
The function of adverb is to modify verbs
Example;
Adverb of time : I work every day

Adverb of place : I work in the office
Adverb of frequency : I always work hard
Always
Often
Sometimes
Seldom
Never
Hardly ever
Adverb of manner : I work carefully
5. ARTICLE
A, an and the are articles. They precede nouns. Sometimes an adjective is placed
between the article and the noun.
A is used before singular count nouns
I read a book
I read a boring book
An is used before words that begin with vowel sound, either a singular count noun or
adjective followed by a singular count noun.
The specifies nouns. That means both the speaker and listener know which thing,
person, place or idea being discussed
The movie that John saw last night was interesting

The questions on this test are easy to answer
6. PREPOSITION
Prepositions are placed before noun or precede noun
at, on, in, before, after, toward, with, without, up, off,
7.PRONOUN
Pronoun take the place of nouns; There are three basic types of pronouns : subject,
object, and possessive pronoun.
SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE ADJECTVE POSSESSIVE

I Me My Mine
You You Your Yours
He Him His His
She Her Her Hers
It It Its Its
We Us Our Ours
they Them their theirs
USE THE PROPER PRONOUNS IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.
EXAMPLES
a. The cabinet ministers refused to sign the document because (it ………it……)
b. (who) …who..) sent those boxes to those offices
c. (They ….they..) are ( I ….mine…) I do not want (they ….them….) to
be sent or given to (they ….them …)
EXERCISES
1. (I ……………..) gave the prescription to (he …….)
2. Give (I ………..) the medicine. (It …….) is (I ………)
3. (whose ……..) silver ring is this? (It ……..) is definitely not (I ………)
4. (Which ……..) of those boys is your son? (they ………) are good boys.
5. Send this prescription to (she ……..) immediately. (It ……………) is (she …….)
6. The doctor bought (we ………) something to drink. We all thanked (he………)
7. Have (you ……….) done (you ………………) homework?
8. The Patient decided to solve the problem (he ………….)
9. I have decided to do (it ………) ( I ………….). I don’t want anyone to help (I ……)
10. Send (I ……..) the pillow that (you ………………) dreamt on.
11. Last night (I ………) called (she ………..).
12. The policeman shot the criminal in the knee. The bullet was imbedded in (it ……..)
13. John struck the robber on (he ………………) chin. He had robbed (he …………….)
twice.
14. Nobody knows when this monetary crisis end. (It ………..) certainly has caused too
many problems to the people. (They ………………) want (It ……………….) solved
soon.
15. The girl (Whose ………) ring was stolen is (I ………) sister.
16. The girl (Who ……….) stole (It ……..) is (You ……..) sister.
17. Police are protecting the people from criminals. (They …………..) respect (They
…….)
18. The demonstrators were approaching the palace. (They …….) managed to enter (It
……..)
19. Students are free to express (They …….) ideas. Listen to (They ……….)
20. I can’t remember from (who …………………...) I bought (this ……………….) gold
watch.
21. They will soon announce (who …………) (they ……….) have chosen.
22. We can’t imagine (who …………) could have done such a thing.
23. Students of Nursingshould be taught Nursing English intensively (It ……..) helps
(they ……..) understand various theories written in English textbook.
24. I always appreciate a person (who ………) can be trusted.
25. Do not push (you ………) luck. Do not gamble with (you ……..) life.
26. (he ……….) was under the influence when driving the truck. He was then severely
reprimanded for driving dangerously. The company issued ( he ………..) a written
warning.
27. Foreigners in Jakarta know what KKN means. (They ……….) know (it ………) from
TV.
28. The nice girl with (who ……….) (she ………..) is living is a brilliant student.
29. A student of nursing like (she ………) should be offered scholarship.
30. Many university lecturers in Jakarta will appreciate if students demonstrate politely
and safely. (They ……….) want (they ………..) to obey the law all the time.
IV.TRANSLATION
Our immediate reaction to a swelling is to try and decrease it. However, it is important
to remember that inflammation is an essential part of the healing process.
The first stage of inflammation is often called irritation, which then becomes
inflammation. Inflammation is followed by the discharging of pus. The granulation stage
comes next, and new tissue is formed in the wound.
Without inflammation, infections and wounds would never heal.
TERJEMAHAN:
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LESSON 4
TOEFL PREPARATION
A. EMBEDDED
An embedded question is one which is included in a sentence or another question. The

word order is not that of typical question except for subjection questions. Study the
following rule
subject + verb (phrase) + question word + subject + verb
Question : Where will the meeting take place?

Embedded questions : We haven’t ascertained where the meeting will take place
Question : why did the plane land at the wrong place?

Embedded questions : the authorities cannot figure out why the plane landed at
the wrong place
The following rule applies if the embedded question is embedded in another question
auxiliary + subject + verb + question word + subject + verb
Do you know where he went? Where did he go?
Could you tell me what time it is
Note : Question words can be single words or phrases. Phrases include whose + noun,
how many, how much, how long, how often, what time, and what kind.
For example:
1. The next important question we have to decide is when do we have tosubmit
A B C D
the proposal.
2. They asked me what did happenlast night, but I was unable to tell them.
A B C D
B. SUBJUNCTIVE VERBS OF URGENCY
The subjunctive in English is the simple form of the verb when used after certain verbs
indicating that one person wants another person to do something. The word that must
always appear is subjunctive sentences. If it is omitted, most of the verbs are followed
by the infinitive.
Study the following list of verbs
advise decree move prefer request suggest

ask demand order propose require urge
command insist recommend stipulate
NOTE : the verb want itself is not one of these verbs
In the following rule, verb indicates one of the above verbs
subject + verb + that + subject + (verb in the simple form)
The Judge insisted that the jury return a verdict immediately

The university requires that all its students take this course
The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking
Congress has decreed that the gasoline tax be abolished
We proposed that he take a vacation
I move that we adjourn until this afternoon.
The simple form of the verb is also used after impersonal expressions with the same
meaning as the above verbs. The adjectives that fit into this formula include the
following.
advised necessary recommended urgent

important obligatory required imperative
mandatory proposed suggested
In the following rule, adjective indicates one of the above adjectives
It + be + adjective + that + subject + verb in simple form)
It was necessary that he find the books

It was urgent that she leave at once she leaves for Singapore
It has been proposed that we change the topic
It is important that you remember this question
It has been suggested that he forget the election
It was recommended that we wait for the authorities.
For Examples: color colour favorite favourite
1. It was suggested that Pedro studies the material more thoroughly before
A B C
attempting to pass the exam.
D
2. The piano teacher requires that her student practices at least forty five minutes
A B C
every day in preparation for next week’s recital
D
3. It is important that every citizen who expects to cast his vote takes the time to
A B C
evaluate the issues clearly.

D
4. It is more important that hespeaks to the dean before leaving for his vacation.
A B C D
EXERCISE 1
1. Buying clothes are often a very time consuming practice because those clothes that
A B C
a person likes are rarely the ones that fit him or her.
D
2. Because they had spent too many time considering the new contract, the students
A B C
lost the opportunity to lease the apartment.
D
3. These televisions are all too expensive for we to buy at this time, but perhaps we
A B C D
will return later.
4. After she had boughthimself a new automobile, she soldher bicycle.
A B C D
5. The next important question we have to decide is when do we have tosubmit
A B C D
the proposal.
6. George has not completed the assignmentyet, and Maria hasn’t neither.
A B C D
7. John decided to buyin the morning a new car, but in the afternoonhe changed his
mind. A B C D
8. Some of the plants in the store require very little care, but this one needs
A B
much more sunlight than the others ones.
C D
9. After George had returnedto his house, hewas reading a book.
A B C D
10. Many theories on conserving the purity of water has been proposed, but
A B C
not one has beenas widely accepted as this one.
D
11. The food that Mark is cooking in the kitchen is smellingdelicious.
A B C D
12. After John eaten dinner, he wroteseveral letters and went to bed,
A B C D
13. The manager has finishedworkingon the report last night, and now she will begin
A B C
to write the other proposal.
D
14. Because Sam and Michelle had done all the work theirselves, they were unwilling to
A B C D
give the result to Joan.
15. Daniel said that if he had to do another homework tonight, he would not be able
A B C
to attend the concert.
D
16. After to take the medication, the patientbecame drowsy and more manageable.
A B C D
17. We insist on youleaving the meeting before any further outburst take place.
A B C D
18. It has been a long timesince we have talked to John, isn’t it?
A B C D
19. Henry objects to our buying this house without the approvalof our attorney, and
A B C
John does so.
D
20. Rita enjoyedto be ableto meetseveral Congress members during her vacation.
A B C D
21. After being indicted for his part in a bank robbery, the reputed mobster decided
A B C
find another attorney.
D
22. Harry’s advisor persuaded his taking several courses which did not involve
A B C
much knowledge of mathematics.
D
23. The only teachers who were requiredto attend the meeting were George, Betty,
A B C
Jill, and me.
D
24. The work performedby these officersare not worth our payingthem any longer.
A B C D
25. The president went fishingafter he has finished with the conferences.
A B C D
26. Peter and Tom playstennis every afternoon with Mary and me.
A B C D
27. There were a time that I used to swim five laps every day, but now I do not
A B C
have enough time.
D
28. He was drinka cup of coffee when the telephone rang.
A B C D
29. We calledyesterday our friends in Bostonto tellthem about the reunion that we
A B C D
are planning.
30. The children were playinglast night outdoors when it beganto rain very hard.
A B C D
31. Those homework that your teacher assigned is due on Tuesday unless you
A B C
have made prior arrangements to turn it in late.
D
32. Please give mea fewcoffee and some donutsif you have any left.
A B C D
33. There are ten childs playing in the yard near her house, but your child is not
A B C
among them.
D
34. People respected George Washington because he was a honest man, and he turned
A B C
out to be one of our greatest military leaders.
D
35. He isn’t driving to the convention in March, and neither they are.
A B C D
36. Chaterine is studyinglawat the university, and so does John.

A B C D
37. The company hasso little money thatit can’t hardly operate anymore.
A B C D
38. My cousin attends an university in the Midwest which specializesin astronomy.
A B C D
39. The students wereinterestedin take a field trip to the National History Museum,
A B C
but theywere not able to raise enough money.
D
40. Because they have moved away, they hardly never go to the beach anymore.
A B C D
41. Us studentswould rather not attend night classes in the summer but we often
A B C
have to.
D
42. The policeman ordered the suspectto don’t removehis handsfrom the hood of
A B C D
the car.
43. It was himwho came running into the classroomwith the news.
A B C D
44. My brother doesn’t care how much does the car costbecausehe is going to buy it
A B C D
anyway.
45. Mary and her sister studied biology last year, and so does Jean.
A B C D
46. Pete had alreadysaw that musical before he readthe reviews about it.
A B C D
47. There’s anew Oriental restaurant in town, isn’t it?
A BC D
48. The government has decided votingon the resolution now rather than next month.
A B C D
49. The professor is thinking to go to the conference on aerodynamicsnext month.

A B C D
50. His father does not approve of him to go to the banquet without dressingformally.
A B C D
LESSON 5
TOEFL PREPARATION II
A. CAUSE AND EFFECT

The following construction are used to indicate a cause and effect (result) relationship
Subject + verb + so + Adjective + that + subject + verb

adverb
1
Note : Do not use a noun after so.
The soprano sang so well that she received a standing ovation

Terry ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record
Judy worked so diligently that she received an increase in salary
The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more
The little boy looks so unhappy that we all feel sorry for him
The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class
The rules for classes including the intensive modifiers are:
many
Subject + verb + so + + plural count noun + that + subject + verb
few
The Smith had so many children that they formed their own baseball team
I had so few jobs that it wasn’t difficult to select one.
much
Subject + verb + so + + non-count noun + that + subject + verb
little
He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat
Subject + verb + such + a + adjective + singular count noun + that
Subject + verb + so + adjective + a + singular count noun + that
NOTE : Such + a + adjective is the more common of the two
It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors
It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors
It was such an interesting book that he couldn’t put it down
Or
It was so interesting a book that he couldn’t put it down.
Plural count noun

Subject + verb + such + adjective + that + subject + verb
Non-count noun
She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her

They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one
Perry has had such a bad luck that he’s decided not to gamble
This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it
NOTE: It is not possible to use so in the above rule.
Meanings:
It has been such a long time since I’ve seen him that I’m not sure if I will remember
him
(I’m not sure if I will remember him because it has been a long time)
Cause : it has been a long time.
Effect : I’m not sure if I will remember him
He has so heavy a work load that it is difficult for him to travel
(It is difficult for him to travel because he has a heavy work load)
Cause : He has a very heavy work load
Effect : It is difficult for him to travel
For examples:
1. Danny spent such enjoyable vacation in Europe this summer that he plans to return
A B C
as soon as he saves enough money.
D
2. Kurt had so interesting and creative plans that everyone wanted to work on his
A B C D
committee.
3. The teachers and the administrators are having such difficult time agreeing on a
A B
contract for the forthcoming year that the teachers may go on strike.
C D
4. The salad tasted so well that my brother returned to the salad bar for
A B C
another helping.
D
5. Food prices have raisedso rapidly in the past few months that some families have
A B C
been forced to alter their eating habit. risen
D
6. This class, that is a prerequisite for microbiology, is so difficult that I would rather
drop it. A B C D
B. MODAL PERFECTIVE
 Modal + Perfective You have already seen these in the section on conditionals;
however, it is also possible to use other modals in this form. The modal + perfective is
usually used to indicate past time.
Modal + have + (verb in the past participle)
NOTE : Remember that a modal is always followed by the simple form of the verb.
Thus, have can never be has or had.
 Could/may/might + perfective: use any of these modals + perfective to indicate a

past possibility. Remember that these modals also mean possibility in the present.
It may have rained last night, but I’m not sure
The cause of death could have been bacteria
John might have gone to the movies yesterday.
 Should + Perfective : This is used to indicate an obligation that was supposed to

occur in the past, but for some reason it did not occur.
John should have gone to the post office this morning
(He did not go to the office)
Maria shouldn’t have called John last night
(She did call him)
The policeman should have made a report about the burglary
(He did not make a report)
NOTE : The expression was/were supposed to + (verb in simple form) means much the
same as should + perfective.
John was supposed to go to the post office this morning
(He didn’t go)
The policeman was supposed to make a report about the burglary
(He didn’t make a report)
 Must + Perfective: This is NOT used to indicate a past obligation.
Remember to use only had to, should + perfective, or be supposed toto indicate a past
obligation. Must + perfective can only mean a logical conclusion in the past.
The grass is wet. It must have rained last night
(it probably rained last night)
Tony’s lights are out He must have gone to sleep
(He probably went to sleep)
Jane did very well on the exam. She must have studied
(She probably studied)
Sandra failed the test. She must not have studied
(She probably did not study)
For examples:
1. Sally must have called her sister last night, but she arrived home too late to call
A B C
her.
D
2. Paul did so well in his speech today that he should have rehearsed it many times
A B C
this past week.
D
EXERCISE 2
1. Children enjoy telling and listening toghosts stories, especiallyon Halloween night.
A B C D
2. At the rate the clerks were processing the applications, Harry figured that it
A
will take four hours for histo be reviewed.
B C D
3. No one would have attended the lecture if you toldthe truth about
A B C
the guest speaker.
D
4. We had better to review this chapter carefully because we will have some questions
A B C
on it on our test tomorrow. You had better go you’d better go you’d : you would
D
5. The little boy’s mother bought him a five-speeds racing bicycle for his birthday.
A B C D
6. Despite the time of the year, yesterday’s temperature was enough hotto turn on
A B C D
the air conditioning.
7. The Andersonsjust had an enclosed bricks patio built after fighting off the insects
A B C D
for two months.
8. Danny spent such enjoyable vacation in Europe this summer that he plans to return
A B C
as soon as he saves enough money.
D
9. Although the quantity was small, we had supplies enough to finish the experiment.
A B C D
10. Kurt had so interesting and creative plans that everyone wanted to work on his
A B C D
committee.
11. If Rudy would have studied German in college, he would not have found
A B
the scientific terminology so difficult to understand.
C D
12. I have to depositing this money in my checking account or else the check I
A B
just wrotewill bounce.
C D
13. We wish today was sunny so that we could spend the day in the country
A B . C D
communing with nature.
14. Paul did so well in his speech today that he should have rehearsed it many times
A B C
this past week.
D
15. Bess is used to fly after having crossed the continent many times during
A B C
the past decade.
D
16. Our Spanish professor would like usspending more time in the laboratory practicing
A B C D
our pronunciation.
17. Sam used to living in Oklahoma, but his company had him transferred to
A B C
a better position in Georgia.
D
18. The bolder the matador’s display in the arena became, louder the audience
A B C
expressed its approval of his presentation.
D
19. Hal’s new sports car costsmuch more than his friend Joel.
A B C D
20. Max would rather to be fishingfrom his boat in the lake than sitting at his desk in
A B C D
the office.
21. Sally must have called her sister last night, but she arrived home too late to call
A B C
her.
D
22. If a crisis would occur, those unfamiliar, with the procedures would not know
A B C
how to handle the situation.

D
23. Standing among so many strangers, the frightened child began to sob
A B C
uncontrollable.
D
24. The teacher tried to make the classes enjoyable experiences for the students so
A B
they would take a greater interest in the subject.
C D
25. Whenever students asked for help or guidance, the counselor would advisethem or
A B C
refer them to someone who will.
D
26. Anybody who plansto attend the meeting ought send a short note to the
A B C D
chairperson.
27. The teachers and the administrators are having such difficult time agreeing on a
A B
contract for the forthcoming year that the teachers may go on strike.
C D
28. Mary usually arrivesat the office at nine o’clock, but because the storm, she was
A B C
two hours late.
D
29. Our new television came with a ninety-days warrantyon all electrical components.
A B C D
30. It is difficult to get used to sleep in a tent after having a soft, comfortable bed
A B C
to lie on.
D
31. The director felt badly about not giving Mary the position that she had sought with
A B C D
his company.
32. Tom and Mark hope go skiing in the mountain this weekend if the weather permits.
A B C D
33. The political candidate talked as if she has already been electedto the presidency.
A B C D
34. The salad tasted so well that my brother returned to the salad bar for
A B C
another helping.
D
35. Even though she looks very young, she is twice older than my twenty-year-old
A B C D
sister.
36. Despite his smiling face, the second-place contestant is more sadder than
A B C D
the winner.
37. I do not believe that I have ever seen as many expensive carthanwere in
A B C
that shopping center.
D
38. The members of the orchestra had to arrived an hour prior to the performance
A B C
for a short rehearsal.
D
39. We thought our cameras were the same, but his is different than the one that
A B C
I bought.
D
40. If Monique had not attended the conference, she never would meet her old friend
A B
Dan, whom she had not seen in years.
C D
41. Having lived here for seven years, my friend is used to speak English with all her
A B C D
classmates.
42. No one in our office wants to drive to work anymore because of there are always
A B C
traffic jams at rush hours.
D
43. That novel is definitely a dense-packed narrative, but one which requires a vast
A B C
knowledge of cultural background or an excellent encyclopedia.
D
44. Louise is the more capable of the three girls who have tried out for the part
A B C
in the play.
D
45. They played so good game of tennis last night that they surprised their audience.
A B C D
46. I would rather that they do not travel during the bad weather, but they insist that
A B C
they must return home today.
D
47. Among us students are many foreignerswho attend languages classes at the south
A B C D
campus.
48. My book is different thanyours because mine has a vocabulary section at the
A B C
bottom of each page, and yours has one in the back.
D
49. That product that you bought at the lower price is the more inferior to the one that
A B C
we sell at a slightly higher price.
D
50. After a carefully investigation, we soon discovered that the house wasinfested with
A B C D
termite.
EXERCISE 3
1. Writerslike William Shakespeare and Edgar Alan Poe are not only prolific
A B C
but too interesting.
D
2. James’s counselor recommended that he should take a foreign language in his
A B
freshman year instead of waiting until the following year.
C D
3. Although Mark has been cooking for many years, he still doesn’t know to prepare
A B C
French foods in the traditional manner.
D
4. It is more important that hespeaks to the dean before leaving for his vacation.
A B C D
5. Visitors were not permitted entering the park after dark because of the lack of
A B C D
security and lighting.
6. I need bothfine brown sugar as well as powdered sugar to bake a Hawaiian Cake.
A B C D
7. In spite Nellie’s fear of heights, she decided to fly with a group of her classmates
A B
to the Bahamas during the spring recess.
C D
8. Let Nancy and herto make all the plans for the party, and you and I will provide
A B C
the refreshments and entertainment
D
9. After rising the flag to commemoratethe holiday, the mayor gave a long speech.
A B C D
10. The general commanded the officers’ Club be off limitsto the new recruits.
A B C D
11. Louie got his sister read his class assignment, and then asked her to write
A B
the report for him because he did not have enough time.
C D
12. Marcy said that she knew how the procedure for doing the experiment, but when
A
we began to work in the laboratory, she found that she was mistaken
B C D
13. News of Charles Lindbergh’s famous transatlantic flight in 1927 spread rapidly
A B
despite of the lack of an international communication system.
C D
14. It was suggested that Pedro studies the material more thoroughly before
A B C
attempting to pass the exam.
D
15. The piano teacher requires that her student practices at least forty five minutes
A B C
every day in preparation for next week’s recital
D
16. Marie’s cousin is studied law atone of the ivy-league universities in the East.
A B C D
17. If you setin that position for too long, you may get a cramp in your leg.
A B C D
18. The president mentioned to the cabinet members he was going to negotiate a new
A B C
treaty with the foreign minister.
D
19. The conquerors stole not only the gold and silver that were needed to replenish
A B
the badly depleted treasury but also the supplies that were vital to the colonist
C
as well.
D
20. Despite the roadblock, the police allowed us enter the restricted area to search
A B C
for our friends.
D
21. Did you know how that the actors strike will delay the beginning of the new
A B C
television season and cause the cancellation of many contracts?
D
22. We should have been informed Janis about the change in plans regardingour
A B C
weekend trip to the mountain.
D
23. When we arrived at the store to purchase the dishwashersadvertise in
A B C
the newspaper, we learned that all the dishwashers had been sold.
D
24. That manufacturer is not only raising his prices but also decreasing the production
A B C
of his product as well.
D
25. The director encouraged them work in committees to plana more effective
A B C
advertising campaign for the new product.
D
26. Jason’s professor had him to rewrite his thesis many times before allowing him to
A B C
present it to the committee.
D
27. Mr. Harris will be dividedthe biology class into two sections to prevent
A B C
overcrowding in his classroom.
D
28. Hundreds of houses and other buildings were destroying by the raging tropical
A B C D
storm which later developed into a hurricane
29. Maribel has registered for both the afternoon anthropology class as well as
A B
the eveningsociology lecture.
C D
30. Food prices have raisedso rapidly in the past few months that some families have
A B C
been forced to alter their eating habit.
D
31. The man, of whom the red the car is parked in front of our house, is a prominent
A B C D
physician in this town.
32. Although her severe pain, Pat decided to come to the meeting so that there
A B C
would be a quorum.
D
33. The proposal has repealed after a thirty-minute discussion and a number of
A B C
objections to its failure to include our district.
D
34. He is the only candidate who the faculty members voted not to retainon the list of
A B C D
eligible replacements for Professor Kotey.
35. In spite of the tenants’ objections, the apartment manager decided to rise the rent
A B C
by forty dollars per month.
D
36. This class, that is a prerequisite for microbiology, is so difficult that I would rather
drop it. A B C D
37. The doctor told mr Anderson that, because of his severe cramps, he should lay in
A B C
bed for a few days.
D
38. If you had sat the plant in a cooler location, the leaves would not have burned.
A B C D
39. Dr. Harder, which is the professor for this class, will be absent this week because
A B C
of illness.
D
40. Despite of a language barrier, humans have managed to communicate with others
A B C
trough sign language, in which certain motions stand for letters, words, or ideas.
D
41. This class has cancelledbecausetoo few students had registered before
A B C D
registration closed.
42. After Allan had searchedfor twenty minutes, he realized that his jacket had been
A B
laying on the table the entire time.
C D
43. The problems that discoveredsince the initial research had been completed caused
A B C
the committee members to table the proposal temporarily.
D
44. The doctor suggested that he layin bed for several days as a precaution against
A B C
further damage to the tendons.
D
45. Dr. Alvarez was displeased because the student had turned in an unacceptable
A B
report, so he made him to rewrite it.
C D
46. The project director stated he believed it was necessaryto study the proposals for
A B C
several more months before making a decision.
D
47. Although the danger that he might be injured, Boris bravely entered the burning
A B C
house in order to save the youngster.
D
48. That these students have improved their grades because of theirparticipation in
A B C D
the test review class.
49. Despite Martha’s attemptsto rise her test score, she did not receive a high enough
A B C
score to be accepted by the law school.
D
50. That Mr. Jones is not prepared to teach this course is not doubted; however, at this
A B
late date it is not likely that we will be able finding a replacement.
C D
EXERCISE 4
1. While searching for the wreckage of a unidentified aircraft, the Coast guard
A B C
encountered severe squalls at sea.
D
2. Although a number of police officers was guarding the priceless treasures in the
A B
museum, the director worried that someone would tryto steal them.
C D
3. Since it was so difficult for American Indians to negotiate a peace treaty or declare
A B
war in their native language, they used a universal understood form of sign
language. C D
4. Louis Braille designed a form of communication enabling people to convey and
A B
preserve their thought to incorporate a series of dots which were read by the finger
tips. C D
5. While verbalization is the most common form of language in existence, humans
A B
make us of many others systems and technique to express their thought and
feelings. C D
6. The need for awell-rounded education was an idea espoused by the Greeks
A B C
in time of Socrates.
D
7. Writers and media personnel sell theirselves best by the impression given in their
A B C
verbal expression.
D
8. In the spirit of the naturalist writers, that author’s work portrays man’s struggle for
A B C
surviving.
D
9. Stephen Crane’s story is a clinical portrayal of man as an animal trapped by the fear
A B C D
and hunger.
10. Their silly, whiny conversation on a child level was meant to create tension and
A B
heightenNancy’s fears and anxiety.
C D
11. For a long time, this officialshave been known throughout the country as political
A B C
bosses and law enforcers.
D
12. Nora hardly never misses an opportunity to playin the tennis tournaments.
A B C D
13. Air pollution, together with littering, are causing many problems in our large,
industrial cities today. A B C D
14. Because of the severe snow storm and the road blocks, the air force dropped food
A B C
and medical supplies close the city.
D
15. Hummingbirds are the only birds capable to fly backward as well asforward, up,
and down. A B C D
16. The news of the president’s treaty negotiations with the foreign government were
A B
received with mixed emotions by the citizens of both governments.
C D
17. Angie’s bilingual ability and previous experience were the qualities that which
A B
helped her get the job over all the other candidates.
C D
18. Joel giving up smoking hascaused him to gain weight and become irritable with his
A B C D
acquaintances.
19. They asked me what did happenlast night, but I was unable to tell them.
A B C D
20. The test administrator ordered wenot to open our books until he told us to do so.
A B C D
21. Our new neighbor had been living in Arizona since ten years before moving to their
A B C D
present house.
22. I would of attended the meeting of the planning committee last week, but I had to
A B C
deliver a speech at a convention.
D
23. We are suppose to read all of chapter seven and answer the questions
A B C
for tomorrow’s class.
D
24. The explanation that our instructor gave us was different than the one yours gave
you. A B C D
25. In the sixteenth century, Spain become involved in foreign wars with several other
A B C
European countries and could not find the means of finance the battles that
sensued. D

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ENGLISH FOR NURSES 5

Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan

Doctor : does it last long?

I. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1. If something cannot be digested, it can be called …………………….

3. We can say, the passing of faeces, or …………………………

When the sentence is positive, we have a negative tag

Supply the missing question tags

1. The syringe is sterile, ……………………..?

12. You will help me, ………………………..?

Miscarriage, also called spontaneous abortion, spontaneous expulsion of the

Women over age 35 tend to be at increased risk of miscarriage relative to younger

The principal sign of an impending or threatened miscarriage is vaginal bleeding. Other

I. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1. Fertilization takes place in the fallopian tubes

ELLIPTICAL CONSTRUCTION/ABRIDGEMENT OF CLAUSES

 You came to my house and she did, too

 She will come to campus and I will, too

1. He came late and I ………………………/ ………………………….

Miscarriage, also called spontaneous abortion, spontaneous expulsion of the

I. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

accelerate consequences continous bind buffer derive disequilibrium

1. The endoctrine system operated by system of hormones, which are (produced)

The position of Noun in a sentence is

2. what you did is a miracle

Bentukan kata bendadari suffixes (akhiran)

The position of verb in a sentence is as predicate

He explains the lesson

Prefixes or suffixes that forms verb

 en : enlarge, enhance, entitle, engulf, etc

 ize : minimize, equalize, naturalize

The function of adjective is a noun modifier

Good boy ; good modified boy

Suffixes that form adjective:

 al : cultural, historical, magical, developmental, economical, etc

The function of adverb is to modify verbs

Adverb of time : I work every day

A is used before singular count nouns

The movie that John saw last night was interesting

Prepositions are placed before noun or precede noun

SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE ADJECTVE POSSESSIVE

USE THE PROPER PRONOUNS IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.

Without inflammation, infections and wounds would never heal.

An embedded question is one which is included in a sentence or another question. The

subject + verb (phrase) + question word + subject + verb

Question : Where will the meeting take place?

Question : why did the plane land at the wrong place?

auxiliary + subject + verb + question word + subject + verb

Do you know where he went? Where did he go?

Could you tell me what time it is

B. SUBJUNCTIVE VERBS OF URGENCY

advise decree move prefer request suggest

NOTE : the verb want itself is not one of these verbs

In the following rule, verb indicates one of the above verbs

subject + verb + that + subject + (verb in the simple form)

The Judge insisted that the jury return a verdict immediately

advised necessary recommended urgent

In the following rule, adjective indicates one of the above adjectives

It + be + adjective + that + subject + verb in simple form)

It was necessary that he find the books

evaluate the issues clearly.

36. Chaterine is studyinglawat the university, and so does John.

49. The professor is thinking to go to the conference on aerodynamicsnext month.

A. CAUSE AND EFFECT