International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 4 Issue 5, July-August 2020 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

CFD Based Simulation and Analysis of Thermal

& Non Thermal Equilibrium Cryogenic Model
Govind Patidar1, Prof. N. V. Saxena2
1Research
Scholar, 2Assistant Professor,
1,2Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Govind Patidar |

Stirling Cryocoolers serve in various progressed innovative applications to Prof. N. V. Saxena "CFD Based Simulation
cool an assortment of significant segments, for example, infrared (IR) and Analysis of Thermal & Non Thermal
indicators, high temperature super conductors (HTSC), and cryogenic Equilibrium Cryogenic Model" Published
catheters. With the headway in utilizations of cryocoolers, a few reproductions in International
of such cryocoolers were additionally evolved. These sorts of recreations can Journal of Trend in
spare a great deal of time and cash as it give a precise examination of the Scientific Research
presentation of the cryocooler before really fabricating it. In this examination, and Development
the business computational liquid dynamic (CFD) bundle Fluent and Gambit (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-
was used for displaying the whole Stirling cryocooler that incorporates a 6470, Volume-4 |
blower, an after cooler, an exchange tube, a regenerator that is spoken to as Issue-5, August 2020, IJTSRD33005
permeable medium and cold and warm warmth exchangers. The regenerator pp.812-815, URL:
is the key component of Stirling cycle cryocoolers. It very well may be seen www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33005.pdf
that establishment of the regenerator straightly influences the cryocooler
execution. In this way, any enhancement for the regenerator will prompt an Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and
increasingly productive cryocooler. This undertaking speaks to totally new International Journal of Trend in Scientific
sort of numerical computational liquid dynamic (CFD) approach for making it Research and Development Journal. This
progressively sensible to the permeable media inside the regenerator of a is an Open Access article distributed
Stirling cooler. The accessible business programming bundle FLUENT which is under the terms of
utilized for understanding Computational liquid elements (CFD) has the ability the Creative
to characterize a permeable media and to unravel the administering condition Commons Attribution
for this locale. In any case, one issue emerges is that inside the permeable License (CC BY 4.0)
media locale the product consider the liquid medium temperature and strong (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by
network medium temperature stays same in any spatial area which is /4.0)
unreasonable in genuine case. So to keep away from this unreasonable
circumstance we made an endeavor to make a non-warm balance medium
inside the regenerator for which there is arrangement for legitimately
characterizing it in ANSYS 14. It is a non-warm harmony model in this way
there are discrete vitality conditions for each stage inside the area (N liquid
stages in addition to one strong stage). Moreover, it doesn't make a specific
presumption on the strong material properties. The warm non-balance
condition predicts a higher virus heat exchanger temperature contrasted with
warm harmony.

KEYWORDS: Ansys, CFD, Fluent, IR, HTSC, Cryocooler

1. INTRODUCTION
Cryogenics is the science that tends to the creation and
impacts of low temperature near the least hypothetically
achievable temperature (supreme zero, 0K proportional to -
273.15°C or - 459.67°F ). In building, cryogenics can be best
depicted as an application which works in the temperature go
from outright zero to 120K.
A cryocooler is a gadget used to cool the earth and anything
inside it to very chilly temperatures. Commonly utilized in
logical and building applications, it is intended to accomplish
temperatures well beneath those came to by standard
apparatuses. There are various fields in which cryocoolers
assume an essential job. These incorporate clinical, car, and
aviation applications, use in logical exploration and military
tasks, and more which are referenced underneath. In the
arrangement of cryocooler, gas is ordinarily flowed through a
shut cycle to retain heat from the inside of the gadget and
move it to the outside condition. This gas might be hydrogen,
helium, or some different gas or blend of gases. The capacity
of the gadget to cool its inside condition relies to a great
extent upon the thermodynamic properties of the gas circling
through the framework.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
Amrit Bikram Sahoo and B T Kuzhiveli1 [2019]. The
exhibition of a Stirling cryocooler relies upon the warm and
hydrodynamic properties of the regenerator in the
framework. CFD displaying is the best procedure to plan and
anticipate the exhibition of a Stirling cooler. The precision of
the reenactment results rely upon the hydrodynamic and
warm vehicle boundaries utilized as the conclusion relations
for the volume found the middle value of administering
conditions. An approach has been created to evaluate the
gooey and inertial obstruction terms required for

@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD33005 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2020 Page 812
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
demonstrating the regenerator as a permeable medium in
Fluent. Utilizing these terms, the consistent and consistent –
occasional progression of helium through regenerator was
demonstrated and reproduced. Examination of the
anticipated and trial pressure drop uncovers the great
prescient intensity of the connection based technique.
Recreation of regenerator utilizing these boundaries will
assist with bettering comprehend the warm and
hydrodynamic associations between working liquid and the
regenerator material, and prepare to invent elite, ultra-
minimized free displacers utilized in small scale Stirling
cryocoolers later on.
Derick Abraham, Biju T Kuzhiveli [2019] A presentation
correlation of a Pulse Tube Cryocooler (PTC) that utilizes
inertance tube-ricochet space and inertance tube-repository
as a stage shifter is led utilizing numerical reenactments. The
underlying structure cryocoolers were done utilizing Sage
programming. A CFD model was created utilizing ANSYS
Fluent to investigate the Cryocooler execution. The CFD
model was utilized to reproduce the impact of various
volumes of supply and ricochet space on Cryocooler
execution. The warm non-harmony mode was picked to
consider the impact of temperature contrast among strong
and liquid temperature distinction in permeable zones. The
numerical model was approved with tests from alluded
diary. The recreation results demonstrated a sensational
expanding pattern in cooling limit up to 400cm3, and from
there on, a negligible addition in execution with increment in
volume. The Stirling cryocooler with inertance tube-ricochet
space as stage shifter has over played out the cryocooler
with inertance tube-store. The COP of cryocooler with
400cm3 ricochet volume was seen as 0.042, is 1.38 occasions
higher than that of 200 cm3 and for higher volumes
distinction in COP was less critical.
Beam Radebaugh et al. [2017] Cryocooler execution and
unwavering quality are persistently improving. Therefore,
they are increasingly more much of the time actualized by
physicists in their research center analyses or for business
and space applications. The five sorts of cryocoolers most
ordinarily used to give cryogenic temperatures to different
applications are the Joule–Thomson, Brayton, Stirling,
Gifford–McMahon, and heartbeat tube cryocoolers.
Numerous advances in different types have happened in the
previous 20 years that have permitted every one of them to
be utilized for a wide assortment of uses.
5. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
The cooling conduct of the virus end and leftover plot is appeared in following figure individually. The cooling conduct of the
Stirling cryocooler resembles a sinusoidal bend which is continually diminishing. The temperature of the virus space divider
and cold liquid reductions continually.
Fig.1: Sinusoidal variation of temperature of cold space of TE model at no load condition
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD33005 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5
S. Kasthurirengan, Upendra Behera and D. S. Nadig [2016]
Hydrogen is viewed as an unsafe gas since it frames a
combustible blend between 4 to 75% by volume in air. Thus,
the wellbeing parts of dealing with hydrogen are very
significant. For this, in a perfect world, exceptionally
particular, quick reaction, little size, hydrogen sensors are
required. In spite of the fact that sensors dependent on
various advances might be utilized, slight film sensors
dependent on palladium (Pd) are favored because of their
minimization and quick reaction.
3. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
 To direct burden tests on model rectangular footings
resting over fortified sand bed exposed to vertical
unpredictable burden.
 Different layers of geogrids are utilized as fortification.
 To build up the experimental relationship for bearing
limit of unusually stacked footings on strengthened sand
by knowing the bearing limit of balance under driven
burden.
4. METHODOLOGY
Two client characterized capacities for the movement of
blower and cold divider have been arranged for the
sinusoidal movement between them with a stage point of 90
degrees. Three overseeing conditions are taken in thought
for this issue Turbulence, stream and Energy. The
underneath unwinding factors are taken so as to get
increasingly quick reenactments. The arrangement is
introduced from all zones with starter measure weight of 20
atm. We have been observing the temperature of cold
divider and the temperature of cold liquid. The size of the
time step was taken as 0.0007.
In the current work, three unique cases were reproduced,
A. Thermal harmony model with no heap condition
B. Thermal harmony model with 0.5W burden condition
C. Non-warm harmony model with no heap condition
The movement of cylinder and displacer is represented by
the User Defined Functions which are the codes written in
language C, and are fused into familiar by utilizing VISUAL
BASIC 2010. The sinusoidal movement is thought about; the
cylinder and displacer are followed to keep up a stage edge
of 90 degree during their movement. The correct stage point
is taken into mind while composing the code. The codes
were planned after some exploration work and some
investigation from the FLUENT UDF Manual.
| July-August 2020 Page 813
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470

Fig. 2: Residual Monitor Plot of TE model at no load condition

The temperature form of the Stirling cryo cooler after 341.5 seconds of reenactment can be found in Figure. The highest
temperature is accomplished at the blower end and keeping in mind that the most minimal temperature is gotten at the virus
end of the cryo cooler. The temperature at the left half of the regenerator is higher and it step by step diminishes as we move
towards cold space.

Fig. 3. Temperature contour of TE model at no load condition

The temperature profile along the Stirling cryocooler length. Blower position shows the highest gum based paint.

Fig. 4. Temperature plot of TE model at no load

The fluid flow takes place inside the Stirling cryocooler. The arrow marks represent the velocity of the fluid particles and they
are plotted in terms of velocity magnitude represented by their colours. Due to the resistance offered to the flow, the velocity of
the fluid through the regenerator is very less.

Fig.5 Velocity vector profile of transfer line and regenerator of TE model at no load condition

@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD33005 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2020 Page 814
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
The simulations were performed in all three cases with the same 20Hz frequency of reciprocating piston and displacer. In first
case of thermally equilibrium (TE) model atno load condition, the temperature obtained was lower than that obtained in the
0.5W load condition and that of non-thermal equilibrium (NTE) model at no load condition. The minimum temperature reached
with TE model at no load case was 77K and that with load condition was 85K.
6. CONCLUSIONS
CFD is a powerful tool for solving a wide variety of industrial
problems. Commercial general-purpose codes have the
potential to solve a very broad spectrum of flow problems.
CFD Simulations of the Stirling cryocooler were established
properly. The motions of both piston and displacer were
obtained by hooking up UDF’S to the compressor part and
the displacer part at 20Hz of frequency. The results of three
different cases were observed during and after the
simulations of Stirling cryocooler. For TE model, the
minimum temperature attained at the cold end was around
77K at no load condition with 20Hz of operating frequency
and 85Kat 0.5W of load condition at the same operating
frequency. Similarly, third case of NTE model at no load
condition was also simulated and the minimum temperature
obtained was about 115K. The comparison between the
three cases shows that the minimum temperature attained is
lowest in case of TE model at no load condition, and with the
load condition the minimum temperature increases.
7. SCOPE OF FUTURE WORKS
Advancement of stirling cryocooler can be done in numerous
fields in many ways. Firstly, the losses caused by the stirling
cryocooler are now becoming the most imperative issue to
consider about. Losses resembling pressure drop losses due
to friction across the regenerator and also due to filling of
regenerator void volume during pressurization and
depressurization of the regenerator raised. Regenerator
thermal loss takes place due to heat transfer to the
surrounding by it. Other losses we can consider are shuttle
losses and acoustic losses. Shuttle loss is the heat loss occurs
due to relative motion between the displacer. Its casing
comes in to light due to the temperature difference created
between them. Thermal acoustic losses arise due to the
oscillating flow of the working fluid i.e. helium inside that
gap. There is a heat transfer loss takes place due to the
difference in the heat capacities of the two bounding walls
and due to the relative motion of the two walls, this loss rest
on pressure amplitude and flow velocities of the working
fluid. A proper Schmidt analysis of above mentioned losses
can be done thoroughly. By including their effects in the
simulations, outcomes for an optimized geometry of
regenerator can be achieved. As a result, minimum
temperature of refrigeration can be attained while including
all the constraints. This can be prepared by making a non-
equilibrium model of the case.
REFERENCES
[1] Y. P. Banjare 2009, ―Theoretical and Experimental
Studies on Pulse Tube Refrigerator‖, PhD Thesis,
National Institute of Technology Rourkela, India.
[2] Amrit Bikram Sahoo 2010, CFD Simulation of a Small
Stirling Cryocooler‖, M.Tech Thesis, National Institute
of Technology Rourkela, India.
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD33005 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5
[3] Ray Radebaugh 2000, ―Pulse Tube Cryocoolers for
Cooling Infrared Sensors‖, Proceedings of SPIE, the
International Society for Optical Engineering, Infrared
Technology and Applications XXVI, Vol. 4130, pp. 363-
379.
[4] RICOR Cryogenic and Volume Systems En Harod Ihud
18960 Israel.
[5] Park SJ, Hong YJ, Kim HB, Koh DY, Kim JH, Yu BK, Lee
KB, ―The effect of operating parameters in the Stirling
cryocooler‖, Cryogenics 42 (2002) 419–425.
[6] Cun-quan Z, Yi-nong Wu, Guo-Lin J, Dong-Yu L, Lie X, ―
Dynamic simulation of one stage Oxford Stirling
cryocooler and comparison with experiment‖,
Cryogenics 42 (2002) 577– 585.
[7] Nisenoff M, Edelsack EA, ―US Navy program in small
cryocoolers‖.
[8] Price K, Reilly J, Abhyankar N, Tomlinson B,
―Protoflight Spacecraft cryocooler performance
results‖, Cryocoolers 11, Kluwer Academic Publishers
(2002) 77-86.
[9] Price K, Reilly J, Abhyankar N, Tomlinson B,
―Protoflight Spacecraft cryocooler performance
results‖, Cryocoolers 11, Kluwer Academic Publishers
(2002) 77-86.
[10] Sugita H, Sato Y, Nakagawa T, Murakami H, Kaneda H,
Keigo E, Murakami M, Tsunematsu S, Hirabayashi M,
SPICA Working Group, ―Development of mechanical
cryocoolers for the Japanese IR space telescope SPICA‖,
Cryogenics 48 (2008) 258–266.
[11] Yarbrough A., Flake B.A , Razani A, ―Computational
fluid dynamics modelling of pressure drop through wire
mesh‖ (AIP Proceeding) (Adv in Cryo Engg. 49(2004)
pp1338-45.
[12] Jiao, Anjun, Jeong, Sangkwon and Ma, H. B. ―Heat
transfer characteristics of cryogenic helium gas through
a miniature tube with a large temperature difference‖ ,
Cryogenics,44(2004), pp. 859-866.
[13] Martini, W, ―Stirling Engine Design Manual‖ (1982)
Second Editions, Martini Engineering, 2303 Harris,
Washington, 99352, USA.
[14] Walker G, Weiss M, Fauvel R, Reader G,
―Microcomputer simulation of Stirling cryocoolers‖,
Cryogenics 29 846–849.
[15] Ibrahim MB, Tew Jr. RC, Zhang Z, Gedeon D, Simon TW,
―CFD modeling of free piston stirling engines‖,
NASA/TM—2001-211132 IECEC2001–CT–38.
| July-August 2020 Page 815