International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 4 Issue 5, July-August 2020 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Repair and Strengthening of Damaged

RC Beams using Ferrocement Laminates
R. Murugaboopathy
Lecturer, Civil Engineering, P.A.C. Ramasamy Raja Polytechnic College, Rajapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: R.

The deterioration of concrete structures might be due to ageing, poor Murugaboopathy "Repair and
maintenance, corrosion due to poor environmental conditions and accidental Strengthening of Damaged RC Beams
situations like earthquakes. The need to upgrade the deteriorated civil using Ferrocement Laminates" Published
engineering infrastructure greatly enhances with the ever increasing in International
demands. Therefore rehabilitating and retrofitting civil engineering Journal of Trend in
infrastructure has been identified as important issue to be addressed. Scientific Research
and Development
In this research paper, the methods of strengthening of reinforced concrete
(ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-
beams using ferrocement laminates are reviewed. Investigation into the
6470, Volume-4 |
methods of anchorage of the ferrocement laminates in the strengthened
Issue-5, August 2020, IJTSRD32966
beams, methods of increasing the ultimate load of the original beams using
pp.766-771, URL:
ferrocement laminate and control the cracking behavior of the beams and the
www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd32966.pdf
effect of the damage of the original beams prior for repair are examined. The
results show that the strengthened beams have performed better in cracking
Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and
behavior, reduction in mid-span deflection and increased in the ultimate load
International Journal of Trend in Scientific
and the pre-cracked beams prior to repair did not affect the ultimate loads of
Research and Development Journal. This
the strengthened beams tested.
is an Open Access article distributed
A large number of civil infrastructures around the world are in a state of under the terms of
serious deterioration today due to carbonation, chloride attack, etc. Moreover the Creative
many civil structures are no longer considered safe due to increase load Commons Attribution
specifications in the design codes or due to overloading or due to under design License (CC BY 4.0)
of existing structures or due to lack of quality control. In order to maintain (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by
efficient serviceability, older structures must be repaired or strengthened so /4.0)
that they meet the same requirements demanded of structures built today and
in future. It is becoming both environmentally and economically preferable to
repair or strengthen the structures rather than replacement, particularly if
rapid, effective and simple strengthening methods are available [1-3].
Different types of cement based materials are available in market for that job.
However due to higher tensile strength to weight ratio and a degree of
toughness, ductility, durability and cracking resistance that is considerably
greater than those found in other conventional cement based materials
Ferrocement, is ideally suited as an alternative strengthening component for
the rehabilitation of reinforced concrete structures [4-7]. According to the ACI
Committee 549, Ferrocement is a type of thin wall reinforced concrete
commonly constructed of hydraulic cement mortal reinforced with closely
spaced layers of continuous and relatively small wire diameter mesh.
Paramasivam et al. [8] reported that the purpose of the fine mesh was simply
for crack control and was not relied upon to contribute to the structural
strength of the member. Ferrocement laminates with skeletal bar can take
significant role in strengthening reinforced concrete beams. For flexural
strengthening, the ferrocement laminates were cast onto the soffit (tension
face) of the beams without any change in width of the beams. In this study, the
strengthening of simply supported reinforced concrete beams using
ferrocement laminate attached onto the soffit was investigated.

KEYWORDS: Reinforced Concrete Beam, Strengthening, Ferrocement

1. INTRODUCTION
Ferrocement is a form of reinforced mortar that differs from
conventional reinforced or pre-stressed concrete primarily
by the manner in which the following elements are dispersed
and arranged. It consists of closely placed, multiple layers of
mesh or fine rods completely embedded in cement mortar.
Ferrocement reinforcement can be assembled in to its final
desired shape and the mortar can be plastered directly in
place without the use of form. The following definition as
adopted by ACI committee “ Ferrocement is a type of thin
wall reinforced concrete commonly constructed of hydraulic
cement mortar reinforced with closely placed layers of

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
continuous and relatively small size wire mesh. The mesh The average compressive strength of the concrete was 29.11
can be made of metallic or other suitable materials” N/mm2.

Widespread use of ferrocement in construction industry has 3.7. Reinforcement Details

occurred during the last 25 years. The main worldwide Main reinforcement : 2 Nos. of 12mm dia. HYSD bars.
applications of ferrocement construction to date have been Secondary reinforcement : 2 Nos. of 8mm dia HYSD bars.
for silos, tanks, roofs and mostly boats. Shear reinforcement : 6mm dia at 120mm c/c.

The objectives of the study may be listed as follows:

1. To investigate the methods of anchorage of the
ferrocement laminates in the strengthened beam.
2. To examine the effect of different layer of wire mesh.
3. To examine the effect of the damage of the original
beams prior for repair.

2. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
The main objective of this investigation is to study the
flexural behavior of concrete beams rehabilitated and
retrofitted with ferrocement laminates. The experimental
programme consists of casting and testing of nine RCC The yield strength of steel reinforcements used in this
beams of 125mm ×250mm × 3200mm. experimental program was determined by performing the
 Control beam - 1 No. standard tensile test on the three specimens of each bar. The
 Rehabilitation of beams - 4 Nos. (loading variations done average yield stresses of steel bars obtained were 390
by 75% of ultimate load) N/mm2, 375 N/mm2 and 240 N/mm2 for 12mm, 8mm and
Out of these 4 beams, 2 Nos. for each 2 layers and 3 6mm diameter respectively.
layers wire mesh.
 Retrofitting of beams - 4 Nos. 3.8. Mesh Used
Out of these 4 beams, 2 Nos. for each 2 layers and 3 Weld mesh size : 15mm x 15mm, 2mm dia.
layers wire mesh. Woven mesh : t=0.8mm, gauge=20.

3. TESTING OF MATERIALS The weld mesh and woven mesh are tied together, which is
Properties of materials used for this investigation are arrived used as reinforcement for laminates.
by testing of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate,
reinforcement and the details of the test results are given 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
below. The ultimate strength for the conventional beams,
rehabilitated and retrofitting beams are tabulated as follows.
3.1. Fine Aggregate
Size : passing through 4.75mm and retaining on 0.75 micron Layer of Ultimate
Sl.
Specific gravity : 2.48 Beam C/S Area mm2 wire strength
No
Fineness modulus : 3.10 mesh in kN
Grading zone : II 1 Control 125×250 - 40
Type : Clean river angular sand.
2 BTS1 125×250 2 45
3.2. Coarse Aggregate
Size : passing through 20mm and retaining on 10mm sieve. 3 BTS2 125×250 2 44
Specific gravity : 2.91
Fineness modulus : 3.57 4 BTS3 125×250 3 47
Type : crushed granite (angular)
5 BTS4 125×250 3 46
3.3. Cement
Specific gravity : 2.88 6 BTRF1 125×250 2 56
Brand : OPC 53 grade
7 BTRF2 125×250 2 55
3.4. Water : Ordinary potable water free from impurities.
8 BTRF3 125×250 3 59
3.5. Mix Design 9 BTRF4 125×250 3 58
The mix proportion of 1: 1.52: 3.417 at 0.5 water cement
ratio was used.
4.1. Control Beam
3.6. Test Results of Concrete Cubes The ultimate load carrying capacity of the conventional beam
The concrete mix proportion designed by IS method to was 40kN and the average first crack load for the control
achieve the strength of 20 N/mm2. Three cube specimens beam was 17kN. The maximum mid span deflection at
were cast and tested at the time of beam test (at the age of collapse for the conventional beam was 23.5mm. The load vs.
28 days) to determine the compressive strength of concrete. deflection curve is shown in the following Fig. 1.1.

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
The maximum mid span deflection at collapse for the
Load - Deflection Curve for Control beam
conventional beam was 23.5mm whereas it was 21.92mm
for rehabilitated beam. The average mid span deflection for
the rehabilitated beam with mesh was 0.07 times lower than
25

20
that of conventional beam. The load vs. deflection curve is
shown in the following Fig.1.3.
Deflection in mm

15

Control
Comparison of BTS2 beam with Control beam
10

5 25

0
20

Deflection in mm
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Load in kN 15
BTS2

Control
Fig.1.1. Load vs. Deflection curve for control beam 10

4.2. BTS1 Beam 5

The ultimate load carrying capacity of conventional beam

was 40kN and that of this rehabilitated beam was 45kN.
0

Therefore the rehabilitated beam shows 1.125 times

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

increase when compared with conventional beam. The Load in kN

average first crack load for the control beam was 17kN
whereas that of this rehabilitated beam was 20.5kN. Fig.1.3. Load vs. Deflection curve for control and BTS2
Therefore the first crack load of rehabilitated beam was beam.
increased 1.205 times when compared to that of
conventional beam. 4.4. BTS3 Beam
The ultimate load carrying capacity of conventional beam
The maximum mid span deflection at collapse for the was 40kN and that of this rehabilitated beam was 47kN.
conventional beam was 23.5mm whereas it was 22.34 for Therefore the rehabilitated beam shows 1.175 times
rehabilitated beam. The average mid span deflection for the increase when compared with conventional beam. The
rehabilitated beam with mesh was 0.05 times lower than average first crack load for the control beam was 17kN
that of conventional beam. The load vs. deflection curve is whereas that of this rehabilitated beam was 20kN. Therefore
shown in the following Fig.1.2. the first crack load of rehabilitated beam was increased 1.17
times when compared to that of conventional beam.
Comparison of BTS1 beam with Control beam The maximum mid span deflection at collapse for the
conventional beam was 23.5mm whereas it was 20.36mm
25
for rehabilitated beam. The average mid span deflection for
the rehabilitated beam with mesh was 0.134 times lower
20
than that of conventional beam. The load vs. deflection curve
is shown in the following Fig.1.4.
Deflection in mm

15
BTS1
Comparison of BTS3 beam with Control beam
Control
10

25
5

20
Deflection in mm

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 15
BTS3

Load in kN
Control
10

Fig.1.2 Load vs. Deflection curve for control and BTS1 5

beam.
0

4.3. BTS2 Beam 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

The ultimate load carrying capacity of conventional beam Load in kN

was 40kN and that of this rehabilitated beam was 44kN.
Therefore the rehabilitated beam shows 1.10 times increase
when compared with conventional beam. The average first Fig.1.4. Load vs. Deflection curve for control and BTS3
crack load for the control beam was 17kN whereas that of beam.
this rehabilitated beam was 21kN. Therefore the first crack
4.5. BTS4 Beam
load of rehabilitated beam was increased 1.235 times when
The ultimate load carrying capacity of conventional beam
compared to that of conventional beam.
was 40kN and that of this rehabilitated beam was 46kN.

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
Therefore the rehabilitated beam shows 1.15 times increase 4.7. BTRF2 Beam
when compared with conventional beam. The average first The ultimate load carrying capacity of conventional beam
crack load for the control beam was 17kN whereas that of was 40kN and that of this retrofitted beam was 55kN.
this rehabilitated beam was 20.5kN. Therefore the first crack Therefore the retrofitted beam shows 1.375 times increase
load of rehabilitated beam was increased 1.2 times when when compared with conventional beam. The average first
compared to that of conventional beam. crack load for the control beam was 17kN whereas that of
this retrofitted beam was 24kN. Therefore the first crack
The maximum mid span deflection at collapse for the load of retrofitted beam was increased 1.41 times when
conventional beam was 23.5mm whereas it was 20.74mm compared to that of conventional beam. The maximum mid
for rehabilitated beam. The average mid span deflection for span deflection at collapse for the conventional beam was
the rehabilitated beam with mesh was 0.117 times lower 23.5mm whereas it was 26.94mm for retrofitted beam. The
than that of conventional beam. The load vs. deflection curve average mid span deflection for the retrofitted beam with
is shown in the following Fig.1.5. mesh was 1.15 times higher than that of conventional beam.
The load vs. deflection curve is shown in the following
Comparison of BTS4 beam with Control beam Fig.1.7.

25 Comparison of BTRF2 beam with Control beam

20
30
Deflection in mm

25
15
BTS4

Deflection in mm
20
Control
10
BTRF2
15
Control
5
10

0 5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0

Load in kN 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Load in kN

Fig.1.5. Load vs. Deflection curve for Control and BTS4

beam. Fig.1.7. Load vs. Deflection curve for control and
BTRF2 beam.
4.6. BTRF1 Beam
The ultimate load carrying capacity of conventional beam 4.8. BTRF3 Beam
was 40kN and that of this retrofitted beam was 56kN. The ultimate load carrying capacity of conventional beam
Therefore the retrofitted beam shows 1.4 times increase was 40kN and that of this retrofitted beam was 59kN.
when compared with conventional beam. The average first Therefore the retrofitted beam shows 1.475 times increase
crack load for the control beam was 17kN whereas that of when compared with conventional beam. The average first
this retrofitted beam was 23.5kN. Therefore the first crack crack load for the control beam was 17kN whereas that of
load of retrofitted beam was increased 1.38 times when this retrofitted beam was 24.5kN. Therefore the first crack
compared to that of conventional beam. load of retrofitted beam was increased 1.44 times when
compared to that of conventional beam. The maximum mid
The maximum mid span deflection at collapse for the span deflection at collapse for the conventional beam was
conventional beam was 23.5mm whereas it was 26.76mm 23.5mm whereas it was 24.67mm for retrofitted beam. The
for retrofitted beam. The average mid span deflection for the average mid span deflection for the retrofitted beam with
retrofitted beam with mesh was 1.138 times higher than that mesh was 1.05 times higher than that of conventional beam.
of conventional beam. The load vs. deflection curve is shown The load vs. deflection curve is shown in the following
in the following Fig.1.6. Fig.1.8.
Comparison of BTRF1 beam with Control beam
Comparison of BTRF3 beam with Control beam

30
30

25
25
Deflection in mm

Deflection in mm

20
20

BTRF1
BTRF3
15
15
Control
Control

10 10

5 5

0 0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Load in kN Load in kN

Fig.1.6. Load vs. Deflection curve for control and Fig 1.8 Load vs. Deflection curve for control and
BTRF1 beam. BTRF3 beam.

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4.9. BTRF4 Beam
Comparison of BTS beams with Control beam
The ultimate load carrying capacity of conventional beam
was 40kN and that of this retrofitted beam was 58kN. ( Wire mesh - 2 & 3 layer )

Therefore the retrofitted beam shows 1.45 times increase

when compared with conventional beam. The average first 25

crack load for the control beam was 17kN whereas that of 20 BTS1
this retrofitted beam was 25kN. Therefore the first crack
load of retrofitted beam was increased 1.47 times when
BTS2
15

compared to that of conventional beam. The maximum mid

Deflection in mm
BTS3

10
span deflection at collapse for the conventional beam was BTS4

23.5mm whereas it was 24.42mm for retrofitted beam. The 5 Control

average mid span deflection for the retrofitted beam with 0

mesh was 1.04 times higher than that of conventional beam. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
The load vs. deflection curve is shown in the following
Fig.1.9. Load in kN

Fig 1.10 Load vs. Deflection curve for rehabilitated

Comparison of BTRF4 beam with Control beam
beams and control beam.

30

Comparison of BTRF beams with Control beam

25
( Wire mesh - 2 & 3 layer )
Deflection in mm

20

BTRF4 30
15
Control
25
BTRF1
10
20
BTRF2
5
15 BTRF3
Deflection in mm

0 BTRF4
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Control
5
Load in kN
0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Fig.1.9. Load vs. Deflection curve for control and
BTRF4 beam.
Load in kN

4.10. General Discussion Fig 1.11 Load vs. Deflection curve for control beam
During the second stage of loading for rehabilitated beams, a and retrofitted beams.
careful examination of the failed specimens showed that the
reinforced concrete and the ferrocement acted
Comparison of all beams ( Wire mesh - 2&3 layer )
monolithically. The application of the ferrocement laminate
has given adequate confinement for the reinforced concrete
beams and hence during the failure stage splitting of 30

concrete did not occur. BTS1

25
Deflection in mm

BTS2
Fig. 1.10 shows the typical load vs. deflection curve for the 20

control specimen and rehabilitated specimens. Fig. 1.11

BTS3

shows the typical load vs deflection curve for the control 15 BTS4

specimen and retrofitted specimens. Fig. 1.12 shows the 10

BTRF1

typical load vs deflection curve for the control specimen and BTRF2

for rehabilitated and retrofitted specimens. It may be noted 5

BTRF3
from those figures, the slope of the curve was found to be 0
steeper in case of rehabilitated and retrofitted beams, which
BTRF4

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
indicate the stiffness of the rehabilitated and retrofitted CONTROL

beams was higher than the control specimen. Also the Load in kN

deflections of rehabilitated beams were lesser than the

control specimen for the corresponding load. In case of
retrofitted beams also the deflections were lesser than
control specimen for the corresponding load. Generally,
using ferrocement laminates will give the higher ultimate
load than the conventional beam.
Fig 1.12 Load vs. Deflection curve for control beam
and all other beams.
5. CONCLUSION
In this experimental programme, 9 Numbers of reinforced
concrete beams were cast and tested up to failure. Out of
nine, one is control beam; four beams are rehabilitation
beams and the remaining four are retrofitting beams. The
rehabilitation beams were loaded upto 75% of ultimate load

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to distress them. Then the beams were rehabilitated with
ferrocement laminates with double layer at the tension face
insitu with epoxy resin. Also for retrofitted beams were
retrofitted with ferrocement laminates with double layer at
the tension face insitu with epoxy resin. The rehabilitated
beams and the retrofitted beams were tested up to failure.
Then the behavior of the tested beams was studied. From
this study, the following observations were made.
 The specimens BTS1, BTS2, BTS3, BTS4, BTRF1, BTRF2,
BTRF3 and BTRF4 exhibited 12.5%, 10%, 17.5%, 15%,
40%, 37.5%, 47.5% and 45% higher ultimate strength
than that of conventional beam respectively.
 The specimens BTS1, BTS2, BTS3 and BTS4 exhibited
0.95, 0.93, 0.87 and 0.88 times lower deflection than
that of conventional beam respectively.
 The specimens BTRF1, BTRF2, BTRF3 and BTRF4
exhibited 1.14, 1.15, 1.05 and 1.04 times higher
deflection than that of conventional beam.
 The specimens BTS1, BTS2, BTS3, BTS4, BTRF1, BTRF2,
BTRF3 and BTRF4 exhibited 1.20, 1.24, 1.18, 1.21, 1.38,
1.41, 1.44, and 1.47 times higher first crack load than
that of conventional beam respectively. This shows that
the load causing initial crack is more for rehabilitated
and retrofitted beams than that of conventional beam.
 The application of ferrocement layer has given adequate
confinement for the reinforced concrete beams and
hence during the failure stage splitting of concrete did
not occur.
While seeing the test results, it is proved that Ferro cement
laminates are the cheap, cast in-situ solution for
rehabilitating the distressed structural members. Its external
strengthening behaviour is also quite satisfactory. But, care
should be taken that proper adhesive should be used with
bondage without air gap. Further, ferrocement laminates
should be as thin as possible to avoid delaminating
problems.
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