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STS (PRELIMS) geometry, mensuration, engineering,

architecture, and manpower management


HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS PERIOD OF NEW KINGDOM
- Products in the form of pottery,
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION earthenware, linens, perfumed oils,
 MESOPOTAMIA – A place in Western ointments, jewelry were traded with
region wherein the first ancient civilization started foreign goods
 CUNEIFORM – First writing process or system - Bigger boats made of wood for
wherein a set of word pictures represented in transportation & trading
symbols made of triangular marks - Trading was done by exchanging goods
 Their clothing is provided from woven wool from based on agreed appropriate/ approximate
sheep skin equal value
 Livelihood primarily agricultural in nature. Irrigating - In a later period, a system was developed
their fields by constructing dikes and canals. Plant using scales and standard weight
crops and raised some livestock for their
own family consumption and for trade GREEK CIVILIZATION
 Use of donkey credited the invention of sailboat.  1100 BCE – Time of when the significant
Built roads in their cities and other commercial developments occurred in the fields of physical
places science, medicine, mathematics, hydraulics, and
astronomy
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION GREEK WISE MEN
 Located in the border of Euphrates and Tigris in  THALES (624-547 BCE) – Reasoned that matter
Iraq was composed of/convertible to water
 2 PROMINENT LEADERS:  SOCRATES (470-399 BCE) – Greek philosopher
HAMMURABI (1792-1750 BC) – Promulgated his become renowned for his contribution to the field
code of law, vital instrument for him to rule empire of ethics
NEBUCHADNEZZAR II (604-562 BC) – Possess  HIPPOCRATES (400 BC) – Greek wise men
the attribute and talent of a structure builder is pioneered in regarding medicine as a science
credited for the construction of the famous apart from religion
“Hanging Garden of Babylon”;  ARISTOTLE (384-322 BC) – His part was
Sexagesimal System of Counting Unit involved in different areas of scientific work
ranging from gathering information on the
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION structure and behavior of plants and animals to
 EGYPT – Desert areas predominantly cover the their identification, description, and classification
country, but the presence of the Nile River  ARCHIMEDES (287-212 BC) – Discovery of
provide Egypt the necessary water requirements principles of lever & pulley – Law of Bouyancy
to support agricultural activities  PYTHAGORAS (287-212 BC) – Greek
 Agriculturally inclined and craftsmen. Developed mathematician perfected geometry as a single
pottery items of various shapes and sizes, & work logical process/system
on metals to produce tool, weapon & agricultural  PTOLEMY (100 AD) – Greatest astronomers of
implements for use in their field the ancient times
 Construct their houses using reeds and air died
mud PERSIAN CIVILIZATION
 PERIODS:  CYRUS THE GREAT – Inhabited by the tribes
EARLY EGYPTIAN from Central Asia. Achieve important development
- Writing started and appeared between activities that resulted to becoming a leading
3,300-3,100 BC nation in the ancient world
- Period when they started to study the  DAIRUS I THE GREAT – Standard weights &
heavens, the galaxy and heavenly bodies measures, coins of gold and silver
- Primarily focus is on the stars  ALEXANDER THE GREAT – Greek culture &
- Earliest recorded calendar based on the influence spread.
movements of heavenly bodies relative to
the earth movement ROMAN CIVILIZATION
GOLDEN AGE  Construction of big structures like domes,
- Period of prosperity and changes or colosseum, monuments, stadiums, and other
innovation permanent structures. Active in developing
- Pyramids at Giza were constructed infrastructure networks that they construct roads
- The Great Pyramid of Cheops (2520 BC) from Rome to other places in Italy and similarly to
- Pyramids were still stand today as an Constantinople
evidence of the scientific expertise and
technical skills of ancient Egyptians in
 CONSTANTINOPLE – Landmark of big buildings  MICROSCOPE
and trade centers, residential areas and churches - Invented by Zacharias Janssen
with decorations of marbles, mosaic and silver. - Use to magnify things invisible to the eye
Protected from enemy due to their high & thick  TELESCOPE
walls. In 1435, conquered by Ottoman Turks and - Helps in the observation of remote object
declared it as their capital, Istanbul - Great help in navigations
 WAR WEAPONS
ARABIC CIVILIZATION - Defensive instrument use in opera battles
 MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD) – Founder of Islam - Cross bows and long bows
 Trade & commerce. Greeks, Indians & Persians - Body armor – heavy metal
influences significantly contributed to Arab
knowledge in mathematic & knowledge MODERN TIMES
 PASTEURIZATION
CHINESE CIVILIZATION - Invented by Louis Pasteur
 SHANG DYNASTY – 1st dynasty; development of - Process of heating dairy products to kill
bronze containers or vessels, production of silk for harmful bacteria
clothing and the development and establishment - Help to prevent illness
of system of writing  PETROLEUM REFINERY
 ZHOU DYNASTY (1122-1027 BC – 255-256 BC) - Samuel Mier discovered kerosene by
– Political and cultural behavior and traits were refining petroleum
established during this period. Farming was - Petroleum is widely used in transportation,
improved. In 800BC, studying and recording factories and power plants
eclipses of the sun were established.  TELEPHONE
 QIN DYNASTY (221-206 BC) – The name “China” - Invented by Alexander Graham Bell
was derived from Ch’in - One of the most important invention
QUIN SHI HUANG – 1st emperor of this dynasty; because it used in daily communication
instituted a harsh and strict way of governance. He  CALCULATOR
standardized the system of writings, weights & - Use not only for easier arithmetic
measures, and the sizes of the wagon wheels and calculation but also to develop complex
roads. machine like computer
 HAN DYNASTY – Discovery of healing drugs and
herbs taken from plants and animal parts. Credited PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
for developing/inventing the “earthquake weather  AMPHIBIOUS SALAMANDER TRICYCLE
clock” (now called seismograph). Technology of - Created by H20 technologies
papermaking and invention of printing press. - Tricycle that can across in flood areas,
 TANG DYNASTY (618-907 AD) – Advances in lakes and rivers
medicine, invention of gunpowder, use of coal as a  SALT LAMP
fuel - Invented by Aisa Mijeno
 SONG DYNASTY – Paper currency and printing - Lightning system that utilize material that
of Confucian classic spread. Bigger boats and is very abundant in the Philippines – salt
ships for traveling the high seas. water
 MEDICAL INCUBATOR
INDUS-HINDU CIVILIZATION - Invented by Dr. Fe Del Mundo
 Construction of layouts of its cities featuring water - It uses bottle of hot water to provide
wells, bathrooms, and waste pipes in their houses warmth and makeshift hood to allow
 Tools implements are made of stones, bronze and oxygen circulation
wood  MOSQUITO OVICIDAL
 The level of culture, the significant achievements - Introduced by DOST-ITDI
in science and technology, arts, medicine & - Mosquito trap system that is lethal to
mathematics made India the home of advance mosquitos but safe for humans and
knowledge & practice of medicine environment
 Implication of zero & infinity, square root & cube  E-JEEP
root, negative & positive - Modern type of transportation which utilize
electricity instead of diesel
MIDDLE AGE - Environment-friendly because it didn’t emit
 PRINTING PRESS smoke
- Invented by Johann Gutenberj
- Invented to address the need for
publishing book
- Printed using xylography
THE ADVENT OF SCIENCE (600 BC TO 1400 AD)  AL-KHWARIZMI – Algebra and algorithms
 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA – Agriculture and  AL-JAZARI – Engineer who was the first to use
writing rod systems still found in cars today
 Objects of the night  Some other Arab chemists discovered distillation
 In 4000 BC, high priests of Sumeria scrutinize the and formulated words, such as alkali and alcohol
stars, and vast records of such endeavors were
inscribed on tablets that were made of clay THE GREAT SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION (1400 TO 1700
 OLD TABLET – Shows evidences of the great AD)
knowledge in the triangles with right-angle  The Golden Age of the Islamic period, which
features in 1800 BC allowed for the blossoming of the sciences in the
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN ANCIENT GREECE 750s, lasted for more than 5 centuries. It provided
 Did not consider science as a distinct subject from the basis for experiments to flourish and allowed
that of philosophy, but it can consider the work of the use of modern scientific ways
one philosopher as showing signs of scientific DANGERS
perspectives  CATHOLIC CHURCH – Earth was at the
 THALES OF MILETUS – Enamored with the stars; epicenter of all heavenly objects
foresaw the occurrence of a rare solar eclipse in  NICOLAUS COPERNICUS – A doctor from
585 BC Poland; it was the sun which was at the center of
 ANCIENT GREECE – Could not be considered a the solar system
singular state consisting of many territories, but  JOHANNES KEPLER – German astrologer;
could be termed as a variety of city-states just elliptical orbits of Mars
bounded together by race  GALILEO GALILEI – Italian; with the use of more
 ATHENS – Center of learning powerful telescopes, 4 moons of the planet Jupiter
 ARISTOTLE – A keen learner, but he did not were identified in 1610; utilization of scientific data
engage in the conduct of experiments; reasoned by conducting experiments on falling objects; use
that if he had been able to gather astute men with of PENDULUM – Keeper of time
intelligence, the ultimate truth would have come  CHRISTIAAN HUYGENS – First pendulum clock
out in 1657
 ARCHIMEDES – Characteristics of liquids (fluids)  FRANCIS BACON – English philosopher; use of
 ERATOSTHENES – Earth’s breadth and width scientific method, and laid a strong foundation for
 CTESIBIUS – Precise clocks a modern science that is grounded on observation
 LIBRARIANS OF ALEXANDRIA – Collection of and experiment
the most precious books  ROBERT BOYLE – Air pump
ONSET OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN ASIA  ISAAC NEWTON – English physicist; theories of
 CHINESE – Invent gunpowder and made light travel
fireworks, rockets, metals, and even guns;  OLE ROMER – Danish astronomer; calculations
invented the first seismograph and first compass; on the approximate speed of light
observe the passage of a supernova  BISHOP NICOLAS STENO – Study of rock layers
 INDIA – Many of the most advanced technology in MICRO-BEINGS
the first millennium AD, such as spinning wheel  First microscopes
and Indian farming techniques; “Arabic number  ROBERT HOOKE – Complex structure of small
system” insects (fleas and bugs) using his own microscope
GOLDEN AGE OF ISLAM  ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK – Store owner
 By 750 AD, the capital of the Islamic Caliphate of fabric; started making his own microscopes and
was moved from Dasmascus to BAGHAD – City was able to found small life forms in water; life
of Iraq forms with single cells (bacteria)
 HOUSE OF WISDOM – Abides with the Islamic  JAN SWAMMERDAM – Different stages in the
saying “the ink of a scholar is more holy than the development of an insect were not separate
blood of a martyr” animals but were just one and the same and just
 Purpose of Caliph: To be a great library and undergoing a process; outdated the ideas which
formidable center of research dated back to the time of Aristotle
 AL-SUFI – Fan on the works of Ptolemy  JOHN RAY – Englishman biologist; great
 The Science of Astronomy was of great use to collection of plant species; first important attempt
Arabic nomads, who used such knowledge of the to systematize the classification of living things
heavenly bodies to navigate their tireless camels MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS
across the Arabian desert  NEWTON – Best achievement of the century,
 ALHAZEN – Wrote a book about optics whose magnificent treatise Philosophiae
(comparable with the work of Newton) Naturalis Principia Mathematical, laid to rest
 AL-RAZI – Physician who formulated soap and doubts over laws of motion and gravity
made distinctions between smallpox and measles NEWTONIAN PHYSICS – Influential for more than
200 years; anchored knowledge of the physical
world and embedded in the use of calculus A HUNDRED YEARS OF DEVELOPMENT (1800-1900)
(physics)  HANS CHRISTIAN ORSTED – Connection
between electricity and magnetism
THE EXPANSION OF SCIENTIFIC HORIZONS (1700 TO  MICHAEL FARADAY – World’s first electric motor
1800)  JAMES CLERK MAXWELL – Complex
MORE DISCOVERIES mathematics of electromagnetism
 STEPHEN HALES – Englishman; root pressure INVISIBILITY MATTERS
(rising of sap within plants); invented a trough for  WILLIAM HERSCHEL – German astronomer;
collecting gases and later on, was found useful in there was more than meets the eye in the
dissecting air composition spectrum aside from visible light
 DANIEL BERNOULLI – Swiss mathematician; INFRARED RADIATION – Thermometer showed
keep tabs on blood pressure a higher temperature over the red end of the
BERNOULLI PRINCIPLE – “The pressure of a visible spectrum
fluid falls when it is moving”; later utilized in the  WILHELM RONTGEN – X-rays
principle governing the flying of an aircraft  THOMAS YOUNG – British physician; put to rest
 JOSEPH BLACK – Scottish chemist; doctoral the argument of whether light was a wave or a
thesis about calcium carbonate degeneration and particle by discovering wavelike interference
the extraction of carbon dioxide  CHRISTIAN DOPPLER – “Doppler effect”;
 HENRY CAVENDISH – Water was made of 2 expounding on the color of binary stars
parts of hydrogen to 1 of oxygen  HIPPOLYTE FIZEAU AND LEON FOUCAULT –
 JAN INGENHOUSZ – How green plants emitted Measure the speed of light; light traveled faster in
oxygen under the sun and carbon dioxide in the air than in water
dark CHEMICAL REACTIONS
 ANTOINE LAVOISIER – Many elements (carbon  JOHN DALTON – British meteorologist; potential
and phosphorus) could burn by combining with use of atomic weights
oxygen to form oxides  JONS JAKOB BERZELIUS – Full list of atomic
 JOSEPH PROUST – French chemist; chemical weights
elements merged in exact shares; production of  LOUIS PASTEUR – Spontaneous generation of
simple compounds life could not be done
EARTH SCIENCES  AUGUST KEKULE – German chemist; structure
 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN – How big-scale ocean of the benzene molecule
currents flowed at the bottom of the sea with his  DMITRI MENDELEEV – Russian chemist;
inquiries of the Gulf Stream Periodic table of elements
 GEORGE HADLEY – English amateur  MARIE CURIE – Separate polonium from radium;
meteorologist; impact of the trade winds in relation twice Nobel-Prize winner
to the rotation of the globe RELICS
 NEVIL MASKELYNE – Measurements of the  MARY ANNING – Collection of fossils of extinct
gravitational pull of a mountain in Scotland, and in animals
the process, was able to find out the density of the  RICHARD OWEN – English biologist; use the
Earth word DINOSAURS – “terrible lizards” that once
 JAMES HUTTON – Earth was a little bit older were kings on this Earth
BASIS OF LIFE  LOUIS AGASSIZ – Swiss geologist; big parts of
 GEORGES-LOUIS LECLERC – French naturalist the planet were once covered with impregnable
and mathematician; one of those who pioneered ice
the creation of a theory of evolution  ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT – Founded the
 CHRISTIAN SPRENGEL – German Theologian; study of ecology
complex relationship between plants and insects;  ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE AND CHARLES
bisexual flowers did not have the ability to fertilize DARWIN – British naturalists; process of evolution
themselves because they produced male and by means of natural selection
female flowers at different periods
 THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY – Darwin follower;
 THOMAS MALTHUS – Specifics about birds could have evolved from the now-extinct
demography; predicted the end of the world if dinosaurs
population growth was left unchecked; “The
 GREGOR MENDEL – German-speaking friar;
Principle of Population”
ultimate function of genetics by studying
 ALESSANDRO VOLTA – Italian physicist; Electric thousands of pea plants
battery
 LORD KELVIN – British physicist; “There is
 WILLIAM WHEWELL – English philosopher; nothing new to be discovered in physics now. All
creation of a new profession separate from that of that remains is more and more precise
philosophy; suggested SCIENTIST – man of measurement.”
science
 HAROLD UREY AND STANLEY MILLER –
American chemists; know whether life on Earth
started when chemical reactions were sparked by
lightning

THE DAWN OF A NEW ERA (1900 TO 1945)  JAMES WATSON AND BRITON FRANCIS
 Matter, time, and space CRICK – American molecular biologists; dissect
NEW-LOOK PHYSICS the molecular structure of DNA; unlocking the
 MAX PLANCK – Electromagnetism traveled genetic code of life
distinct packets and not in continuous waves  LYNN MARGULIS – American biologist;
 ALBERT EINSTEIN – Special relativity; speed of organisms absorbed each other and continued
light was always constant and independent of the with their existence, resulting in the production of
movement of the observer; matter and energy complex cells of all multicellular life forms
might just be characterized as aspects of the  MICHAEL SYVANEN – American microbiologist;
same phenomenon that was capable of being how genes could have the ability to transfer from
converted from one to other one species to another; acquired characteristics
WAVE-PARTICLE DILEMMA could be passed from one generation to another
 SIR JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON – English  CRAIG VENTER – Artificial life by carefully
physicist; first to discover the electron, unearthing outlining its DNA on his computer
its negative charge and the wave-like  IAN WILMUT – Cloning of a sheep
characteristics of its particles PARTICLES
 ERWIN SCHRODINGER – Probability of finding a  RICHARD FEYNMAN – Quantum interactions
particle in a specific place and state happened in terms of exchange of “virtual”
 WERNER HEISENBERG – Probable uncertainty particles
to the values of place and momentum, and this  PAUL DIRAC – Correctly predict the existence of
was later found out to be fundamental to the anti-matter
overall structure of the universe  “Theory of everything”
ATOM  SHELDON GLASHOW – Merged
 ERNEST RUTHERFORD – Atom was made electromagnetism with the weak nuclear force and
basically of space, comprising of a small, dense transformed it into one “electro-weak” theory
nucleus and electrons orbiting around it; certain  HUGH EVERETT III – American physicist;
forms of radioactivity were present at the splitting proposed that there could be the real existence of
of this nucleus more than one universe; transformative theory of a
 LINUS PAULING – How atoms bonded to each constantly splitting multi-verse
other with the use of quantum physics FUTURE
 MANHATTAN PROJECT – John Robert  Merge quantum mechanics with general relativity
Oppenheimer; an undertaking to produce the first  Computation
nuclear weapons ever made
NEW CONCEPT OF THE UNIVERSE INTELECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED
 In the early 20th century, the nebulae were just SOCIETY
believed to be distant clouds of gas within our very
own galaxy – MILKY WAY COPERNICAN IDEAS
 EDWIN HUBBLE – American astronomer; these  GEOCENTRIC MODEL – Earth is the center of
nebulae were distant galaxies; the universe the universe; people did not feel any movement of
suddenly became bigger and larger; the universe the pavement on which they stood, and there is no
was expanding in all directions observational evidence that the planet was moving
 GEORGES LEMAITRE – British priest and either
physicist; the universe came into being from a
PRIMEVAL ATOM – Big Bang Theory
 DARK MATTER – Fritz Zwicky; the Coma Galaxy
Cluster seemed to exude 400 times as much mass
as observed from its gravitational pull

SUBSTANTIAL DISCOVERIES (1945 TO PRESENT)


 Telescopes, first computers, new science of
artificial intelligence
 MICROSCOPES – Avenues for the first direct
contact with atoms
 Complications: Venus and Mars were always seen
 TELESCOPES – Showed the existence of far-
encircling the sun in the mornings and evenings.
away planets
Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn took 780 days, 12 years,
ORIGIN OF LIFE
and 30 years, respectively, to circle against the GEORG JOACHIM RHETICUS – He published
background stars the first widely disseminated view of the
 RETROGRADE LOOPS – slowed down and Copernican System in 1540 known as Narratio
temporarily reversed the general direction of their Prima
movement MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENT
 “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres”
– The Heliocentric model was only a mathematical
PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM instrument and not a presentation of the physical
 Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria universe
 EPICYCLES OR SUBORBITS – Central pivot  TYCHO BRAHE – The Copernican model did not
points adequately describe the planetary movements
 PTOLEMAIC MODEL  JOHANNES KEPLER – German astronomer;
Brahe’s student; elliptical orbits
 GALILEO GALILEI – Displayed vigorous support
for the heliocentric theory

DARWIN’S THEORY
 CHARLES DARWIN – He suggested that living
organisms evolve through time; First scientist to
suggest that plants, animals, and any other living
organisms are not fixed and unchanging or
“immutable”
 NATURAL SELECTION – How evolution took
 ARISTARCHUS OF SAMOS – He suggested that
places
the sun was a more likely pivot point for the
movement of the universe; used eccentric  “On the Origin of Species by means of Natural
trigonometric measurements to calculate the Selection” – One of the greatest scientific
relative distances of the sun and moon in the 3 rd achievements ever
century BC THE ROLE OF GOD
 The Ptolemaic system prevailed. The theory  FOSSILS – Naturally formed rock shapes that had
gained the support of the Christian Church and nothing to do with living things; handiwork of God
became a central doctrine of Christianity put on Earth; cadavers of organisms still alive
ARABIAN INTELLECTUALS somewhere
 The great flowering and developing of Arabic  GEORGES CUVIER – French naturalist; certain
Science fossils were remains of animals that had become
 The new science of POLITICAL ASTRONOMY – extinct
CATASTROPHISM – Invoking catastrophes with
calculating the positions of heavenly bodies; had
his religious ideas; each disaster swept away a
become a dynamic and evolving center of Islamic,
whole kind of living things, God then replenished
Jewish, and Christian thoughts
Earth with a new breed of species
 ALFONSINE TABLES – King Alfonso X of
 JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK – Zoology professor
Castile; combined these latest observations with
in France; living beings faced environmental
centuries of Islamic records to bring new
changes in their body composition
calculations to the Ptolemaic system
PHILOSOPHIE ZOOLOGIQUE – First reasoned
PTOLEMY DOUBTS
theory of evolution
 NICOLE ORESME – “Book of the Heavens and
VIEW FROM THE BEAGLE
the Earth”; the lack of real proof that the earth was
 HMS BEAGLE – 1831-1836
static; he did not personally believe that the Earth
was moving; the Ptolemaic model becomes  To collect all types of fossil, plant, and animal
doubtful specimens
 The Renaissance and Protestant Reformation  THE ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF HMS
found religious doctrines that opened up to doubts BEAGLE – A multivolume and multiauthor report
(16th century)  THE VOYAGE OF THE BEAGLE – “Seeing the
 NICOLAUS COPERNICUS – Polish Catholic gradation and diversity of structure in one small,
canon variety of birds, one might really fancy that from an
HELIOCENTRIC THEORY – The sun is the center original variety of birds in this archipelago, one
of the Universe species had been taken and modified for different
“COMMENTARIOLUS” – 1514 ends.”
PTOLEMAIC THOUGHT – The orbits of celestial ADAPTATION
objects were mounted on many spheres that  GEORGE LYELL’S PRINCIPLE OF GEOLOGY:
rotated in perfect circular movement 1. GEOLOGICAL RENEWAL – JAMES
EPICYCLES – To regulate the speed of planetary HUTTON’S UNIFORMITARIANISM –
motions on certain paths of their orbits Earth was continually being formed and
altered over long time periods by different HYPNOSIS OR HYSTERIA
processes (wave erosion, volcanic  JEAN MARTIN CHARCOT – The most influential
explosions); there was no need to invoke neurologist of the 1800s; treating patients for
disastrous interventions from God symptoms of mental illness using hypnosis
2. CENTERS OF CREATION – Diversity and  HYSTERIA – Neurological disorder defined by
distribution of species abnormalities of the nervous system
 THOMAS MALTHUS – English demographer;  JOSEPH BREUER – Reduce the severity of his
how human populations could increase rapidly; his patient’s symptoms of mental illness by asking to
way of thinking was one of the main reasons for describe their fantasies and hallucinations; their
Darwin’s theory of evolution symptoms had been the result of hidden,
 NATURAL SELECTION – Variations were disturbing memories buried in the unconscious
inherited mind, saying that the thoughts brought them to
 ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE – A British consciousness, allowing the symptoms to
naturalist who had the same insights with that of disappear
which Darwin has been working on for two  Certain kinds of paranoia were caused by
decades traumatic experiences and now tucked away from
 JULY 1, 1858 – Darwin and Wallace’s joint consciousness
presentation at the Linnaean Society MIND
NOVEMBER 24, 1859 – On the Origin of Species  LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS:
was published 1. CONSCIOUS – Things we are aware of
DARWIN’S THEORY 2. PRECONSCIOUS – Things we can be
 2 FACTORS OF NATURAL SELECTION: aware of if we think of them
1. More offsprings are born than can survive 3. UNCONSCIOUS – Deep hidden reservoir
when faced with the problems of climate, that holds the true us
food supply, competition, predators, and DYNAMIC THOUGHT
even diseases; leads to a struggle for  ERNST BRUCKE – One of the eventual founders
existence. of the 19th century’s new physiology; the human
2. There is variation among offsprings within being is essentially a bundle of energy, and so
species, sometimes imperceptible but must follow the principle of conservation of energy.
present.  PRINCIPLE OF THE CONSERVATION OF
2 CRITERIA OF VARIATIONS: ENERGY – The total amount of energy in a
1. They should have some effect on system stays constant over a period of time; it
the struggle to survive and cannot be destroyed, only moved or transformed
multiply, that is, they should help  PSYCHIC ENERGY – Can undergo modification,
to confer reproductive success. transmission, and conversion, but it cannot be
2. They should be inherited or destroyed
passed from offspring to offspring,  REPRESSION – If we have a thought that the
where they would impose the conscious mind finds unacceptable, the mind
same evolutionary advantage. redirects this away from conscious thoughts into
 EVOLUTION – Slow and gradual process the unconscious
AFTERMATH DRIVES
 THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY – Aggressive in  MOTIVATING DRIVES – Instinctual biological
supporting the theory and argued the case for drive; govern our behavior, directing us toward
human descent from apes and even dubbed choices that promise to satisfy our basic needs;
himself as “Darwin’s bulldog” ensure our survival as a race
 GREGOR MENDEL – He answered the mystery  CONTRASTING DRIVES – Death drive; self-
of inheritance; experimented with pea plants; his destructive
important work on inherited characteristics formed  THE PSYCHE:
the basis of genetics - ID – Instincts; Pleasure Principle; primitive
impulses; wants everything now
THE FREUDIAN THOUGHT - EGO – Reality; Reality Principle; we
 UNCONSCIOUS – One of the most intriguing cannot have everything we desire
concepts in psychology; contain all of our - SUPEREGO – Morality; internalized voice
experience of reality although it appears to be of parents and society’s moral guidelines;
beyond our awareness or control; peculiar place judging force, the source of our
where we retain all our memories, thoughts, and conscience, guilt, and shame
feelings PSYCHOANALYTICAL TREATMENT
 SIGMUND FREUD – Founding father of  PSYCHOANALYTIC, PSYCHOTHERAPY OR
psychoanalysis, a method for treating mental PSYCHOANALYSIS – To make the unconscious
illness and also a theory which explains human conscious
behavior
 ANALYSIS OF DREAMS – Every dream  Dilemmas:
represents a wish fulfillment, and the more - Optical communications technology and
unacceptable the wish is to our conscious mind, internet protocol
the more distorted the desire becomes in our - Open source against closed source
dreams - Intellectual property laws and digital right
issues

ACCESSING THE UNCONSCIOUS The information technology transforms the business


 FREUDIAN SLIP – “Slip of the tongue”; and financial worlds
involuntary substitution of one word for another  ELECTRONIC COMMERCE – Major form of
that sounds similar but actually reveals something economic activity
that the person really feels  CREATIVE DESTRUCTION – Innovation
 FREE-ASSOCIATION TECHNIQUE – Patients mechanism by which new production units replace
heard a word and were then invited to say the first outdated ones
word that came into their minds  INFORMATION WORK AND WORKERS – An
 UNPROCESSED EMOTIONS – Generates an ever-increasing fraction of economic activity and
increasingly uncomfortable tension the overall workforce in many states
 CATHARSIS – The act of relief in Freudian terms,  KNOWLEDGE-BASED INDUSTRIES – Relocate
releasing and feeling the deep emotions to new areas more suited to information than to
associated with these repressed memories manufacturing work
SCHOOL OF PSYCHOANALYSIS The information technology is affecting governance
 SCHOOL OF PSYCHOANALYSIS: and empowering new political actors
1. FREUDIAS – Remained true to Freudian  E-GOVERNMENT – Involves the use of IT to
knowledge improve and transform the manner in which
2. KLEINIANS – Followed the ideas of governments interact with people and provide
Melanie Klein public services to their citizens
3. NEO-FREUDIANS – Later group who also  The future role of the nation-state in the
incorporated Freud’s ideas into their information age is getting murky and unclear
broader practice Information both shapes and is shaped by social and
cultural values
INFORMATION REVOLUTION  Social and cultural transformation will have to take
- The changes that IT has brought in various place if individuals are to fully exploit the
aspects of man’s life capabilities of IT
New technology drives the information revolution  Developing human capital is essential
 TECHNOLOGY – Science put into practical use;  QUALITY EDUCATION FOR ALL – One of the
idea or intellectual property based on scientific keys to a nation’s success in the information age
principles that allow the creation of a product that  Enhance greater homogeneity in the institutional
embodies it and legal infrastructures of societies while at the
 PRODUCTS – Hardware or software, and same time stimulating the heterogeneity of their
embodies one or more technology constituent cultures
 SERVICES – Capabilities offered to users There are factors that shape and characterize a
 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS – Continued nation’s approach to the information age
growth in computing power for the next decades;  Factors that shaped and characterize a nations
there will be continued convergence in voice and approach to the information age:
data communications; more improvements in 1. Rich nations are better positioned than
machine translation poor nations
 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS – Allow information 2. Society dealing with change
devices to be wearable and in constant contact; 3. Governments and laws can be helpful or
provide connection between the physical world unhelpful
and the cyber world, allowing information systems 4. Structure of capital market
to react much more comprehensively to changes
in their surroundings NORTH AMERICA
 SERVICE DEVELOPMENTS – Extend to the - Vanguard of the IT
usefulness of information systems, with OUTLETS
– gives easy access to some information services LATIN AMERICA
 ENTERTAINMENT – Forefront of novel - Obstacles in information growth
information services - Some nations will rise to the challenge, some may
 INFORMATION SERVICES – Health care and not
telemedicine - Share several preconditions:
 Their governments are founded on trust - Few will fully experience the Information
and transparency Phenomenon
 They have a well-established rule of law, - 3 categories:
high literacy, economic cultures in which  FEARFUL NATIONS – Algeria, Iraq,
business can prosper, populations which Libya, and Syria; have limited Internet
are very fluent in English, and political connectivity or have prohibited to endure
stability that they avoid any negative
- consequences of joining networks
- because irregular government
- Divided as:  BEST OF BOTH NATIONS – Iran, Saudi
 LEADERS – Chile and Mexico (continue Arabia, Tunisia, and UAE; develop a
to do well today); Argentina, Brazil, and strictly monitored domestic Internet
Uruguay (recently suffered financial network that will enable it to receive
obstacles) bountiful benefits in commerce,
 ASPIRANTS academics, and government while keeping
 OUTLIERS – Costa Rica and Caribbean a tight watch in strict limits
nations  DRIVEN NATIONS – They want what IT
- Faces many hindrances in exploiting opportunities offers, and want it badly enough to be
offered by the information expansion willing to risk problems
- The business and social climate is much less - Bahrain, Kuwait, and Qatar – Wealthiest
hospitable to the information development than in Yemen – Poorest
North America or Europe Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, and Oman –
Made interesting but limited progress
ASIA-PACIFIC - ISRAEL – Very special case; established a
- Many are poised to do well in the information venture capital industry, with investment capital
arena flowing into the country from the outside world
- Most Internet usage in Asia today is by businesses
- Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, and SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Southeast states like Malaysia, Thailand, and the - Most will fall further in the Information stage
Philippines are all major IT producers - SOUTH AFRICA – Has roughly half of the
- 70%-80% of total world output in a wide range of continent’s IT infrastructure
important IT materials NIGERIA AND NORTH AFRICAN – Have about
- JAPAN MODEL – Progressively sophisticated one-sixth
production technology, beginning with labor- REST OF THE AFRICAN STATES – One-sixth of
intensive, low-value manufacturing and the IT infrastructure
proceeding to higher value-added stages - There are still dramatic disparities
- JAPAN – “Dual personality”; one of the world’s - Africa is very far behind in per capita telephone
leaders in IT today users. It had just 4% of the world’s Internet hosts
- SOUTH KOREAN AND TAIWANESE and 0.22% of the WWW sites, with more than half
COMPANIES – More technologically advanced of these sites being in South Africa although it has
and diversified after Japan, but they faced many 12% of the world’s entire population
challenges - The wealthiest 15 individuals in the world,
- CHINA – Special relevance as a rapidly emerging combined together, have a greater net worth than
IT producer and even leader; major driving forces all of sub-Saharan Africa
are the size and potential of its local market and - Their problems are not primarily technical; they
the almost endless availability of cheap labor; has involve the following factors:
become the IT manufacturing base of choice for  CULTURAL – Language, nationalism,
Asian, North American, and even European stratification, legal structure, vertical
business companies authority relationships, trust, and concept
- INDIA – 3 important advantages in the global IT of information, complicate and hinder the
competition: abundant supply of talented IT- spread of IT
trained people; large numbers of educated, low-  COMPETENCE – It takes an educated
cost workers very proficient in the English people to know how to bring IT
language; and close ties to the many Indian  CAPITAL – Electric power and
entrepreneurs in Silicon Valley telecommunications are not present
- Bhutan, Cambodia, Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar,  CONTROL – The agencies (governments,
Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and some nations of armed forces, religious groups, and
Central Asia are lagging well behind today private sectors) hinder IT
because of low levels of Internet activity - 2 additional factors that may impede progress:

MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA


 HIV/AIDS epidemic has become the
biggest threat to the continent’s
development
 In the post-9/11 era, much of the world’s
aid, attention, and resources will be
focused elsewhere
- IT improvements will continue, but the region will
continue to lag further behind from the rest of the
world

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