Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
THE DAWN OF A NEW ERA (1900 TO 1945) JAMES WATSON AND BRITON FRANCIS
Matter, time, and space CRICK – American molecular biologists; dissect
NEW-LOOK PHYSICS the molecular structure of DNA; unlocking the
MAX PLANCK – Electromagnetism traveled genetic code of life
distinct packets and not in continuous waves LYNN MARGULIS – American biologist;
ALBERT EINSTEIN – Special relativity; speed of organisms absorbed each other and continued
light was always constant and independent of the with their existence, resulting in the production of
movement of the observer; matter and energy complex cells of all multicellular life forms
might just be characterized as aspects of the MICHAEL SYVANEN – American microbiologist;
same phenomenon that was capable of being how genes could have the ability to transfer from
converted from one to other one species to another; acquired characteristics
WAVE-PARTICLE DILEMMA could be passed from one generation to another
SIR JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON – English CRAIG VENTER – Artificial life by carefully
physicist; first to discover the electron, unearthing outlining its DNA on his computer
its negative charge and the wave-like IAN WILMUT – Cloning of a sheep
characteristics of its particles PARTICLES
ERWIN SCHRODINGER – Probability of finding a RICHARD FEYNMAN – Quantum interactions
particle in a specific place and state happened in terms of exchange of “virtual”
WERNER HEISENBERG – Probable uncertainty particles
to the values of place and momentum, and this PAUL DIRAC – Correctly predict the existence of
was later found out to be fundamental to the anti-matter
overall structure of the universe “Theory of everything”
ATOM SHELDON GLASHOW – Merged
ERNEST RUTHERFORD – Atom was made electromagnetism with the weak nuclear force and
basically of space, comprising of a small, dense transformed it into one “electro-weak” theory
nucleus and electrons orbiting around it; certain HUGH EVERETT III – American physicist;
forms of radioactivity were present at the splitting proposed that there could be the real existence of
of this nucleus more than one universe; transformative theory of a
LINUS PAULING – How atoms bonded to each constantly splitting multi-verse
other with the use of quantum physics FUTURE
MANHATTAN PROJECT – John Robert Merge quantum mechanics with general relativity
Oppenheimer; an undertaking to produce the first Computation
nuclear weapons ever made
NEW CONCEPT OF THE UNIVERSE INTELECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED
In the early 20th century, the nebulae were just SOCIETY
believed to be distant clouds of gas within our very
own galaxy – MILKY WAY COPERNICAN IDEAS
EDWIN HUBBLE – American astronomer; these GEOCENTRIC MODEL – Earth is the center of
nebulae were distant galaxies; the universe the universe; people did not feel any movement of
suddenly became bigger and larger; the universe the pavement on which they stood, and there is no
was expanding in all directions observational evidence that the planet was moving
GEORGES LEMAITRE – British priest and either
physicist; the universe came into being from a
PRIMEVAL ATOM – Big Bang Theory
DARK MATTER – Fritz Zwicky; the Coma Galaxy
Cluster seemed to exude 400 times as much mass
as observed from its gravitational pull
DARWIN’S THEORY
CHARLES DARWIN – He suggested that living
organisms evolve through time; First scientist to
suggest that plants, animals, and any other living
organisms are not fixed and unchanging or
“immutable”
NATURAL SELECTION – How evolution took
ARISTARCHUS OF SAMOS – He suggested that
places
the sun was a more likely pivot point for the
movement of the universe; used eccentric “On the Origin of Species by means of Natural
trigonometric measurements to calculate the Selection” – One of the greatest scientific
relative distances of the sun and moon in the 3 rd achievements ever
century BC THE ROLE OF GOD
The Ptolemaic system prevailed. The theory FOSSILS – Naturally formed rock shapes that had
gained the support of the Christian Church and nothing to do with living things; handiwork of God
became a central doctrine of Christianity put on Earth; cadavers of organisms still alive
ARABIAN INTELLECTUALS somewhere
The great flowering and developing of Arabic GEORGES CUVIER – French naturalist; certain
Science fossils were remains of animals that had become
The new science of POLITICAL ASTRONOMY – extinct
CATASTROPHISM – Invoking catastrophes with
calculating the positions of heavenly bodies; had
his religious ideas; each disaster swept away a
become a dynamic and evolving center of Islamic,
whole kind of living things, God then replenished
Jewish, and Christian thoughts
Earth with a new breed of species
ALFONSINE TABLES – King Alfonso X of
JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK – Zoology professor
Castile; combined these latest observations with
in France; living beings faced environmental
centuries of Islamic records to bring new
changes in their body composition
calculations to the Ptolemaic system
PHILOSOPHIE ZOOLOGIQUE – First reasoned
PTOLEMY DOUBTS
theory of evolution
NICOLE ORESME – “Book of the Heavens and
VIEW FROM THE BEAGLE
the Earth”; the lack of real proof that the earth was
HMS BEAGLE – 1831-1836
static; he did not personally believe that the Earth
was moving; the Ptolemaic model becomes To collect all types of fossil, plant, and animal
doubtful specimens
The Renaissance and Protestant Reformation THE ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF HMS
found religious doctrines that opened up to doubts BEAGLE – A multivolume and multiauthor report
(16th century) THE VOYAGE OF THE BEAGLE – “Seeing the
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS – Polish Catholic gradation and diversity of structure in one small,
canon variety of birds, one might really fancy that from an
HELIOCENTRIC THEORY – The sun is the center original variety of birds in this archipelago, one
of the Universe species had been taken and modified for different
“COMMENTARIOLUS” – 1514 ends.”
PTOLEMAIC THOUGHT – The orbits of celestial ADAPTATION
objects were mounted on many spheres that GEORGE LYELL’S PRINCIPLE OF GEOLOGY:
rotated in perfect circular movement 1. GEOLOGICAL RENEWAL – JAMES
EPICYCLES – To regulate the speed of planetary HUTTON’S UNIFORMITARIANISM –
motions on certain paths of their orbits Earth was continually being formed and
altered over long time periods by different HYPNOSIS OR HYSTERIA
processes (wave erosion, volcanic JEAN MARTIN CHARCOT – The most influential
explosions); there was no need to invoke neurologist of the 1800s; treating patients for
disastrous interventions from God symptoms of mental illness using hypnosis
2. CENTERS OF CREATION – Diversity and HYSTERIA – Neurological disorder defined by
distribution of species abnormalities of the nervous system
THOMAS MALTHUS – English demographer; JOSEPH BREUER – Reduce the severity of his
how human populations could increase rapidly; his patient’s symptoms of mental illness by asking to
way of thinking was one of the main reasons for describe their fantasies and hallucinations; their
Darwin’s theory of evolution symptoms had been the result of hidden,
NATURAL SELECTION – Variations were disturbing memories buried in the unconscious
inherited mind, saying that the thoughts brought them to
ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE – A British consciousness, allowing the symptoms to
naturalist who had the same insights with that of disappear
which Darwin has been working on for two Certain kinds of paranoia were caused by
decades traumatic experiences and now tucked away from
JULY 1, 1858 – Darwin and Wallace’s joint consciousness
presentation at the Linnaean Society MIND
NOVEMBER 24, 1859 – On the Origin of Species LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS:
was published 1. CONSCIOUS – Things we are aware of
DARWIN’S THEORY 2. PRECONSCIOUS – Things we can be
2 FACTORS OF NATURAL SELECTION: aware of if we think of them
1. More offsprings are born than can survive 3. UNCONSCIOUS – Deep hidden reservoir
when faced with the problems of climate, that holds the true us
food supply, competition, predators, and DYNAMIC THOUGHT
even diseases; leads to a struggle for ERNST BRUCKE – One of the eventual founders
existence. of the 19th century’s new physiology; the human
2. There is variation among offsprings within being is essentially a bundle of energy, and so
species, sometimes imperceptible but must follow the principle of conservation of energy.
present. PRINCIPLE OF THE CONSERVATION OF
2 CRITERIA OF VARIATIONS: ENERGY – The total amount of energy in a
1. They should have some effect on system stays constant over a period of time; it
the struggle to survive and cannot be destroyed, only moved or transformed
multiply, that is, they should help PSYCHIC ENERGY – Can undergo modification,
to confer reproductive success. transmission, and conversion, but it cannot be
2. They should be inherited or destroyed
passed from offspring to offspring, REPRESSION – If we have a thought that the
where they would impose the conscious mind finds unacceptable, the mind
same evolutionary advantage. redirects this away from conscious thoughts into
EVOLUTION – Slow and gradual process the unconscious
AFTERMATH DRIVES
THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY – Aggressive in MOTIVATING DRIVES – Instinctual biological
supporting the theory and argued the case for drive; govern our behavior, directing us toward
human descent from apes and even dubbed choices that promise to satisfy our basic needs;
himself as “Darwin’s bulldog” ensure our survival as a race
GREGOR MENDEL – He answered the mystery CONTRASTING DRIVES – Death drive; self-
of inheritance; experimented with pea plants; his destructive
important work on inherited characteristics formed THE PSYCHE:
the basis of genetics - ID – Instincts; Pleasure Principle; primitive
impulses; wants everything now
THE FREUDIAN THOUGHT - EGO – Reality; Reality Principle; we
UNCONSCIOUS – One of the most intriguing cannot have everything we desire
concepts in psychology; contain all of our - SUPEREGO – Morality; internalized voice
experience of reality although it appears to be of parents and society’s moral guidelines;
beyond our awareness or control; peculiar place judging force, the source of our
where we retain all our memories, thoughts, and conscience, guilt, and shame
feelings PSYCHOANALYTICAL TREATMENT
SIGMUND FREUD – Founding father of PSYCHOANALYTIC, PSYCHOTHERAPY OR
psychoanalysis, a method for treating mental PSYCHOANALYSIS – To make the unconscious
illness and also a theory which explains human conscious
behavior
ANALYSIS OF DREAMS – Every dream Dilemmas:
represents a wish fulfillment, and the more - Optical communications technology and
unacceptable the wish is to our conscious mind, internet protocol
the more distorted the desire becomes in our - Open source against closed source
dreams - Intellectual property laws and digital right
issues