1.

I E 304 I
B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBERIDECEMBER 2003.

Fifth Semester

Chemical Engineering

CH 335 - MECHANICAL OPERATIONS

Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 marks

Answer ALL questions.

Assume any missing data.

PART A - (10 x 2 = 20 marks)

1. Name two techniques of size analysis employed and which is advantageous.

2. Explain sphericity and specific surface area of a principle.

v(
What is angle of nip?

4 State the laws of crushing ..

.

Define effectiveness of a screen.

5.

Define hindered settling.

6.

What are filter aids and filter medium?

7.

Define mixing and blending.

8
.
What is the significance of mixing index for pastes and granular materials?

9 What is meant by Arching of solids in a Bin (or) Arch breaker in a bin and silo?
.

10.
 PART B - (5 x 16 = 80 marks)

11. (i) Derive an expression for finding the effectiveness of a screen. (10)

(ii) Define capacity and explain how it affects the effectiveness of a screen. (6)

12. (a) (i) From basics, derive the three laws of crushing. (12)

(ii) Discuss work index of a material. (4)

Or

(b) (i) Describe with a neat sketch the working of a Jaw crusher (or)
Gyratory crusher. (10)

(ii) Compare Jaw crusher with that of cone (or) gyratory crusher. (6)

13. (a) (i) Derive an expression for finding the volumetric flow rate of liquid q
for a centrifugal filter. (6)

(ii) Obtain a relation for determining the cake thickness L, formed

during filteration. (10)

Or

(b) (i) Obtain a relationship between time of filteration, time of washing

under negligible filter medium or filter cloth resistance. (8)

(ii) A slurry is being filtered at a constant pressure in a plate and

frame press using 10 frames. The total area of the filter press is
6.75 m2 and that filters 200 kgs of filtrate in 30 mins. To increase
the filtration capacity, 10 more frames are added. How long will it
take to collect 200 kgs of filtrate assuming negligible filter medium
resistance. (8)

14. (a) (i) List out the different properties of particulate masses.
(6)
(ii) With a diagram explain Mohr stress circle.
(6)
(iii) What is angle of internal friction and angle of repose?
(4)
Or

2
E304
2.

(b) (i) Briefly explain the different methods for storage of solids. (8)

(ii) Explain the' concepts involved in the operation of pneumatic

conveying of solids. (8)

15. (a) Explain, with neat diagram, the working different types of mixers used
for cohesive solids. (16)

Or

(b) Using dimensional analysis method, find a relationship between Power

number, (Ns), Reynold's Number (NRe), Froude number NFr and indicate
the significance of dimensionless groups involved in the above derivation.
(12 + 4)

3 E304
 - 3/7

I J 174 I
B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, APRIUMAY
2004.

Fifth Semester

Chemical Engineering

CH 335 - MECHANICAL OPERATIONS

Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 marks

Answer ALL questions.
Any missing data may be suitably assumed.

PART A - (10 x 2 = 20 marks)

3. Define equivalent diameter of an irregular particle. Calculate the equivalent

diameter for a cube of unit length 'a'.

4. What are the common methods used to represent population of size.

distribution of powder?

5. Suggest the sequence of crushing units to produce 0.5 mm size product from
1 m size rock.

~ Define terminal settling velocity of a particle.

5. What is the effectiveness of actual screen?

6. Define the compressibility of the cake.

Explain through washing in filtration operation.

8. What is the function of filter aids?

9. What is vortex formation in an agitating tank?

10. What is significance of power number?

 PART B - (5 x 16 = 80 marks)

11. (i) Define volume-surface mean diameter and specific surface area of a
powder material.
(6)

~alCUlate the specific surface area of the calcite sample from the size
distribution data given below. The particle density of calcite sample
may
be taken as 2760 kg/m". (10)
lParticle size, J.1 m : 212-150 150-106 106-90 90-75 75-63 63-56 56-38 38-0
IW eight fraction: 0.05 0.12 0.18 0.23 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.06

12. (a) (i) Classify the comminution equipment. (6)

(ii) Describe the working function of Jaw crusher. (10)

Or

(b) (i) Discuss the basic laws of crushing and grinding. (10)

(ii) Explain the closed circuit grinding and effect of method of feeding
on performance of (6)
mill
1~ (a) (i) Write the applications of industrial screens. What are the different
methods used to effect the movement of solids on the screen
surface? (4 + 5 = 9)
(ii) Explain the working function and salient features of vibrating
industrial screen. (7)

Or

(b) (i) Explain the features of continuous thickener. (6)

(ii) The municipal water treatment plant mixes the lime and alum to
effect the settling of the suspended material from the water. The
test data from a single batch sedimentation for settling velocity at
different slurry concentration are given below. The true density of
the solids in the slurry was 2125 kg/m'' and the density of water is
1000 kg/m". Determine the minimum area required for thickener to
handle 65000 m3fhr of water with a feed concentration of 64.5
kg/m''
and to yield an underflow concentration of 485.0 kg/m3. (10)
Concentration, C, kg/m'' : 62.2 71.4 93.2 112.4 140.2 172.4 219 335
Settling- velocity, v, cmlh : 141. 113.6 81.9 54.4 32.1 19.8 13.0 7.4
14. (a) CO Derive an expression for rate of filtration at constant pressure. (10)

(ii)
A slurry of lime powder giving 50 kg of cake solid per cubic meter
of
filtrate is to be filtered at a constant pressure drop of 5 atm and a
temperature of 30°C. Experiments on this sludge and the filter
cloth to be used gave a value of Rm = 8.5 X 1010 m-1 and cake
resistance of 6.38 x 1010 m/kg. A pressure filter of tank type is to be
used. How many square meters of filter surface is needed to give
6 cubic meter of filtrate in a 1-h filtration? The viscosity of water
at 30°C is 0.8 cPo (6)
O
r
(b) CO Classify the filtration equipment. (6
)
(ii) A batch centrifugal filter having a bowl diameter of 750 mm and a
bowl height of 450 ffim is used to filter a suspension having the
fi 11· rti (10)
o owmg prope ies :
Liquid, Water Final thickness of cake. mm 150 -:
Temperature, °C 25 Speed of centrifuge, rpm 2000 ,/
Concentration of solid in Specific cake resistance, m/kg 6.31 x 1010
feed, gIL 60
Porosity of the cake 0.835 Filter medium resistance, m-1 8.5 x 1010
Density of dry solid in cake, 2000
k wm 3
Estimate the mass rate of cake production.
~
15. (a) (i) Explain the different types and function of impellers used in
agitating the liquids. (10)
(ii) Explain the methods of preventing swirling in agitated vessels. (6)

Or
(b) (i) Discuss the equipment used for mixing solids and pastes. With
neat sketches, explain their working principle of anyone unit. (9)
(ii) Define the mixing index for solids and pastes. (7)

/
3 J174
6.

IK 12311
B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBERIDECEMBER
2004.

Fifth Semester

Chemical Engineering

CH 335 - MECHANICAL OPERATIONS

Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 marks

Assuming any missing data suitably.

Answer ALL questions.

PART A - (10 x 2 = 20 marks)

1. State Rittinger's law of crushing.

2. List the four ways by which solids may be broken in size-reduction machines.

3. Name some flocculation reagents.

4. What is blinding of a screen?

5. Name the resistances present in filtration operation.

6. Name some filtration equipments used in industries.

7. Define Power no. N, and flow no. NQ.

8. List the equipments used for blending and kneading.

9. Mention the different types of storage of solids.

10. Name some common devices used for transportation of solids.

PART B - (5 x 16 = 80 marks)

11. (i) Derive an expression from fundamental mass balance, the equation for
finding effectiveness of a screen.
(8)

(ii) A quartz mixture having the screen analysis given in table here under is
screened through a standard 10 mesh screen. The cumulative analysis
of
overflow and underflow are also given. Calculate the mass ratios of
the
overflow and underflow to feed and the overall effectiveness of the
screen.
(8
)
 Cumulation fraction smaller than D,
Mesh Dp Feed Overflow Underflow
mm
4 4.699 0 0 0
6 3.327 0.025 0.071 0
8 2.362 0.15 0.43 0
10 1.651 0.47 0.85 0.195
14 1.168 0.73 0.97 0.58
20 0.833 0.885 0.99 0.83
28 0.589 0.94 1.00 0.91
35 0.417 0.96 1.00 0.94
65 0.208 0.98 1.00 0.975
Pan 0 1.00 1.00 1.00
12. (a) (i) With a neat sketch, explain the working of a jaw crusher. (8)
(ii) From fundamentals derive the 3 laws of crushing (Rittinger's law,
Bond's law and Kick's law) (8)
Or
(b) (i) With a neat sketch and flow diagram, explain open circuit and
closed circuit grinding.
(10)
.:/' A ball mill of 1.25m in diameter is charged with 10 cm spherical
ball and it is run at 50 rpm. It is found that the mill is not
working
satisfactorily. Would you suggest any modification in the
conditions
of operations. (6)
13. (a) (i) Explain with a diagram, the principle and operation of an
electrostatic and magnetic separators. (10)
(ii) With a neat sketch, explain the working of a floatation
equipment. (6)
Or
(b) (i) Explain briefly the mechanism of sedimentation. (4)
(ii How would you estimate the settling velocity in a batch
)
sedimentation experiment? (4)
(iii) With a neat sketch, explain the principle and operation of a
centrifugal separation equipment.
(8)
7.

14. (a) (D Briefly explain the theory and principles of filtration. Derive the
relation between time of filtration, volume of filtrate collected,
specific cake resistance and filter medium resistance. (12)
(ii) What is the relation between specific cake resistance and pressure
drop and how the compressibility factor of the cake
determined? (4)

Or
(b) (D With a neat sketch and flow diagram briefly explain the operation
and working of a rotary drum vacuum filter.
(12)
(ii) A rotary drum vacuum filter operating at 2 rpm is yielding 100
lit/min of filtrate. Estimate the speed to obtain 200 lit/min of
filtrate. (4)

15. (a) (i) Derive from fundamentals, a correlation for calculating power
requirement of agitators for Newtonian fluids by dimensional
analysis. (10)
(ii) Write short note on power requirement of agitators for Non-
Newtonian liquids. (6)

Or
(b) (i) Describe with a diagram, the principle and operation of working of
a pneumatic conveyor of solids. (8)
(ii) Explain the methods followed in the storage of solids. (8)

3 K 1231
 Ie 1341
B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBERIDECEMBER 2005.

Third Semester

Chemical Engineering

CH 1201 - MECHANICAL OPERATIONS

Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 marks

Answer ALL questions.

Make suitable assumption, if necessary.

PART A - (10 x 2 = 20 marks)

1 Define Shape factor.

.

Write three distinctive properties of solid masses.

, 2.

3. Write the different ways of comminution of solid particles in size reduction

machines.

4 What is differential screen analysis?

.
State the difference between a clarifier and a classifier.

Name the different types of impellers commonly used for agitation of fluids.
6.
How will you define Reynolds number of agitator inside an agitated tank with
7. agitator speed, N?

What are filter aids? Name few commonly used filter aids.
8.
Define the term "Specific Cake resistance".
9.
What are the types of conveyors used for vertical transportation of materials?

10.
 PART B - (5 x 16 = 80 marks)

11. (i) Differentiate between differential and cumulative screen analysis. (3)

(ii) Explain the Tyler's standard screen series. (3)

(iii) One tonne per hour of Calcite is produced by crushing and then screening
through a 14 mesh screen. According to the screen analysis given below,
calculate:
(1) the total load to the crusher

(2) the effectiveness of the screen. (10)

Mesh Feed % Undersize Oversize
(%) (%)
4 14.3 20
8 20.0 28
14 20.0 0 28
28 28.5 40 24
48 8.6 30 0
(through
28 mesh)
100 on 5.7 20
100 through 2.9 10
100.0 100.0 100.0

12. (a) (i) Classify the equipments used for size reduction. Discuss their basic

principles. (10)
(ii) With the help of a neat sketch, explain the operation of a conical
ball mill. What is centrifuging? (6)
Or

(b) (i) What are the different laws of crushing? Explain their limitations.
(6
)

(.. A set of crushing rolls has rolls of 100 cm diameter by 38 cm width

face. They are set so that the crushing surfaces are 1.25 cm apart
at
the narrowest point. The recommended speed is maximum 100
rpm
and the angle of nip is 30°. If these rolls are used to crush a rock
having specific gravity of 2.35, what should be the maximum
permissible size of feed and the maximum actual capacity in tons
per hour, if the actual capacity is 15% of the theoretical? (10)

2 C 134
13. (a) (i) Classify filtration equipments. With the help of a neat sketch,
explain the operation of a rotary vacuum filter.
(10)

(ii) A plate and frame press, filtering a slurry gives 25 m3 of filtrate in

30 minutes and 35 m3 in 60 min when filtration was stopped.
Estimate the washing time in minutes if 10 m3 of wash water was
used. Constant pressure was used throughout and the resistance of
the cloth may be neglected. (6)

Or

(b) (i) Explain constant pressure and constant rate filtration. Derive an
expression for estimating time for a given volume of filtrate in
sludge/slurry. (10)

(ii Explain briefly the equipment used for ultra-filtration of

) sludges/suspensions. (6)
14. (a) (i) Using dimensional analysis, prove that N p = f(N Re' N Fr) for
Newtonian liquids during agitation inside a tank. N p , N Re and
N Fr represent power number, Reynolds no. and Froude's number
respectively. (8)

(ii) Classify the equipments used for blending and kneading. Draw a
neat sketch of Two-arm kneader and explain its working.
(8)

Or

(b) (i) Write short notes on the following:

(1) Mixer effectiveness.

(2) Ribbon blenders.

(3) Tumbling mixers. (9)

(ii) A flat blade turbine with six blades is installed centrally in a

vertical tank. Tank is 1.83 m in diameter and the turbine is 0.61 m
in diameter, positioned at 0.61 m from the bottom of the tank. Tank
is filled to a depth of 1.83 m with a solution of 50% caustic soda and
the turbine is operated at 90 rpm. Tank is baffied and is having
four baffies, each having 19 cm width.

Calculate the Reynolds number and power consumption for the

operation of the agitator if power function is 6.0.

Given : Density of 50% caustic soda is 1.5 gm/cc and viscosity is

12 CPo (7)

3 C 134
15. (a) (i) What are the various types of equipments used for conveying of
solids in chemical industries? With the help of a neat sketch,
explain the principle of belt conveyor. (10)

(ii) What are the common equipment used for bulk storage of solids?
Discuss in detail.
(6)

Or

(b) (i) What are bins, hoppers and silos? Derive an expression for
estimating the pressure exerted by granular solid on the floor of a
circular bin. (10)

(ii) Explain briefly the working principle of a screw conveyor with the
help of a neat sketch.
(6)

4 C 134
8.

I A 208 I
B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBERIDECEMBER 2005.

Fifth Semester

Chemical Engineering

CH 335 - MECHANICAL OPERATIONS

Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 marks

Answer ALL questions.
:
.
PART A- (10 x 2 = 20 marks)

Define Volume-surface mean diameter.

2. How individual solid particles are characterised?

3. Define open (or) closed circuit grinding.

4. State Rittinger's law (or) Bond's law.

5. State the basic rule upon which Tyler standard screens are made.

6. What is the meaning of the rotation 14/20 in mesh analysis?

7. Name some filteration equipments.

va. Define Filter cake resistance a (or) Filter medium resistance Rm.

9. Define Power Number Nr.

'I.
10. Define a bin and a silo and mention their uses.

PART B - (5 x 16 = 80 marks)

11. (i) Derive from fundamental mass balance, the equation for the efficiency of
a screen. (8)

(ii) A quartz mixture having the screen analysis shown below is screened
through a standard 10 mesh screen. The cumulative screen analysis of
 overflow, feed and underflow are given. Calculate the mass ratios of
overflow and underflow to feed and the overall efficiency of the screen. (8)

Mesh No. Cumulative mass fraction larger

than n-

underflow
feed overflow
4 4.699 0 0

6 3.327 0.025 0.071

8 2.362 0.15 0.43 0

0.19
10 1.651 0.47 0.85
5
14 1.168 0.73 0.97 0.58

20 0.833 0.835 0.99 0.83

28 0.589 0.94 1.00 0.91

35 0.417 0.96 0.94

0.97
65 0.208 0.98
5
1.00
Pan 0 1.00
0
12. (a) Write short notes on the following: c

(i) Particle shape. (4)

(ii) Particle size. (2)

(iii) Specific surface of mixture. (3)

(iv) Average particle size. (4)

(3)
(v) No. of particles in mixture.

Or

(b) (i) Discuss in detail, with diagram, the principle, operation of

pneumatic conveying of solids. (8)

(ii) List out the different methods of storage of solids and briefly
discuss about them. (8)

2 A 208
9.

13. (a) (i) Derive from fundamentals, the formulae for finding the critical
speed of a ball mill. (8)

(ii) With a neat sketch explain the open and closed circuit grinding.
Bring out the advantages and disadvantages of each. (8)

Or

(b) (i) Derive the three laws of crushing from fundamental equation.
(3 x 4 = 12)

(ii) Define work index. (4)

14. (a) (i) From fundamentals, derive an expression connecting time of
filteration t, volume of filterate collected V, specific cake
resistance a and filter medium resistance Rm? (12)

(ii Find the relation between a and 6.P and hence define
) compressibility coefficient of the cake. (4)
Or

(b) (i) With a diagram, explain the principle operation to working of a

filter press. (8)

(ii) With a neat sketch, explain the working of a Top suspended basket
centrifuge. (8)

15. (a) (i) With a diagram, explain the working of different kneaders used for
mixing of solids and pastes. (8)

(ii) Explain anyone blending equipment with a neat sketch. (8)

Or

(b) (i) Show that Power No. Nr- is a function of Reynold's No. Nre and
Froude No. NFr by dimensional analysis. (12)

(ii) List out the various equation used for the calculation of power
delivered to liquids. (4)

3 A 208
 1M 20281
B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATIONS, MAY/JUNE 2006.

Third Semester

Chemical Engineering

CH 1201- MECHANICAL OPERATIONS

(Regulation 2004)

Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 marks

Answer ALL questions.

PART A- (10 x 2 = 20 marks)

1. Distinguish between Cumulative and Differential Analysis.

2. Define sphericity.

3. What is angle of Nip?

~ Define Work index.

5. What is the principle involved in Cyclone Separator?

6. Define Screen Effectiveness.
/. Distinguish between Constant Pressure and Constant Rate Filtration.

~ What are the requirements of filter media?

9. Write the significance of Power Number.

10. Suggest a few mixers for mixing pastes and plastic materials?

PART B - (5 x 16 = 80 marks)

11. (i) Derive an expression for estimating the terminal velocity of a spherical
particle falling through a medium under laminar flow condition.
(8)
(ii) Find the ratio of diameter of the particles if the laminar settling
prevails in the cases of lead (density = 7800 kg/m") and quartz
(density = 2600 kg/m") particles settling separately in water at 20° C,
with the identical settling velocity.
Viscosity of water at 20°C = 1004 X 10-6 kg/m.s
Density of water at 20°C = 1000 kg/m".
(8)
12. (a) (i)/ Give a general expression for estimating the power consumption in
crushers and grinders and derive the three laws from the above
general expression. (10)
-.
W A ball mill is charged with 5 em balls. Its internal diameter is 92 cm.
Find the critical speed of the mill in rpm. (6)

Or
(b) foe following data were obtained during the screening of crushed
.J material whose specific gravity is 2.5 and sphericity is 0.75. Find the
specific surface area and volume surface mean diameter of the sample by
differential analysis.
Screen aperture (mm) 4.7 2.36 1.17 0.59 0.295 0.208 0.147
0.104
Mass fraction retained 0 0.1 0.15 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1
0.05
(16)
13. (a) Explain with a neat diagram about the working principle and
construction of an Electro Static Precipitator.
(16)

Or
(b) Write Short notes on the following:
(i) Continuous Rotary Drum Vacuum filters (8)
(ii) Centrifugal filters. (8)

14. (a) Derive an expression for power required to drive the impeller in the
design of agitated vessel.
(16)

Or
(b) Classify different types of impellers commonly used in practice for
agitating the fluids. Indicate the range of applications and essential
features of these impellers with the help of neat sketches. (16)

15. (a) Discuss with neat sketches about various types of Conveying Equipments
used in Industries.
(16)

Or
(b) Explain the basis by which the selection of storage of materials in Bins
and Silos and describe them in detail.
(16)

2
10.

IA 11041
B.E.!B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MAY/JUNE 2006.

Fifth Semester

Chemical Engineering

CH 335 - MECHANICAL OPERATIONS

Time : Three hours Maximum: 100 marks

Any missing data may be suitable assumed.

Answer ALL questions.

PART A - (10 x 2 = 20 marks)

1. Explain the term agglomeration of solids.

2. Explain the different size analysis techniques used.

3. What is comminution?

'4. Which size reduction equipment can be used for grinding explosive ore?

5. Explain the sedimentation operation.

~ What is floatation?

L What is cake porosity?

8. Explain kneaders.

9. What are silos?

10. What is power number?

PART B - (5 x 16 = 80 marks)

11. (i) Derive the expression for the effectiveness of screen. Clearly state the
assumptions.
(12)

(ii) How capacity of a screen affects its efficiency. (4)

12. (a) Explain the working of the Blake Jaw Crusher with neat diagram.

Or

(b) Derive the three laws of crushing from the basic differential equation.

13. (a) With suitable example discuss about the different methods of size
analysis.

Or

(b) Discuss the working of electro static precipitator with diagram.

14. ~a) A CaC03 slurry in water containing 0.0723 weight fraction is to be

filtered by aIm by 1 m plate and frame filter press with forty frames,
each 6 em thick with a pressure difference of 3 bar. The effective filtering
area per frame is 1 sq.m and the volume of the filtrate necessary to build
up a fictitious filter cake (The resistance of which is equal to the
resistance of the filter medium and piping) is 3.27 x 10-4 m". Find the
volume of the slurry that will be handled until t e frames are full and
the time required. Data: J.1 filtrate = 1.1 cp, p of filtrate = 1 gm/cc, sp. gr
of carbonate = 3, Dry cake density 1.6 gm/cc, a = 1.73x 1012 crn/grn.

Or

(b) Discuss about membrane and ultra filtration with suitable examples.
Compare the merits and demerits of the same.

15. (a) Derive the expression for the power consumption by impeller mixer.

Or

(b) Discuss about the different methods of storing solids.

2 A 1104
 IR 81681
B.E.IE.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBERIDECEMBER 2006.

Fifth Semester

Chemical Engineering

CH 335 - MECHANICAL OPERATIONS

Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 marks

Answer ALL questions.

Any missing data may be suitably assumed.

PART A - (10 x 2 = 20 marks)

1. How individual solid particles are classified?

J{ Explain the term 14/20 in a screen analysis.
3. Define comminution and give some examples of comminuting Equipments.

4. Define critical speed nc of a Ball Mill.

5. What are the different types of motion given for screens m a screening
operation?

6. Define 'clarifier' and 'classifier'.

7. Give one example for continuous and discontinuous filtration operation.

Name some commonly used centrifuges & list their uses.

Name some methods by which solids can be stored.

9.
List the names of equipments commonly used for blending and kneading
10. purposes.

PART B - (5 x 16 = 80 marks)

11. (a) (i) Explain briefly about differential and cumulative methods of screen
analysis. (4 + 4 = 8)
(ii) Briefly discuss about various standard screen series available for
analysis purposes. (8)

Or
 (b) Explain the following : (i) Particle shape (ii) Particle size (iii) Specific
surface of mixture (iv) volume - surface mean diameter (v) arithmetic
mean diameter (vi) mass mean diameter (vii) volume mean diameter
and
(viii) number of particles in mixture. (8 x 2 = 16)
12. (a) (i) From fundamental equation, derive the three laws of crushing?

(3 x 4 = 12)

(ii) Define work index and crushing efficiency? (2 + 2 =

Or 4)

(b) (i) Obtain an expression for the determination of critical speed nc of a

BALL MILL. (8)
(ii) With the help of a diagram explain OPEN and CLOSED circuit
grinding. (8)

13. (a) (i) It is desired to separate a mixture of crystals into three fractions, a
coarse fraction retained on an 8 - mesh, a middle fraction passing
an 8 - mesh but retained on a 14 - mesh screen, and a fine
fraction passing a 14 - mesh. Two screens in series are used,
an 8 - mesh and a 14 - mesh, conforming to the Tyler standard.
Screen analyses of feed, coarse, medium, and fine fractions are
given in the table. Assuming the analyses are accurate, what do
they show about the ratio by weight of each of the three fractions
actually obtained? What is the overall effectiveness of each screen?
Screen Feed Coarse Fraction Middle Fraction Find Fraction
14.0
3/4 3.5
50.0 4.2
4/6 15.0
24.0 35.8
6/8 27.5
8.0 30.8
8/10 23.5
20.0
4.0 18.3
10/14 16.0 26.7
10.2
14/20 9.1 20.2
0.7
20/28 3.4 19.6
28/35 1.3 8.9
35/48 0.7 4.6
100.0 100.0
Total 100.
100.0

(12)
(ii) Define capacity and effectiveness of screens.
(4
Or )

2
(b) (i) Calculate the settling velocity of glass spheres having a diameter of
1.554 x 10--4 m in water at 293.15K. The slurry contains 60 weight
% solids. The density of the glass spheres is Pp = 2467 Kg/m".

Density of the water p = 998 Kg/m",

Viscosity of the water ~ = 1.005 x 10"-3 Pa.S. (6)

(ii) Explain with a diagram, the principle and working of Electrostatic

and Magnetic separators. (5 + 5 = 10)

14. (a) (i) Data for the laboratory filtration of Ca C03 Slurry in water at
298.15 K are reported as follows at a constant pressure of
338 k N/m2. The filter area of the plate-and-frame press
was A = 0.0439 m2 and the slurry concentration was
Cs = 23.47 Kg/m". Calculate the constants a and Rm from the
experimental data given, where t is time in S ~ V filtrnte volume
collected in m".

t sec Vm3 t sec Vm3

J 4.4 0.498 x 10-3 46.1 3.002 x 10-3

9.5 1.000 x 10-3 59.0 3.506 x 10"-3

16.3 1.501 x 10"-3 73.6 4.004 x 10"-3

24.6 2.000 x 10-3 89.4 4.502 x 10-3

34.7 2.498 x 10-3 107.3 5.009 x 10-3

Viscosity of the water J..L = 8.937 X 10--4 Pa. S. (8)

(ii) The same slurry used in the above problem is to be filtered in a

plate - and - frame press having 20 frames and 0~2 area per
frame. The same pressure will be used in constant - pressure
filtration. Assuming the same filter cake properties and filter
cloth,
calculate the time to recover 3.37 m3 rate. (8)

Or

(b) With the help of a diagram, explain the principle and working of
(i) any two of centrifuges (ii) reverse osmosis and ultra-filtration.
(8 + 8 = 16)

3 R8168
15. (a) (i) Derive, by dimensional analysis, that POWER no., is a function of
REYNOLD'S no., and FROUDE no., (10)

(ii) With a diagram explain the different types of mixing impellers used
in industries. (6)
s:
Or

(b) Write short notes on :

(i) Storage of solids. (6)

(ii) Pneumatic conveying of solids. (5)
(iii) Elevators for conveying of solids. (5) -

.•.

-
~

4 R8168
 IT 8100 I
B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006.

Third Semester

Chemical Engineering

CH 1201 - MECHANICAL OPERATIONS

(Regulation 2004)

Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 marks

Answer ALL questions.

PART A - (10 x 2 = 20 marks)

Name few techniques used to measure the size of fine particles?

2. Define overall screen efficiency?

3. Define rejection coefficient for ultra filtration process.

Explain the phenomena of concentrate polarization?

4.
Define Froude number and Power number?
5.
Differentiate between Bin and Silo.
6.
Write the main classification of size reduction equipment.
7.
Why heat removal is necessary in size reduction equipment?
8.
Differentiate between Agitation and Mixing.
9
. Name different conveyers used in the industry.

10. PART B - (5 x 16 = 80 marks)

11. (a) Give an account of the characterization of solid particles? (8)

(i)
(ii)
The screen analysis shown below applies to a sample of crushed
quartz. The density of the particles is 2650 kg/m 3 and the shape
factors are: a = 2 and <I>s = 0.751. For the material between
4 mesh and 299 mesh in particle size calculate Ds and Dw' (8)
 Mes Screen Cumulative mass Mesh Screen Cumulative mass
No. opening o; fraction Xi No. opening D pi fraction Xi

4 4.699 0.0000 35 0.417 0.9616

6 3.327 0.0251 48 0.295 0.9718

8 2.362 0.1501 65 0.208 0.9795

10 1.651 0.4787 100 0.147 0.9853

14 1.168 0.7278 150 0.104 0.9894

20 0.833 0.8868 200 0.074 0.9925

28 0.589 0.9406 pan 1.0000

Or

(b) (i) Define sphericity. (2)

(ii) Characterize the particle size for single particle and mixed
particles. (6
(iii) Describe the differential screen analysis and cumulative screen
analysis with a neat graph. (8)

12. (a) (i) Derive the equation for terminal settling velocity.
(8)
(ii) A rotary drum filter with 25% submergence is to be used to filter
concentrate acqueous slurry of Ca C03 containing 250 kg of
solids
per cubic meter of water. The pressure drop is 500 mm Hg.
If the
filter cake contains 50% moisture (wet basis), calculate the
filter
area required to filter 10 kg/min of slurry when the filter
cycle time
is 5 min. Assume that filter medium resistance is
negligible. The
temperature during test cycle is 20°C.
Given: a o = 1.2 x 10;1 m/kg; s = 0.25
a = ao(ilp)S

For water: f.J = 1 CP; p = 980 kg/m 3

Density of calcium carbonate = 250 kg/m 3 . (8)

Or
(b) (i) Discuss the settling characteristics of fine solids from liquid using
batch sedimentation test? (8)
(ii) Explain the cleaning of coal by Sink-Float method? (8) ;
13. (a) (i) A flat blade turbine with six blades is installed centrally in a
vertical tank. The tank is 1.5 m in diameter; the turbine is 0.5 m in
diameter and is positioned 0.5 from the bottom of the tank. The
turbine blades are 125 mm wide. The tank is filled to a depth of
1.5 m with rubber latex compound at 65°C having a viscosity of
1200 P and a density of 1129 kg/m". The turbine is operated at 95
rpm. The tank is baffled. What power will be required to operate
the mixer? The value of KL for this situation is given as 65. (8)

(ii) Explain briefly pug mills and ribbon blenders? (8)

Or

(b) (i) Explain fluid energy mill with neat sketch emphasing mainly on
the mechanism of size reduction? (8)

(ii) Define crushing laws with expression? (8)

14. (a) (i) Derive the expression for the volumetric flow rate in a centrifugal
filtration? (10)
(ii) Write the important characteristics of septum's in any filtration
process and name the few industrial filter mediums? (6)

Or

(b) (i) Explain briefly about process of flotation and flotation agents? (6)

(ii) Explain basket centrifuge with neat sketch. (10)

15. (a) (i) Explain briefly about the screw conveyors? (8)

(ii) The following data are given for a horizontal screw conveyor for
handling moulding sand in a foundry:

Bulk density of screw = 1600 kg/m '; Diameter of screw = 0.4 m

Screw pitch = 0.32 m; Conveying length = 15 m

Filling coefficient = 0.125; Speed of screw shaft = 40 m

Reducer efficiency = 0.77; Total coefficient of resistance = 4.0

Determine the rate of conveying of the material in kg/hour and the

motor power. (8)

Or

3 T8100
(b) en Write short notes on feed control and mill discharge opening in size
reduction equipment? (6)

(ii) Write short notes on purpose of agitation m chemical process

industry?
(5)

(iii) Draw typical agitator vessel and show various parts in it.
(5)

.
-
 B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MAY/JUNE
2007.

Third Semester

Chemical Engineering

CH 1201 - MECHANICAL OPERATIONS

(Regulation - 2004)

Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 marks

Answer ALL questions.

PART A- (10 x 2 = 20 marks)

1. Write the phenmenon of agglomeration of solid particles.

2. How will you estimate the average surface area of the particles?

3. State kicks law of size reduction.

vi. Define critical speed in a ball mill.

5. What is the relationship between capacity and efficiency of a screen?

6. What are Taylor Standard Sieves?

7. Define filter medium resistance.

8. What type of filters is used in sugar and paper industries?

. v§. Define mixing index.

10. What are the methods by which the solid materials can be stored?
 PART B - (5 x 16 = 80 marks)

11. (a) (i) State the different types of size enlargement methods and their
applications. (6)
(ii) Describe the method of sieve analysis for the determination of
average particle size of a mixture. (10)

Or
(b) Briefly explain the general characteristics of solids and their behaviour
under different conditions. (16)

12. (a) Describe with a neat sketch of the following size reduction equipment:
(i) Smooth roll crusher. (8)
(ii) Colloidal mill. (8)

Or

(b) C) A certain crush accepts a feed of rock having a volume surface mean
diameter 20 mm and discharges a product of volume surface mean
diameter 5 mm. The power required to crush 3 kg/sec of the
material is 7 KW. What will be power consumption if the capacity is
reduced to 2.5 kg/sec and the volume surface mean diameter of the
product is changed to 4 mm? Assume the mechanical efficiency
remains constant and Rittinger's law holds good. (10)
1 A mill crushes 50 tonnes per hour of lime stone from 4 em to 1 cm
and consumes 50 KW Power. Calculate the power required to
reduce the size of the product from 1 em to 5 mm for the same
capacity. (6)

13. (a) (i) Describe with a neat sketch the working of anyone type of
continuous sedimentaiton equipment used in industry. (10)

(ii) Explain ideal and actual screens. (6)

Or
(b) Write short notes on the following:
••
(i) Electrostatic Precipitators. (8)
(ii) Heavy Media separations. (8)

14. (a) (i) Explain the principle involved in the centrigues and give some of its
•
industrial applications. (10)

(ii) Write a short note on Ultra filtration. (6)

Or

(b) Derive the expression for finding out filter medium resistance and cake
resistance under constant pressure filtration. (16)
./

2 D4028
11.
15. (a) (i) What is meant by power number in agitation of liquids? (4)
(ii) What are the criteria of mixing? (4)
(iii) Describe in detail the construction and working of banbury mixer
with a neat diagram.
(8)

Or
(b) Explain with a neat sketch the construction, working and application of a
pneumatic conveyor and a bucket elevators.
(16)

3 D4028
 Reg. No.:

B.E.fB.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBERIDECEMBER 2007.

Third Semester

. Chemical Engineering

CH 1201 - MECHANICAL OPERATIONS

(Regulation 2004)

Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 marks

Answer ALL questions.

PART A - (10 x 2 = 20 marks)

1. How solid particle agglomerates are formed?

,2. How will you characterize the shape of an irregular shaped particle?

3. Why bond's law is more realistic than other two laws of crushing?

4. What is the principle involved in a colloid mill?

5. What is corona discharge in a Electro static precipitator?

6. What is a flotation cell?

7. Define filter media resistance.

8. What are the requirements of septum in a filter?

::. Define the terms "Power number" and "Flow number".

10. What are bins and silos?

 PART B - (5 x 16 = 80 marks)

11. (a) From the experimental data given below, calculate the average particle
size and surface area of the product both by differential and cumulative
method of analysis. Given data's are p=3.1 gm/cc; ¢s =0.571. (16)

Mesh Number Clear Opening, Weight retained,

cm grams

7 0.2794 541

7/20 0.0853 139

20/36 0.0420 68 •

36/52 0.0300 60

52/72 0.0210 59

72/100 0.0150 43

100/150 0.0105 38

150/200 0.0075 21

200/350 0.0045 18

Pan 13
Or z

(b) (i) Why cumulative analysis for determining the surface area is more
precise than differential analysis? (6)

(ii) Define volume-surface mean diameter, arithmetic mean diameter,

mass mean diameter, volume mean diameter and number of
particles in a mixture. . (10)

12. (a) (i) Explain the three crushing law's and their importance in
estimating the power required for crushing.
(10)

(ii) A certain set of rolls 1.5 m in diameter and 40 em wide is run at

40 rpm with a clearance of 2 cm. The rolls are used to crush rock of
specific gravity 2.4. Assuming the angle of nip to be 30°, determine
the maximum size of the feed and its actual capacity if this is 12%
of the theoretical. (6)
;
O
r

2
 (b) (i) With a neat sketch, explain the principle and working of a ball mill
with its industrial applications. (10)

What is the critical speed of a mill of 1200 mm internal diameter

charged with 75mm balls? What is its operating speed? (6)

13. (a) (i) What is screen effectiveness? Derive an expression for the same.
(10)

(ii) Explain the principle involved in a thickener with a neat sketch. (6)

Or

(b) (i) Describe with a neat sketch, the working of a disk centrifuge and
give some industrial application. (8)

(ii) State the various types of dust collectors. Explain the working of
Electrostatic precipitator with a neat diagram. (8)

14. (a) (i) Explain constant pressure filtration. (6)

(ii) A plate and frame filter press filtering slurry gave a total of 25 m3
of filtrate in 30 minutes and 35 m" in 60 minutes, when filtration
was stopped. Estimate the washing time in minute if 10 m3 of
wash
water are used. The resistance of the cloth can be neglected and a
constant pressure is used through. (10)

Or

(b) (i) Briefly explain the principle involved in membrane separation and
ultra filtration.
(6)

(ii) Classify filtration equipments and explain the operation of a

continuous rotary vacuum filter with the help of a neat sketch.
(10)

15. (a) (i) Explain the methods of preventing swirling in agitated vessels. (6)

(ii) Discuss the equipment used for mixing solids and pastes. With neat
sketches, explain their working principles. (10)

Or

(b) (i) Explain the Mohr stress diagram for cohesive solids with a neat
diagram.
(6)

(ii) Explain in detail about various conveymg equipment used in

'industries. (10)

3
12.
13.

B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBERJDECEMBER 2008.

Third Semester

Chemical Engineering

CH 1201- MECHANICAL OPERATIONS

(Regulation 2004)

Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 marks

Answer ALL questions.

PART A - (10 x 2 = 20 marks)

Ji. What is meant by agglomeration of solids?

2. Mention any four characteristics of solids.

How is screening useful as a method of separation?

4. What is sedimentation?

vI5. Write the laws of crushing.

Mention any four factors which influence the rate of filtration.

7. What is meant by ultrafiltration? .

8. Give the importance of mixing.

9. What is dispersion?

10. How can elevators be used for conveying?

 PART B - (5 x 16 = 80 marks)

11. (a) Explain any two techniques used for analyzing the size of the particles.
(16
)

Or

(b) (i) Discuss the effect of any four external forces on the properties of
solids. (8)
/

. (ii) Derive an expression for finding the efficiency of a screen in a

screening operation. (8)

12. (a) (i) What are the advantages of size reduction of particles? (4)

(ii) From fundamentals, derive the three laws of crushing. (3 x 4 = 12)

Or

(b) Discuss any four methods of preparation of colloids. (16

)

13. . (a) . Explain the use of centrifuges in the separation of solids from liquids. (16)

Or

(b) Explain electrostatic and magnetic separation methods with suitable

examples.
(16)

14. (a) Explain continuous and batch filters with neat diagrams. (16)

Or

(b) Discuss any four methods of separation of solids from liquids.

(16)

15. (a) Describe any two equipments used for mixing. (16)

Or

(b) (i) Explain the optimization of power consumption of agitators.

(8)

(ii) Explain, pneumatic conveying with suitable examples.

14.
Reg.
No.:

B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION t APRIUMAY 2008.

Third Semester

Chemical Engineering

CH 1201 - MECHANICAL OPERATIONS

(Regulation 2004)

Time : Three hours Maximum: 100 marks

Answer ALL questions.

PART A- (10 x 2 = 20 marks)

Define specific surface area.

2. What is the significance of Froude number in mixing?

Distinguish between open circuit and closed circuit grinding.

4. State the laws of size reduction.

What is meant" by hindered and free settling?

What are Frothing and modifying agents?

6.
What are filter aids? Name any two.
7.
'.
/
Differentiate between compressible and incompressible filter cakes.

What is the principle behind electrostatic precipitation?

9.
List out the factors on which mixing power consumption depends upon.
10
.
 PART B - (5 x 16 = 80 marks)
11. (a) (i) Define sphericity and calculate the value of sphericity of a
cylindrical particle whose length is equal to its diameter. (6)

(ii) Explain in detail the differential and cumulative method of screen

analysis.
(10)

Or
-
(b) (i) Write short notes on agglomeration techniques. (5)

(ii) Define Sauter diameter and obtain an expression for it. . (4)

(iii) Obtain a relation between specific surface ratio and sphericity. (7)

12. (:/' (i) A grinder is to be used (which is 8% efficient) to handle 10 tonnes

per hour of silica ore whose specific gravity is 2.65. The feed and
product analysis are given below.

Screen size, Feed mass fraction Product mass fraction

3.327 0.143 0.0
2.362 0.211 0.0
1.651 0.230 0.0 ;:

1.168 0.186 0.098

0.833 0.120 0.234
0.589 0.076 0.277
0.417 0.034 0.149
0.295 0.0 0.101
0.208 0.0 0.068
0.147 0.0 0.044
0.104 0.0 0.029

If the work index of the ore is 13.57 kwh/tonne, calculate the total
power consumed. (10)

(ii) Write short notes on ultra fine grinders. (6)

O
r

T3140
2
 7(i). 2700 kg/hr of calcite passes through a crusher and grinder in
succession on the same power drive. Screen analysis from the
crusher shows a surface area of product of 103 m2/kg. Screen
analysis from the grinder product indicate a surface area of
865 m2/kg. Estimate the power requirement from the drive to. run
the above machines if the efficiencies of the crusher and grinder are
25% and 30% respectively. Rittinger's number of calcite is
76 (8)
cm2/joule.

(ii) Explain in detail the working principle and salient features of

Blake jaw crusher with neat sketch. (8)

13. (a) (i) Obtain the characteristic equation- for ~rbatch constant pressure ...
filtration. (8)

(ii) With a neat sketch explain the working. ofa -vacuum rotary drum
filter. (8)

Or

(b) (i) A sludge filtration in a washing plate and frame filter press is of
nature that the filtration is V2 = Kt, where V is the volume of the
filtrate obtained in time t. When the pressure is constant 30 m2 of
filtrate is produced in 10 hour. What is the washing time if 2 m3 of
wash water is used at the end of filtration? (7)

(ii) With a neat sketch explain the working of a Basket centrifuge. (5)
(iii) Write short notes on clarifiers. (4)
Yt
~"'(~ 5E#
14. (a) (i) A sphere (density is 750 kg/ms) falls with a steady velocity of 10
0.006 m/sec in a large deep tank of glucose having viscosity of
100 cp and density = 1.8 kg/m". Find the weight of the sphere. (6)

(ii) Explain how to design a thickener using a batch sedimentation-test.

(10)
. '-

O
r
 (b) Table salt is being fed to a vibrating screen at the rate of 150 kg/hr. The
desired product is - 30 + 20 mesh fraction. A 30 mesh and a
20 mesh are used in a double deck fashion, the feed being introduced at
30-mesh screen. During the operation it was observed that the average ...
proportion of oversize (from 30 mesh screen): oversize (from 20 mesh
screen); undersize (from 20 mesh screen) is 2:15:1. Calculate the
effectiveness of screen from the following data: (16)
Mesh Mass fraction Mass fraction of Mass fraction of Mass fraction of undersize
offeed oversize from oversize from from
30 mesh 20 mesh 30 mesh
- 85 + 60 0.097 0.197 0.026 0.0005
- 60 + 40 0.186 0.389 0.039 0.0009
- 40 + 30 0.258 0.337 0.322 0.0036
- 30 -l- 20 0.281 0.066 0.526 0.3490
- 20 + 15 0.091 0.005 0.061 0.2990
- 15 + 10 0.087 0.006 0.026 0.3470

15. (a) (i) Derive the general power correlation for mixing and agitation. (8)
(ii) Write short notes on pneumatic transport.
(4)
(iii) What is meant by Kneading? Explain briefly.
(4)

Or
(b) (i) A three bladed marine pro peller (pitch = 2) is used to agitate a
solution of specific gravity = 1.3 and viscosity = 12.5 cp in an
unbaffled tank of 1.0 m diameter and 1.5 m deep. The tank is filled
upto a depth of 1.0 m with the solution and impeller (diameter = 0.3
Dtank) is set at one impeller diameter above the vessel floor.
Estimate the speed of impeller if power consumed to drive it is
0.34 kw. (8)

(ii) Discuss in brief about radial flow impellers.

(4)
(iii) List out the applications of bucket elevators.
(4)

4
T3140
 Reg. No. :

Question Paper Code : 64025

B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010

Fourth Semester
Chemical Engineering
CH 2255 — MECHANICAL OPERATIONS
(Regulation 2008)
Time : Three hours Maximum : 100 Marks
Any missing data may be assumed
Answer ALL questions

PART A — (10 × 2 = 20 Marks)

1. Give reason why some solids have to be crushed and characterized.

2. Define the terms (a) Friability (b) Friction of a material

3. Mention the laws of size reduction and state ‘Rittinger’s law.’

4. Distinguish between ‘Black jaw crusher and Dodge Jaw crusher’.

5. List out the different techniques involved in Mechanical separations.

6. State Stokes law.

7. Give a brief account of classification of ‘Filters’.

8. In what way does Filtration differ from other separation techniques?

9. Specify the factors which influence ‘Rate of Mixing’.

10. What are the uses of ‘Bucket elevators’?

PART B — (5 × 16 = 80 Marks)

11. (a) (i) How do you determine the nature of the feed for size reduction? (5)
(ii) What do you know about tumbling mills and what for it is used? (5)
(iii) With a neat diagram describe the working of a ‘Ball mill’
mentioning its important parts. (6)

Or
(b) (i) Derive an expressions relating to shape factor and particle size. (8)
(ii) State Bond’s Law of comminution. (8)

12. (a) (i) Define ‘Angle of NIP’ and discuss the theory pertaining to
‘Blake Jaw Crusher’. (8)
(ii) What should be the diameter of a set of roles to take feed of a size
equivalent to 1.5 inches spheres and crush to 0.5 inches if
coefficient of friction is 0.35? (8)
 Or
(b) (i) Why ‘Air classifiers’ play an important role in ‘Hammer Mill’?
Discuss.
(ii) Derive the related expressions for the material balance,
effectiveness, efficiency and the effect of mesh size on capacity of
actual screens.

13. (a) (i) What are the various methods of ‘Screening Analysis’? (5)
(ii) Distinguish between ideal and actual screens. (5)
(iii) What are said to be stationary screens? (6)

Or
(b) (i) Define settling and enumerate the types of settling and
sedimentation operations. (8)
(ii) Describe the centrifugal method of separation. (8)

14. (a) (i) What are ‘Pressure Filters’? (4)

(ii) A Plate and Frame Filter Press filtering slurry gave a total of 8 m3
of filtrate in 1800 Sec. and 11 m3 in 3600 sec. When the filtration
was stopped. Estimate the washing time in seconds if 3 m3 of wash
water is used. The resistance of the cloth can be neglected and a
constant pressure is used throughout. (12)

Or
(b) (i) Write on the theory of ‘Mixing’. (8)
(ii) Mention the types of ‘Mixtures’ and give the brief discussion on
‘Mixer Extruders’. (8)

15. (a) (i) List out at least four types of conveyors. What are bulk conveyors?
(8)
(ii) Relate the significance of ‘Storage and Conveying’ with respect to
chemical industries. (8)

Or
(b) Write short notes on the following :
(i) Flocculation. (4)
(ii) Filter aids and Filter media. (4)
(iii) Kneaders and Masticators. (4)
(iv) Pug mill. (4)

——————

2 64025