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PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y
Y
er
er
ABB
ABB
y
y
bu
bu
2.0
2.0
to
to
re
re
J3103/4/1
he
he
k
k
lic
lic
SURFACE TEXTURE
C
C
w om w om
w
w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
OBJECTIVES
Specific Objectives : At the end of this unit you will be able to:
Y
er
er
ABB
ABB
y
y
bu
bu
2.0
2.0
to
to
re
re
J3103/4/2
he
he
k
k
lic
lic
SURFACE TEXTURE
C
C
w om w om
w
w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
INPUT
4.0 DEFINITION
Y
er
er
ABB
ABB
y
y
bu
bu
2.0
2.0
to
to
re
re
J3103/4/3
he
he
k
k
lic
lic
SURFACE TEXTURE
C
C
w om w om
w
w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
Lay
direction
Flaw
Waviness
height
Roughness
Height, Rt
Roughness Roughness
spacing width cutoff
Waviness
width
4.1.1. Flaws
Y
er
er
ABB
ABB
y
y
bu
bu
2.0
2.0
to
to
re
re
J3103/4/4
he
he
k
k
lic
lic
SURFACE TEXTURE
C
C
w om w om
w
w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
4.1.2. Lay
4.1.3. Roughness
Y
er
er
ABB
ABB
y
y
bu
bu
2.0
2.0
to
to
re
re
J3103/4/5
he
he
k
k
lic
lic
SURFACE TEXTURE
C
C
w om w om
w
w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
4.1.4. Waviness
4.1.5. Profile
Y
er
er
ABB
ABB
y
y
bu
bu
2.0
2.0
to
to
re
re
J3103/4/6
he
he
k
k
lic
lic
SURFACE TEXTURE
C
C
w om w om
w
w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
0.02 – 2
6.3
1.6 0.01
Symbols’ definition:
0.02 – Maximum waviness height (mm)
2 - Maximum waviness width (mm)
6.3 - Maximum roughness height (mm)
1.6 - Minimum roughness height (mm)
0.01 - Maximum roughness width (mm)
- Lay symbol (Lay perpendicular to the line
representing the surface to which the symbol is
applied)
µm 50 25 12.5 6.3 3.2 1.6 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.025
Roughness
N12 N11 N10 N9 N8 N7 N6 N5 N4 N3 N2 N1
number
F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o
PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y
Y
er
er
ABB
ABB
y
y
bu
bu
2.0
2.0
to
to
re
re
J3103/4/7
he
he
k
k
lic
lic
SURFACE TEXTURE
C
C
w om w om
w
w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
The following symbols indicate the direction of the lay (Table 4.3)
M Lay multidirectional
F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o
PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y
Y
er
er
ABB
ABB
y
y
bu
bu
2.0
2.0
to
to
re
re
J3103/4/8
he
he
k
k
lic
lic
SURFACE TEXTURE
C
C
w om w om
w
w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
R
Lay approximately radial relative to the centre
R of the surface to which the symbol is applied
Y
er
er
ABB
ABB
y
y
bu
bu
2.0
2.0
to
to
re
re
J3103/4/9
he
he
k
k
lic
lic
SURFACE TEXTURE
C
C
w om w om
w
w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
ACTIVITY 4A
Y
er
er
ABB
ABB
y
y
bu
bu
2.0
2.0
to
to
re
re
J3103/4/10
he
he
k
k
lic
lic
SURFACE TEXTURE
C
C
w om w om
w
w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
FEEDBACK ON ACTIVITY 4A
.
4.2. Types of defects found on surfaces are scratches, cracks, holes,
depression, seams, tears or inclusions. These defects can be caused
during the machining or production process such as moulding,
drawing, forging, machining, eg, holes in casting can be caused by
air bubbles during casting, crack and tears by forging and drawing
processes.
4.3. a) Roughness
Roughness is defined as closely spaced, irregular deviation on a
scale smaller than that of waviness. It is caused by the cutting tool
or the abrasive grain action and the machine feed. Roughness may
be superimposed on waviness.
F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o
PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y
Y
er
er
ABB
ABB
y
y
bu
bu
2.0
2.0
to
to
re
re
J3103/4/11
he
he
k
k
lic
lic
SURFACE TEXTURE
C
C
w om w om
w
w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
b) Waviness
Waviness is a recurrent deviation from a flat surface, much like
waves on the surface of water. It is measured and described in
terms of the surface between adjacent crests of the waves (waviness
width) and height between the crests and valleys of the waves
(waviness height).
c) Lay
Lay or directionality, is the direction of the predominant surface
pattern caused by the machining process and it is usually visible to
the naked eye.
F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o
PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y
Y
er
er
ABB
ABB
y
y
bu
bu
2.0
2.0
to
to
re
re
J3103/4/12
he
he
k
k
lic
lic
SURFACE TEXTURE
C
C
w om w om
w
w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
INPUT
a + b + c + d + e + f + ...
Ra = (4.4.1)
n
Where, all ordinates, a, b, c, …, are absolute values, and n is the number
of readings
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 +...
Rq = (4.4.2)
n
The datum line AB in figure 4.4 is located so that the sum of the
area above the line is equal to the sum of the areas below the line. The
units generally used for surface roughness are µm (micrometer, or micron)
or µin (microinch). ( Note, 1µm = 40 µin and 1µin = 0.025 µm ).
F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o
PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y
Y
er
er
ABB
ABB
y
y
bu
bu
2.0
2.0
to
to
re
re
J3103/4/13
he
he
k
k
lic
lic
SURFACE TEXTURE
C
C
w om w om
w
w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
A f g h i j k B
a b c d e
Figure 4.3. Coordinates used for surface – roughness using equations 4.4.1 &
4.4.2
h1 h3 h6 h5 h7 h9
h2 h4 h8 h10
Y
er
er
ABB
ABB
y
y
bu
bu
2.0
2.0
to
to
re
re
J3103/4/14
he
he
k
k
lic
lic
SURFACE TEXTURE
C
C
w om w om
w
w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
Where,
h1, h2…......hn - height of ordinates in mm
M - magnification
Rq
Surface
Ra
Sine Curve 1.1
Machining by cutting 1.1
Grinding 1.2
Lapping and honing 1.4
Y
er
er
ABB
ABB
y
y
bu
bu
2.0
2.0
to
to
re
re
J3103/4/15
he
he
k
k
lic
lic
SURFACE TEXTURE
C
C
w om w om
w
w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
Comparison blocks which are use for comparing the finish on the
work piece with the calibrated finish on a test block. Surface roughness
can be measured by comparison inspection or by direct measurement. In
comparison inspection the surface roughness can be estimated by
matching a work piece surface with blocks that display a series of
increasingly smooth surfaces, Fig. 4.5.
Y
er
er
ABB
ABB
y
y
bu
bu
2.0
2.0
to
to
re
re
J3103/4/16
he
he
k
k
lic
lic
SURFACE TEXTURE
C
C
w om w om
w
w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
visually. In such cases, the surfaces may be compared by moving the tip of
your fingernail over the two surfaces.
Y
er
er
ABB
ABB
y
y
bu
bu
2.0
2.0
to
to
re
re
J3103/4/17
he
he
k
k
lic
lic
SURFACE TEXTURE
C
C
w om w om
w
w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
ACTIVITY 4B
4.5. Describe how you would use the surface roughness comparator
gauge.
F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o
PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y
Y
er
er
ABB
ABB
y
y
bu
bu
2.0
2.0
to
to
re
re
J3103/4/18
he
he
k
k
lic
lic
SURFACE TEXTURE
C
C
w om w om
w
w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
FEEDBACK ON ACTIVITY 4B
4.4
A f g h i j k B
a b c d e
a + b + c + d + e + f + ...
Ra =
n
where all ordinates, a, b, c, …, are absolute values, and n is the
number of readings
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 +...
Rq =
n
The datum line AB in the figure above is located so that the sum of
the area above the line is equal to the sum of the areas below the
line. The units generally used for surface roughness are µm
F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o
PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y
Y
er
er
ABB
ABB
y
y
bu
bu
2.0
2.0
to
to
re
re
J3103/4/19
he
he
k
k
lic
lic
SURFACE TEXTURE
C
C
w om w om
w
w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
h1 h3 h6 h5 h7 h9
h2 h4 h8 h10
4.5. Comparison blocks which are use for comparing the finish on the
workpiece with the calibrated finish on a test block. Surface roughness
can be measured by comparison inspection or by direct measureement. In
comparison inspection the surface roughness can be estimated by
matching a workpiece surface with blocks that display a series of
increasingly smooth surfaces.
F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o
PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y
Y
er
er
ABB
ABB
y
y
bu
bu
2.0
2.0
to
to
re
re
J3103/4/20
he
he
k
k
lic
lic
SURFACE TEXTURE
C
C
w om w om
w
w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
SELF-ASSESSMENT 4
2. Sketch a surface profile of a machined surface. Label five (5) main parts.
0.03 – 1.5
3.2
0.01
1.6
F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o
PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y
Y
er
er
ABB
ABB
y
y
bu
bu
2.0
2.0
to
to
re
re
J3103/4/21
he
he
k
k
lic
lic
SURFACE TEXTURE
C
C
w om w om
w
w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
FEEDBACK OF SELF-ASSESSMENT 4
A f g h i j k B
a b c d e
a + b + c + d + e + f + ...
Ra =
n
Where, all ordinates, a, b, c, …, are absolute values, and n is the number
of readings
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 +...
Rq =
n
F T ra n sf o F T ra n sf o
PD rm PD rm
Y Y
Y
Y
er
er
ABB
ABB
y
y
bu
bu
2.0
2.0
to
to
re
re
J3103/4/22
he
he
k
k
lic
lic
SURFACE TEXTURE
C
C
w om w om
w
w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
h1 h3 h6 h5 h7 h9
h2 h4 h8 h10
Y
er
er
ABB
ABB
y
y
bu
bu
2.0
2.0
to
to
re
re
J3103/4/23
he
he
k
k
lic
lic
SURFACE TEXTURE
C
C
w om w om
w
w
w. w.
A B B Y Y.c A B B Y Y.c
2.
4. 9.
Flaw
Waviness height
Lay direction
Roughness
height