Intro duction to HDIL Processing 2003-5-21

Practical Applications of a New

High Definition Multi-Channel and Fully Digital
Spectrum Induction System
Induction Log (HDIL)
G. Tao
G. Tao

Benefits Benefits (cont.)

n Improved Conductivity Determination, in complex n Full data set

environments –Quality Control
–Short spacings: near borehole information and –Fault Tolerance
corrections –Synthesis of other induction instruments
–Long spacings: deep investigation, low borehole –Future processing and interpretation developments
sensitivity
n Invasion Profile, even in oil-based mud
n Variety of Processing Techniques
–True-resolution, artifact-free, logs
–Matched-resolution logs (1, 2 or 4ft.)
–Inversion
–Dip Effect Correction

Basic Layout of Induction Tool HDIL Data Processing

Receiver coil
Receiver
amplifier
Ground loop Rxo Rt
Flushed Zone

Transition
Uninvaded
Eddy Current Zone or Rmf Rw
Zone
Spacing
Annulus
Sxo Sw

Transmitter
oscillator
Inner Borehole Outer
Invasion Radius Diameter Invasion Radius
Transmitter coil

Invasion Profile Model

by Rainer Busch
Intro duction to HDIL Processing 2003-5-21

ＭＵＤ　ＩＮＶＡＳＩＯＮ　ＰＲＩＮＣＩＰＬＥ　 Block Diagram

ＡＮＤ　ＴＨＥ　ＣＯＮＴＲＯＬＬＩＮＧ　ＦＡＣＴＯＲＳ Receiver Coils Transmitter

r
(r 2
− r0 2 ) ln   =
2 Kc
 r0  µΦ S xo
∆P∗ T
SP

Aquis ition Pre -Amp Micro

and (7 Channe ls ) Proce s sor
THE FACTOR OF THE FACTOR OF THE FOCTOR OF Tele me try Stacking Controlled
(8 Channe ls ) Reference Trans mitter
THE FORMATION THE FORMATION INVASION
FLUIDS POROSITY & PERM. PERIOD Synchronization

Features Instrument Waveforms

n Multi-spacing
–7 spacings from 6 in. to 94 in
Diagnostic Information
n Multi-frequency
–8 frequencies from 10 to 150kHz Unbalance d
–New skin effect correction or Magnetic
Normal
–Quality Control
n Fully Digital M etallic

n Feedthrough, fully combinable Sh ie ld in g

n Software focusing and inversion generate user

products

Digitized Waveforms Conductivity Spectrum

1500
n Transmitter and Receiver Waveform Monitoring
–Real-time quality control
Apparent Conductivity (mS/m)

n Diagnostic Capabilities 1000

–Magnetic materials in borehole or formation
–Metallic materials in borehole
500
–Shielding integrity
n Fourier Analysis for Spectral Data
0
0 50 100 150
Frequency (kHz)
-500

by Rainer Busch
Intro duction to HDIL Processing 2003-5-21

Conductivity Spectrum HDIL Data Processing

n New skin-effect correction Raw-data Processing

–From shape of spectra
–Robust
–Linearizes response functions VRM Curves
–Reduces noise
n Fault tolerance Invasion Inversion AIIA Processing
–For example, loss of channel or frequency
n Quality Control
–Consistency across channels and frequencies Rt & Rxo
Rt & Rxo
Resistivity Profile Image
Invasion Profile Image
Water Saturation Image
Invasion Radius
Mud Invasion Image

HDIL Raw-data Processing HDIL Borehole Effect

7 Array Data
BOREHOLE PROPERTIES:
Preprocessing
6-inch borehole: Rt/Rm<7000
Skin Effect Correction
8-inch borehole: Rt/Rm<2000
Borehole Correction
12-inch borehole: Rt/Rm<1000
Dip Effect Correction

True Resolution Focusing Deep investigating measurements have a very low borehole sensitivity,
Especially of the 120in depth of investigation, it is almost completely
Vertical Resolution Matching insensitive to the borehole. But the shallow measurements have a large
borehole effect, and become more sensitive to washout as the mud
3 vertical resolutions@6 investigation depths become more conductive.

HDIL Dip Correction Log Quality Control

Borehole
Basic assumption: the formation is Log Quality Control
axially symmetric around borehole.
+ Curves should agree in impermeable zones,
such as typical shale or tight zone.
• Failure to agree could be improper borehole correction, calibration or
temperature correction.
Relative Dip

+ Curves should be free of unexplained spikes

and artifacts.
Relative Dip Angle < 15 ° Reasonable result
Spikes can be caused by:
15°< Relative Dip Angle < 30 ° A little poorer result • Borehole rugosity
30°< Relative Dip Angle < 70 ° A dip correction required • Deep conductive invasion near bed boundaries
to remove response artifacts that • High contrast bed boundaries
result from relative dip effect. • Large relative dip
Relative Dip Angle > 70 ° Undesirable result • Stick and Pull
considered as a horizontal type well.

by Rainer Busch
Intro duction to HDIL Processing 2003-5-21

Log Quality Control Induction Response Functions

Depth of Investigation and Vertical

Resolution
Resolution: Definitions

n Depth of Investigation ?
–50%-point on integrated radial response function
n Vertical Resolution
–90% of vertical response function
σ
Borehole Axis ?
n Do not show where information is coming from ?
n Do not show extent of cave effect Radius Size
n Measurements are better characterized by 2-D
geometric response function
n Size of smallest region whose conductivity
can be determined accurately.

General Induction Measurement Geometric Response Functions:

Resolution Issues Skin-Effect-Corrected Measurements

Subarray 0 Subarray 3
n True Resolution ≈ Depth of Investigation
n If Vertical Resolution < Depth of Investigation, curve
contains near-borehole information
n Near borehole sensitivity may cause artifacts
–Caves, conduction invasion, relative dip
n Induction measurements alone cannot always
resolve Rt in thin, invaded beds Subarray 4 Subarray 6

by Rainer Busch
Intro duction to HDIL Processing 2003-5-21

Unfocused Response Functions Focusing

n Show
–varying depths of investigation and
resolutions
Filter &
–significant near-borehole sensitivity Combine
–asymmetry

Geometric Response Functions,

Focusing
True Resolution Focused Curves
10in 30in
n Filters combine measurements from all
arrays to achieve a more desirable response
n Adaptive
–For varying background conductivity
n Goal of true-resolution focusing
–Select depths of investigation 90in 120in
–Eliminate near-borehole effect on deep
measurements
–Compact, symmetrical response

True Resolution Focused Curves True-Resolution Log

n Depths of investigation
–10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120in.
n Eliminate near-borehole sensitivity of
deeper curves
n Artifact-free
n Vertical resolution poorer with
increasing depth of investigation

by Rainer Busch
Intro duction to HDIL Processing 2003-5-21

True-Resolution Log Vertical-Resolution-Matched Log

n Multiple depths of investigation reveal invasion

profile in thick beds
n Curves separate in thin beds
–Due to different curve resolutions
–May not indicate invasion
n In thin uninvaded beds shallow curves give best
estimate of Rt

Vertical-Resolution-Matched Curves Resolution Matching

10in 10in
n Goal: same vertical resolution all curves
n Same depths of investigation as true
resolution focused curves
n Deep and shallow curves tend to read the Match
same in thin beds Resolution
n More convenient for quick interpretation 120in 120in

–Combines deep and shallow information

Geometric Response Functions,

Conductive Invasion
Resolution-Matched Curves
10in 30in

90in 120in

by Rainer Busch
Intro duction to HDIL Processing 2003-5-21

HDIL True Resolution and Resolution

Conductive Invasion Matched Curves

n Synthetic example
–Thick resistive zone
–Conductive invasion with varying
invasion depth
n True-resolution logs show expected
response
n Deep resolution-matched curves show
features which could be misinterpreted
n If in doubt: check the true-resolution logs

True-Resolution Versus
Borehole Geometric Factors
Resolution-Matched Curves
Array 0 Array 1
0.5 0.5
0.4
n True-resolution 0.4
Geometric Factor

Geometric Factor
0.3 0.3
–Artifact free 0.2 0.2
–Best for log quality control 0.1 0.1
0 0.0
–Curves separate in thin beds
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
n Resolution-matched Hole Diameter (in.) Hole Diameter (in.)

–Easier interpretation in thin beds Array 5 Array 6

0.001 0.001
–Deep and shallow curves tend to agree in thin beds
Geometric Factor
Geometric Factor

–Can show artifacts if there is

0.000 0.000
n Borehole rugosity
n Conductive invasion
-0.001 -0.001
n Apparent-dip
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Centered
Hole Diameter (in.) 1.5 in. S.O.
Hole Diameter (in.)

Borehole Effect Oil Based Mud Invasion Example

n Significant for shallow curves No profile in

–Requires very accurate borehole hydrocarbon
zone
correction
n Very small for deep curves
Invasion in
n We use data from shallow curves to
shales indicates
augment conventional borehole possible drilling
Resistive
correction parameters invasion in
damage
water bearing
zone

by Rainer Busch
Intro duction to HDIL Processing 2003-5-21

Resistivity Processing Deviated well; Uncorrected Data

‘Oklahoma’Reference Earth Model
theoretical
theoretical responses
responses of an
HDIL array
of an HDIL
induction logging array
tool, vertical well,
oil-based-mud
induction
logging tool,
70 deg
deviated well,
oil-based-
mud

Deviated Well; Corrected Data Dip Effect and Correction

corrected
responses
of an HDIL array
induction
logging
tool, 70 deg
deviated
well, oil-based-
mud

Apparent-Dip Effect and Correction Synthesis of DPIL

n Two effects
–Increased “shoulder-bed effect”on deep curves
–Spikes caused by “charge effects”at bed boundaries
n Differences between 90in. and 120in. true-resolution
curves may indicate dip effect
n Remove both dip effects in a preparation process
before filtering
n Works well up to 70 degrees
n Horizontal wells: different interpretation techniques

by Rainer Busch
Intro duction to HDIL Processing 2003-5-21

Synthesis of DPIL Inversion Processing

n Useful for:
–Field studies,
–Correlation,
–Equity negotiations.
n Demonstrates completeness of data and
flexibility of processing.

Raw-Data processing result

Inversion

n 2-D inversion allows simultaneous solution

for layering, invasion parameters, and Rt
n Allows incorporation of other information,
e.g.
–Other logs
–Known bed boundaries
–Known impermeable zones
n Delivers Rt, Rxo and invasion geometric
parameters

HDIL Processing Results HDIL Processing Results

by Rainer Busch
Intro duction to HDIL Processing 2003-5-21

HDIL PROCESSING HDIL PROCESSING

HDIL Borehole Correction

Summary
Bad Good
Borehole Borehole
n Deeper investigation
Correction Correction
n Improved borehole and near borehole correction
n Invasion profiling
n Flexible processing, e.g.
–Depth of investigation/ resolution trade-offs
–Inversion
–Dip correction
n Complete data set allows
–Quality Control
–Synthesis of other tool responses
–Future processing developments

Induction Logging “ Rules-of-thumb”

n True resolution ≈ depth of investigation

n If vertical resolution < depth of investigation, curve
contains near-borehole information
n Induction measurements alone may not resolve Rt
accurately in thin, invaded beds
n If the 90in. and 120in. true resolution curves read the
same, they both read Rt, otherwise;
–Very deep invasion
–Thin beds
–Relative dip

by Rainer Busch