Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
COMMERCE TOPIC
TOPIC: Money &
Banking!! Prepared & brought
To you with love by
Go to www.ciohs.org
For more quality resources
We offer students for 100% free with Notes & Handouts for all
subjects, full online books library, lecture interactive explanatory video
tutorials, discussion hub with online classes and study groups which
students can join, can post questions troubling them while other
students and our tutors from different schools, academic backgrounds
and countries all over the world can help with necessary help through
comments or private messages.
Page 1 of 13
***** Free quality, education for all!!*****
All rights reserved no part of these Notes handouts or any other CIOHS
resources may be reproduced for any commercial uses or edited in any form
without prior copyright permission from CIOHS. However genuine printing,
sharing without editing copyright water marks and branding is allowed. Feel
free to contribute to our resources and services as we are currently looking
for contributors and volunteers who are willing to help us as a non profit
organization to make our impact and touch students lives from all over the
world.
Page 2 of 13
From Collins Jimu (CIOHS CEO, Founder and
Developer)
You can Reach Me on:
FACEBOOK: Collins Jim | EMAIL: collinsjim@ciohs.org
Call or WhatsApp: +263773 468 496 | Website: www.iamcollins.tech
The noble gases do not usually form compounds. They are different from
other elements, since their atoms are described as stable
or unreactive. They are stable because their outer electron shell is full. A full
outer shell makes an atom more stable.
Only the noble gases have full outer shells. This is why they are stable.
Other elements react with each other in order to obtain full outer
shells, this makes them more stable.
Page 3 of 13
Depending on their electronic configurations, atoms lose or gain electrons in
order to achieve a full outer shell.
Losing electrons
The sodium ion still has 11 protons but by losing one electron it has only 10
electrons compared to the atom. Hence, its overall charge is +1.
This +1 charge is due to the ion having one more proton than electron.
In naming ions, you take the symbol Na and assign a positive charge. This
gives us the sodium ion Na+.
Gaining electrons
A chlorine atom has seven electrons in its outer shell. It can reach a full outer
shell by gaining one electron. It will then become the chloride ion, Cl-.
A negative charge is assigned to the ion to signify that the ion contains one
more electron than proton.
Page 4 of 13
Ions
Other metals and non-metals react together to form ionic compounds This is
because metals tend to lose electrons, whereas non-metals tend to gain
electrons.
A magnesium atom has two electrons in its outer shell, whereas oxygen has
six electrons. This means that magnesium wants to lose two (to oxygen) and
oxygen wants to gain two (from magnesium) so that they can have full outer
shells.
Page 5 of 13
The ions attract each other due to their opposite charges. Magnesium
ions and oxide ions are formed. The product is magnesium oxide, MgO.
The four types that we shall study in this quick learn are:
1. Metals
2. Ionic
3. Molecular
4. Giant molecular
The metals
Page 6 of 13
In a metal, the atoms are very tightly packed, leaving little space between
them. Due to this tight packing, the outer electrons
become delocalised from their atoms. This results in a 'sea' of
electrons around a lattice of ions or 'pseudo' cations.
Properties of metals
Here are some general properties, but remember there are always
exceptions!
Ionic solids
Page 7 of 13
Properties of ionic solids
1. High melting points and boiling points due to strong ionic bonds. Most
are solids at room temp.
2. They are brittle - will shatter with a hammer.
3. Usually soluble in water. Insoluble in non-polar solvents.
4. Do not conduct electricity in solid state. They do conduct when molten
or dissolved in water since the ions are free to carry the charges as the ionic
bonds do not hold them firmly in the liquid state.
Molecular solids
In a molecular solid, the molecules are held together by weak Van Der
Waal's force, but packed in a regular pattern. Iodine is an example of a
molecular solid. Each iodine molecule is made up of 2 iodine atoms, held
Page 8 of 13
together by a strong covalent bond. Each iodine molecule is held to another
by weak Van Der Waal's forces.
1. Low melting and boiling point due to weak forces between molecules.
2. They are brittle.
3. Insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents such as
tetrachloromethane and petrol.
4. Do not conduct electricity. Molecules do not carry a charge so even
when melted, molecular solids cannot conduct.
Page 9 of 13
Diamond: Is made up of a lattice of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom can
make 4 covalent bonds to 4 other carbon atoms. Each outer atom then
bonds to 3 more and so on. Eventually millions of carbon atoms are bonded
to form a giant lattice.
Properties of diamond
Each carbon atom makes three covalent bonds to other carbon atoms. T his
gives rings of 6 atoms. The flat sheets that lie on top of each other are held
by weak forces - Van Der Waal's.
Page 10 of 13
Properties of graphite
1. It is soft and slippery due to sheets of atoms been able to slide over
one another because of weak forces between them.
2. A good conductor of electricity. This is due to each atom only using 3
out of 4 outer electrons in bonding. The fourth electron of each atom
becomes delocalised throughout the lattice, enabling graphite to carry
charge.
3. High melting point due to strong covalent bonds holding atoms of
carbon together in the rings.
Page 11 of 13
*****the END of Topic*****
For more notes and handouts, textbooks, online classes,
study groups, discussions, tutor guided and assisted posts
and comment discussions plus classes, lecture tutorial
videos, meeting other students from other countries and
exchanging resources. Don’t worry we cover all subjects
that exist
Simply visit
Page 12 of 13
www.ciohs.or
g
All the services are 100% free you don’t need to pay a penny.
Because we are a platform for students by students and former
students also who understand students needs.
For Compliments, Contributions Complains, Requests, Donations
or Joining Us
Page 13 of 13