EC6651 COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

UNIT 4

Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel
Professor and Head
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
R M K Engineering College

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UNIT IV MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES
Spread Spectrum(SS) and multiple access (MA)
techniques : FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, SDMA application in
wire and wireless communication : Advantages (merits) :

YouTube Video Presentation

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZAPEoPJn0Y
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4QUM0Sb0YFA
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33Cqp6Lduj8

2/16/2018 Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel 2

 MULTIPLE ACCESS
 Since the spectrum is limited, the sharing is necessary to improve the overall
capacity over a geographical area.
 This is carried out by permitting the available bandwidth to be used simultaneously
by different users.
 In computer networks and telecommunications, the multiple access method permits
various terminals to connect to the same multi-point transmission medium to
transmit over it and share its capacity.
 A few examples of shared physical media include bus networks, wireless networks,
star networks, ring networks, half-duplex point-to-point links, etc.

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 MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL(MAC)

A channel-access scheme is also based on a multiple access

protocol and control mechanism, also known as media access
control (MAC). This protocol deals with issues such as
addressing, assigning multiplex channels to different users, and
avoiding collisions.

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Frequency Division Multiple Access
(FDMA)

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 Frequency Division Multiple Access
(FDMA)
 In an FDMA system, each user has its own frequency channel.
This implies that relatively narrow filters are needed in each
receiver and transmitter.
 Most duplex FDMA systems must transmit and receive
simultaneously. (Frequency Division Duplex, FDD)

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 FDMA

Frequency

Channel

Time

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 Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA)
 In TDMA, a set of N users share the same radio channel,
but each user only uses the channel during
predetermined slots.
 A frame consists of N slots, one for each user. Frames
are repeated continuously

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Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

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 TDMA

Frequency Time Slot

Channel

Time
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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 Spread Spectrum Transmission
 In Spread Spectrum communication, the bandwidth occupancy of a
single transmitted signal is much higher than in systems using
conventional modulation methods.
 This band-spreading is achieved by selecting appropriate
transmission waveforms with a wide bandwidth.
 A very popular method is to multiply the user data signal with a fast
code sequence, which mostly is independent of the transmitted data
message.
 In the case that multiple users share the same portion of the radio
spectrum but use different codes to distinguish their transmissions,
we speak of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
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CDMA

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 CDMA
Frequency

Code

Time
Code 1
Code 2
Code 3
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 Spread Spectrum

 Important encoding method for wireless communications

 analog & digital data with analog signal
 Spreads data over wide bandwidth
 Makes jamming and interception harder
 Two approaches, both in use:
 Frequency Hopping
 Direct Sequence
General Model of Spread Spectrum
System
 Spread Spectrum Advantages

 Immunity from noise and multipath distortion

 Can hide / encrypt signals
 Several users can share same higher bandwidth with little
interference
 CDM/CDMA Mobile telephones
 Pseudorandom Numbers

 Generated by a deterministic algorithm

 not actually random
 but if algorithm good, results pass reasonable tests of
randomness
 Starting from an initial seed
 Need to know algorithm and seed to predict sequence
 Hence only receiver can decode signal
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
(FHSS)
 Signal is broadcast over seemingly random series of
frequencies
 Receiver hops between frequencies in sync with
transmitter
 Eavesdroppers hear unintelligible blips
 Jamming on one frequency affects only a few bits
Frequency Hopping Example
FHSS (Transmitter)
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum System
(Receiver)
 Slow and Fast FHSS
 commonly use multiple FSK (MFSK)
 have frequency shifted every Tc seconds
 duration of signal element is Ts seconds
 Slow FHSS has Tc  Ts
 Fast FHSS has Tc < Ts
 FHSS quite resistant to noise or jamming
 with fast FHSS giving better performance
Slow MFSK FHSS
Fast MFSK FHSS
 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
(DSSS)
 each bit is represented by multiple bits using a spreading code
 this spreads signal across a wider frequency band
 has performance similar to FHSS
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Example
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum System
DSSS Example Using BPSK
Approximate
Spectrum of
DSSS Signal
 Code Division Multiple Access
(CDMA)
 a multiplexing technique used with spread spectrum
 given a data signal rate D
 break each bit into k chips according to a fixed chipping
code specific to each user
 resulting new channel has chip data rate kD chips per
second
 can have multiple channels superimposed
CDMA Example
CDMA for DSSS
 References
Book:
1. Wireless Communications and Networks by William Stallings .
2. Taub & Schiling “Principles of Communication Systems” Tata McGraw hill 2007.
3. Kennedy and Davis “Electronic Communication Systems” Tata McGraw hill, 4th Edition, 1993.
4. Sklar “Digital Communication Fundamentals and Applications“ Pearson Education, 2001.
5. TG Thomas and S Chandra Sekhar, “Communication Theory” Tata McGraw hill 2006.

Web: http://www.wirelesscommunication.nl/reference/about.htm
PPT:
 https://www.ics.uci.edu/~magda/Courses/netsys270/ch6_2_v1.ppt
 www.cs.utsa.edu/~korkmaz/teaching/cs3413/ppt/09-SpreadSpectrum.ppt

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 Other presentations
http://www.slideshare.net/drgst/presentations

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 Thank You

Questions and Comments?

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