MODULE 1

TASK 1. CONCEPT ANALYSIS AND DIAGRAM

The basic function of immune system is to remove foreign antigens such as viruses and
bacteria to maintain homeostasis. There are two types of immunity, natural (innate) or the non specific
immunity which present at birth. In contrast, acquired (adaptive) immunity develops after birth. Each
immunity has a distinct role in defending our body against the pathogens.

In acquired immunity, as our body exposed to an antigen through immunization or by

contracting disease the T lymphocytes are responsible for cellular immunity. T lymphocytes has specific
role on how to stop the proliferation of the pathogens. Suppressor T cells have the ability to decrease B-
cell production, thereby keeping the immune response at a level that is compatible with health. Another
is Helper T cells, it activated on recognition of antigen and stimulate the rest of the immune system.
Cytokines are release when Helper T cells are activated which attract and activate B-cells, cytotoxic T
cells, NK cells, macrophages, and other cells of the immune system. Finally, cytotoxic T cells attack the
antigen directly by altering the cell membrane and causing cell lysis and by releasing cytolitic enzymes
and cytokines. When an antigen enters the body, it may encounter a B lymphocyte specific for the
antigen. The B lymphocyte recognizes the antigen because it has cell surface receptors specific for the
antigen. After contact with the antigen, most B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells.

Furthermore, innate immunity which is non specific and has broad spectrum of defense
against and resistance to infection. It is consider as the first line of defense following antigen exposure ,
because it protects the host without remembering prior contact with an infectious agent. Natural innate
immunity co-coordinates the initial response to pathogens through the production of cytokines and
other effector molecules. Which either activate cells for control of the pathogen or promote the
development of the acquired response. Monocytes, Natural killer cells, basophils, eosinophils, and
granulocytes are the cell involved to natural immune response. Complement plays a major role in in
activation of T cells or the attraction of the macrophages. In a cascading effect, the proteins that
comprise complement interact sequentially with one another. Activation of complement allows
important events, such as removal of infectious agents and initiation of inflammatory reponse, to take
place. Activation of the natural immunity response is enhanced by processes inherent in physical ana
chemical barriers. Physical surface barriers include intact skin, mucous membrane, and cilia of the
respiratory tract, which prevents the pathogens from gaining access to the body. The cilia of the
respiratory tract, along with coughing and sneezing responses, filter and clear pathogens from the upper
respiratory tract before they can invade the body further. Chemical barriers, such as mucus, acidic
gastric secretions, enzymes in tears and saliva, and substances in sebaceous and sweat secretions, act in
a non specific way to destroy invading bacteria and fungi.[ CITATION Sud10 \l 13321 ]
TASK 2. SCRAMBLEGRAM

1. A protein substance that responds to a specific antigen ANTIBODY.

2. Enzymatic protein that destroy bacteria COMPLEMENT.
3. A substance that stimulate the production of antibody ANTIGEN.
4. Lymphocytes that directly attacks antigen T HELPER CELLS
5. Cells that engulf and destroy foreign bodies PHAGOCYTES
6. Proteins formed when exposed to foreign agents INTERFERONS

TASK 3. CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES

QUESTIONS EXPLANATION/DISCUSSION
Distinguish between natural and acquired (active  Natural immunity is when a person
and passive) immunity. exposed to a live pathogen, develops the
disease, and becomes immune so as
considered as first line of host defense.
 The adaptive immune response generated
against the pathogen takes days or weeks
to develop but may be long-lasting, or
even lifelong.
 Naturally acquired passive immunity
occurs during pregnancy, in which certain
antibodies are passed from the maternal
blood into the fetal bloodstream in the
form of IgG. Antibodies are transferred
from one person to another through
natural means such as in prenatal and
postnatal relationships between mother
and child.
 Natural passive immunity can also be in
the form of IgA and IgG found in human
colostrum and milk of babies who are
nursed. [ CITATION Lum10 \l 13321 ]
 Active acquired immunity refers to
immunologic defences developed by the
person’s own body. This immunity
typically last or over a lifetime
 Passive acquired immunity is a temporary
immunity transmitted from a source
outside the body that has developed
immunity through previous disease or
immunization.[ CITATION Sud10 \l 13321 ]

Differentiate between the humoral and cellular Humoral Adaptive Immunity

mechanisms of adaptive immunity  Bacterial phagocytosis and lysis
 Anaphylaxis
 Allergic hay fever and asthma

Discuss the organs involved in the immune
responses
 immune complex disease
 bacterial and some viral infections
Cellular Adaptive Immunity
 transplant rejection
 delayed hypersensitivity
 graft-versus-host disease
 tumor surveillance or destruction
 intracellular infections
 viral, fungal and parasitic infections
[ CITATION Sud10 \l 13321 ]
Bone Marrow
 Bone marrow is a sponge-like tissue found
inside the bones. That is where most
immune system cells are produced and
then also multiply. These cells move to
other organs and tissues through the
blood. At birth, many bones contain red
bone marrow, which actively creates
immune system cells.
Thymus
 Special types of immune system cells
called thymus cell lymphocytes (T cells)
mature in the thymus. Among other tasks,
these cells coordinate the processes of the
innate and adaptive immune systems. T
cells move through the body and
constantly monitor the surfaces of all cells
for changes.
Lymph Nodes
 The lymph nodes act as filters. Various
immune system cells trap germs in the
lymph nodes and activate the creation of
special antibodies in the blood. Swollen or
painful lymph nodes are a sign that the
immune system is active, for example to
fight an infection.
Spleen
 It stores various immune system cells.
When needed, they move through the
blood to other organs. Scavenger cells
(phagocytes) in the spleen act as a filter
for germs that get into the bloodstream.
 It breaks down red blood cells
(erythrocytes).
 It stores and breaks down platelets
 (thrombocytes), which are responsible for
the clotting of blood, among other things.
Tonsils
 The tonsils are also part of the immune
system. Because of their location at the
throat and palate, they can stop germs
entering the body through the mouth or
the nose. The tonsils also contain a lot of
white blood cells, which are responsible
for killing germs. 
Mucus Membrane
 The bowel plays a central role in defending
the body against germs: More than half of
all the body's cells that produce antibodies
are found in the bowel wall, especially in
the last part of the small bowel and in the
appendix. These cells detect foreign
substances, and then mark and destroy
them. [ CITATION inf20 \l 13321 ]