CHAPTER 5

PAINTINGS
(Week 5)

MY JOURNEY

Starry Night by Van Gogh

Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci

Painting is an important form in the visual arts, bringing in elements such as

drawing, composition, gesture, narration, and abstraction. Paintings can be naturalistic
and representational, photographic, abstract, narrative, symbolic, emotive, and/or political
in nature.

In this chapter, you will be exposed to the fundamentals of painting: elements, the
color wheel, the symbolism and meaning of colors, the mediums in painting and its
characteristics.

MY EXPECTATIONS

At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:

1. identify the elements of Painting;

2. show the importance of the color wheel;
3. convey an idea about the symbolism and meaning of the colors; and
4. demonstrate knowledge about the mediums in Painting and its characteristics.

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 MY INITIAL TASKS

Directions: Analyse the painting below and answer the following questions:

1. What does the painting

say to you personally?
2. What connection do you
see between the subject
matter and the
technique used?
3. What is your subjective
reaction to this work of
art?
4. What do you think is the
cultural meaning and
context of the work of
art?

MY READINGS

Elements of Painting

ainting is a style of creating an expression by applying colors to a flat surface or

P any mediums like canvas, clay, glass, paper, walls, leaf, paper, or woods.
Abstraction or composition, drawing, and other aesthetics may serve to manifest
the expressive and conceptual intention of the artists (Mayer, 1970). It is an unspoken
and mostly unrecognized dialogue, where paint speaks silently in masses and colors, and
the artist responds in moods. Paint records the most delicate gesture. It tells whether the
painter sat or stood or crouched in front of the canvas (Elkins, 1998). It loaded with
narrative content, symbolism, or emotion.

A beautiful painting is not made by photographic likeness, but rather by good

composition. For the artist, the harmony in his/her artwork will depend on the selection of
appropriate devices, peculiar to the medium and the use of certain principles to relate
them. A unique style emerges when an artist recognizes his or her personal preference
of dominant design elements and consciously or unconsciously emphasizes these

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dominant elements (Ocvirk et al., 2008; Gatto, 2000). The significant aspects of the
painting are the line, color, texture, perspective, shapes, and symbols (Nohay, 2018).

Line. It is the simplest element in the painting. It has a continuous marking made
by a moving point to outlines shape and can contour areas within those outlines. It can
suggest movement (vertical, horizontal, diagonal, and curved). Each line has its meaning:
vertical line stress action, strength, dynamism; horizontal lines means serenity, calmness,
stability; diagonal line express tension, movement; curved lines appear softness,
flexibility, gentleness.

Color. The Artists used colors to convey feelings and moods within their painting. It
is the result of wavelengths of lights reflecting of objects. It is composed of three distinct
qualities such as the hue, saturation, and value. Hue is merely the name of the color.
Red, yellow, and the blue are the primary color. Their mixture that produces the secondary
colors are green, orange, and purple.

Texture. It is a component of two-sided and three-sided designs and distinguished

by its perceived visual and physical properties. It is used to describe the way a three-
dimensional work feels when touched. In two-dimensional models, such as painting, it
may refer to the visual "feel" of a piece (Isaac, 2017).

Perspective. It is an art technique for creating an illusion of three-dimension with

depth and space. Its real goal is creating a viewpoint for the audiences that will best
communicate the subject and serve its particular message.

Perspective is the same as “viewpoint” and “position.” It is what makes a painting

seem to have form, distance, and look "real" (Evans, 2002). It is projected according to
its levels namely: foreground, middle ground, and background.

The foreground is the visual plane that appears closer

to the viewers. On the other hand, the middle ground
is the part between the foreground and the part of
which is which is called the background. The
foreground of a composition is the illustrative plane
that appears closest to the viewer, while the
background is the plane in a composition perceived
farthest from the viewers. The middle ground is the
illustrative plane between the foreground and the

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background. The scale of these elements often associates to the dominance in a picture.
The foreground is frequently the most dominant due to the larger perceived size of the
picture objects.

Shapes. It is an element in painting that helps express ideas. It helps to interact, and
independently evoke agitation, purposeful energy, direction, etc.They maybe circles,
rectangles, ovals, or square. It is an area with defined boundary created by a variety of
color, value or texture of the areas adjacent to it.

Symbols. The Artists often include symbolic objects in their paintings that have a
special meaning or a special message. It is used to express ideas such as death, hope,
life, etc.

The Color Wheel and its Categories

Colors play a fundamental

role in our lives and how we
respond to our environment. It is
the visual perceptual property
corresponding in humans to the
categories called blue, green,
red, and others. It has two main
types, warm and cool colors.

Significantly, a color wheel

(also known as a color circle) is
a visual representation of color
arranged based to their
chromatic relationship. It is a
circle shape that is divided
evenly into 12 segments which
display different color according
to its pigment value. It also
shows the relationship between
the primary colors, secondary
colors, and complementary
colors.Other colors can also be categorized based on the following:

Complementary Colors. These colors sit contrary to each other on the color wheel.
Because they are opposites, they tend to look lively when used together. When you put
complementary colors together, each color seems more noticeable. Examples of these
colors are red and green.

Analogous Colors. These colors sit next to each other on the color wheel. They
tend to look pleasant together because they are closely related. Orange, yellow-orange,
and yellow are an example of analogous colors.

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 Neutral Colors. They are sometimes called “earth tones.” These colors don’t usually
show up on the color wheel. Neutral colors include black, white, gray, and occasionally
brown and beige.

Warm Colors. These colors are made with orange, red, yellow or some combination
of these. Colors of the sunset give a feeling of brightness and heat.

Cool Colors. These colors are made with blue, green, purple or some combination
of these. These colors make you think of cool and peaceful things, like winter skies and
still ponds.

Symbolism and Meaning of Primary Colors

Colors can affect our actions and emotions and on how we respond to various people,
things, and ideas. Much has been studied and written about color and its impact on our
daily lives.

Red Color. This is noted as the warmest of all types of colors. It is most chosen by
extroverts and one of the top choices among males. It is a color which is associated with
fiery heat and warmth and has strong symbolism about life and vitality. It is also essential
to human life because:

a. It increases enthusiasm and interest.

b. It gives more energy.
c. It reinforces action and confidence.
d. It protects us from fears and anxieties.

Blue Color. This is known as the calmest color like that of the sky and ocean. It is
the color of inspiration, sincerity, and spirituality and often the chosen color by
conservative people. This color is important to human life because:

a. It is a sign of calmness and relaxation.

b. It opens the flow of communication.
c. It broadens our perspective in learning new information.
d. It implies solitude and peace.

Yellow Color. This is considered as the easiest color to recognize. It is symbol creativity
and intellectual vitality. It also symbolizes wisdom, happiness and brings awareness and
clarity.

The yellow color is vital to human life because:

a. It helps us in making decisions.
b. It relieves us from burnout, panic, nervousness, exhaustion.
c. It sharpens our memory and concentration skills.
d. It protects us from depression.

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Mediums in Painting

There are different mediums in paintings used today. It helps to describe the
elements that bind the colors in the paint (Martin, 2004). The following are examples of
the methods used in painting:

1. Oil- It is the type of slow-drying paint that consists of particles of pigment

suspended in drying oils such as linseed oil, poppy seed oil, safflower oil and
walnut oil.
2. Pastel- It is an art medium in the shape of a stick or crayons. It consists of pure
powdered color and a binder. Dry pastel can be classified as soft pastels, pan
pastels, hard pastels, and pastel pencils.
3. Acrylic- It is fast drying paint containing pigment suspension in acrylic polymer
emulsion which becomes water-resistant when dry.
4. Watercolor- It is the medium which the paints are made of colors suspended in a
water-soluble vehicle. It is usually transparent and appears luminous because the
pigments are laid down in a relatively pure form with few types of filler obscuring
the pigment colors.
5. Ink- It is a liquid that contains colors and dyes and is applied to a surface to produce
an image, text, or design. It is for drawing with a brush, or pen.
6. Encaustic- It is heated beeswax to which colored stains are added. The paste is
then applied to a wood-based canvas.
7. Fresco- It refers to any of several related mural painting types, executed on walls,
ceilings or any other kind of flat surface. The term fresco comes from the Italian
word “affresco” which means “fresh.”
8. Gouache- It is a water-based paint consisting of pigment and other materials
designed to be used in an opaque painting technique.
9. Enamel- It is a paint that air dries to a durable, usually glossy and solid finish. It is
used for outdoor coating surfaces or otherwise subject to variations in temperature.
10. Spray paint- It is the type of paint that comes in a sealed pressurized battle and
released in a fine spray.
11. Tempera- It is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored
pigment mixed with a water-soluble binder method.

Classifications of Painting Styles

Part of the desire in painting particularly in the 21st century is the variety of available
art styles. The style in painting is in two senses: it can refer to the distinctive visual
elements, techniques, and methods that characterized one’s artwork, and can refer to the
movement or school that associated to the artists. Such classifications include the
following styles:

a. Western Styles

Abstraction. It is an art in painting which does not attempt to represent an accurate

depiction of a visual reality but instead use colors, shapes, forms and gestural marks to

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achieve its effect. It may be formed by reducing the observable phenomenon, typically
to retain only information which is relevant for a particular purpose.

Expressionism. It is sometimes called emotional realism. In this style, the artists

sought to express meaning or emotional experience rather than physical truth.

Baroque. It is characterized by dynamism (a sense of motion), which is augmented

by extravagant effects (e.g., sharp curves, rich decoration). Among the most significant
Baroque painters are Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Rubens, Velazquez, Poussin, and
Vermeer.

Impressionism. It is a type of art presenting the real-life subject with emphasis on

the impression left in the artist’s perception, particularly the effect of light on the object
used as a subject.

Modernism. It is characterized by a cautious rejection of the styles of the past and

emphasizing innovation and experimentation of materials and techniques instead to
create better artworks.

b. Modern Styles

Realism. It is a style of painting practiced before the invention of the camera, where
artists depicted landscapes and humans with as much attention to detail and precision as
possible. The artist’s primary goal is to describe accurately and truthfully as possible what
is observed.

Symbolism. It is an art that represents the subject symbolically. For instance, the
“Spolarium” painting of Juan Luna depicts the suffering of the Filipino people from the
hands of the Spaniards. Many works of art included by some writers who cover the
Symbolist era were produced in the middle of the century, or even before.

Fauvism. It refers to art that used brilliant primary colors or color illumination on
subjects like pictures to emphasize comfort, joy, and leisure. It comes from the French
word fauves, meaning “wild beasts” (this name refers to a small group of painters in Paris
who exhibited works notable for the bold and expressive use of pure color).

Cubism. It is a form of abstraction wherein the object is first reduced to cubes and
then flattened into two-dimensional shapes. It has been considered the most influential
and powerful art movement during the 20th century in Paris established by Georges
Braque and Pablo Picasso.

Surrealism. It is a type of art wherein the artist creates dreamlike paintings that filled
with mysterious objects. It is the opposite of abstraction that attempts to portray the
conscious mind through unconventional means.

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 MY DISCOVERY TASKS

Essay: Answer briefly the following questions below.

1. What are the differences between oil and acrylic paints?

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2. What do you think are the benefits of paintings in our lives?

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3. What are the secondary colors? How are they formed?

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4. What is the real goal of perspective in art? Explain.

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5. Why line is considered the most important element in painting? Support your answer.
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Identification: Identify the following items listed below. Write your answer on the box
provided before each number.

1. It is a continuous marking made by a moving point.

2. It derives from the spectrum of light
3. It is the opposite of abstraction that attempts to portray the
conscious mind through unconventional means.
4. It is a type of paint that comes in a sealed pressurized
container.
5. It is the practice of applying colors or another medium into
a flat surface.
6. It is an area with a defined boundary created by a variety of
color, value or texture of the areas adjacent to it.
7. It refers to something which has a special meaning or a
special message.
8. It is a form of abstraction wherein the object reduced to
cubes.
9. An art whose typical traits are to present the world solely
from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for the
emotional effect to evoke moods or ideas.
10. It refers to the resulting artwork in which the paints are
made of pigments suspended in a water-soluble vehicle.

MY TREASURE

Directions: Reflect on what you have learned after taking up this lesson by completing
the chart below.

What were your thoughts or ideas I thought that…

about intercultural communication
prior to the discussion of this
lesson?

What new or additional ideas did I learned that…

you learn after taking up this
lesson?

Art Appreciation | Learning Module for Students in GE 1 Original, R.A. ©2020 57

 Flexible Learning Task No. 5
COFFEE PAINTING

Directions: Coffee painting is an extremely easy and enjoyable process of

expressing your creativity on paper. Prepare your coffee solutions and
come up with your own artwork. Below your artwork, write your own
reflection on the activity by answering the following questions:

a. What is the subject matter of your artwork?

b. What is the possible title you will use in your artwork?
c. How did you come up with this kind of artwork?
d. What is your realization after doing this activity?

MY SUPPLEMENTS

Gildow, C. (2012). Art Appreciation. Retrieved last August 18, 2020 from
https://learn.canvas.net/courses/24

SBCTC & Lumen Learning. (n.d.) Art Appreciation. Retrieved last August 18, 2020 from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/masteryart1/

Art Class Curator. (2020). Art Appreciation. Retrieved last August 21, 2020 from
https://artclasscurator.com/principles-of-design-
examples/#:~:text=The%20principles%20of%20design%20are,a%20wide%
20range%20of%20effects.

Art Appreciation | Learning Module for Students in GE 1 Original, R.A. ©2020 58

 CHAPTER 6
SCULPTURE
(Week 6)

MY JOURNEY

Sculpture, an artistic form in which hard

or plastic materials are worked into three-
dimensional art objects. The designs may be
embodied in freestanding objects, in reliefs on
surfaces, or in environments ranging from
tableaux to contexts that envelop the
spectator. An enormous variety of media may
be used, including clay, wax, stone, metal,
fabric, glass, wood, plaster, rubber, and
random “found” objects. Materials may be
carved, modelled, moulded, cast, wrought,
welded, sewn, assembled, or otherwise
shaped and combined.
In this chapter, you will know the origin
and importance of sculpture, the types, media,
and techniques of sculpture. This will be give
you the ability to make your own sculpture at
the end of the chapter.

MY EXPECTATIONS

At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:

1. discuss the origin of sculpture;

2. recognize the importance of sculpture;
3. demonstrate knowledge about the type, medium and technique of sculpture;
4. display an ability to make sculpture.

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 MY INITIAL TASKS

As a preliminary activity for the topic, please reflect on the following questions:

1. Why are sculptures made and then displayed in

buildings or public areas? What stories or
messages can these sculptures tell us?
2. Is sculpture better than paintings? Why?
3. If you design a relief sculpture for yourself, what
story would you tell?
4. Imagine that you are looking at a statue. How do
you describe it? Does the appearance of the
surface of the material influence your feelings or
thoughts? How?

MY READINGS

The Origin of Sculpture

culpture is from the Latin word sculpere which means “to carve.” The tools used

S in sculpture are varied and is changing throughout history. It engages our sense
differently than paintings because it occupies space as a three-dimensional
mass through carving, casting modeling or assembling materials (Sheldon,
1968). It has sought to produce artworks that are as permanent and is working in durable
and expensive materials such as bronze granite, limestone, marble, and stone. More
rarely, precious metals such as gold, ivory, jade, and silver were used for
chryselephantine works. More common and less expensive materials were also used for
broader consumption, like cast metals, ceramics, glass, and hardwoods.

The sculpture has long been one of the most popular forms of fine arts and one of
the most beautiful representations of the humankind. It was also used to represent
societal concerns, such as morality, politics, and religion (Witcombe, 1997). For many of
years, scuplture has filled many roles in human life. For example, the earliest sculpture
was made to supply magical help to trackers, to represent gods, and to hope of making
their ancient kings becomes immortal.

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 Most common purpose of sculpture during the ancient time is associated with
religion. Different images like a human-made object revered for the spirit are familiar in
many cultures. One of the oldest sculptures discovered is an ivory statuette, dating
approximately 30,000 BCE from a cave at Hohlenstein-Stadel, Germany called
Löwenmensch (which means a“lion-human”). This Paleolithic period statue is about 12”
tall and depicts a human figure with a feline face.

Another very iconic and famous piece of sculpture is “the Sphinx” of Egypt. This
sculpture of an image of the pharaoh Khafreand is part of a funerary complex for the
pharaoh. Egyptian sculpture and all Egyptian art were on the belief in a life after death
wherein the body of their ruler (the pharaoh) was preserved carefully and buried with
some goods with him to provide for his needs forever. The Egyptians often combined
features from various creatures to symbolize ideas. For example, the head of the pharaoh
Khafre is added to the bowing figure of a lion to form the Great Sphinx. This type of
masterpiece suggests the combination of human intelligence and animal strength. The
Great Sphinx of Egypt is an enormous sandstone sculpture, measuring 240’ ft. Long and
65’ ft. High.

Importance of Sculpture

The sculpture is a perceptive-regeneration of reality through the use of three-

dimensional form. As a specialized work of art, its objective is to exemplify a concept by
forming a visual equivalent. Since the shape is the dominant characteristic of sculptures,
the human body and animals have been its primary subject. They are constructed using
bronze, clay, ivory as their mediums.

Likewise, the making of Sculpture is with the idea of expressing religious, personal,
and political views. This kind of artwork is meant to create a sense of patriotism, pride,
greatness and spiritual respect. Statues and sculptures have always been an integral
part of museums and art history. They become more popular as decoration items in
private homes and office facilities. Sculptures and miniatures have also become more
popular as decoration items, and in the long term, valuable art investments.

Types of Sculptures

Bust. A bust is a sculpted and painted representation of the

upper part of the human figure such as the head, neck, shoulders,
chest or breast.

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 Statue. A statue is a life-size or a larger size of a sculpture
of a person or an animal, made of metal, stone or wood. The world's
tallest statue is the 420 feet (128 meters) Spring Temple Buddha
in Henan, China.

Architectural. Architectural
sculpture is a universal
classification used to describe a
structural design such as buildings,
bridges, burial chamber and other
big projects. It is from a brand of
materials which includes carved
stone such as brownstone, cast
iron, machine pressed sheet zinc,
terra cotta, concrete and other
architectural supplies.

Medium and techniques

Sculpture techniques have the aim of providing practical and technical support
through several procedures. These processes are either additive (added material) or
subtractive (material is removed or carved out). Sculptures primarily use four basic
techniques, namely:

Carving. It is a procedure in which the artists cut away objects until reached the
desired form. Various tools are used, depending the materials to be carved and the statue
to which the work has progressed.

a. Stone carving- It is a type of sculpture which requires patience and planning. It is

a shaping activity of pieces of rough natural stone through the use of essential
hand tools like hammer and chisel.
b. Wood carving- It is the art of shaping objects of wood using cutting tools. It is done
through a specialized carving knife (used to cut or smooth the wood), the slicer
saw (used to cut off chunks of wood), the chisel (used for lines and cleaning up flat
surfaces), and the gouge (used in carving hollows, rounds, and sweeping curves).

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 Casting. Casting is a method by which a liquid material is usually poured into a frame
or pattern, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to
harden. It has two types, namely:

a. Glass casting- It is a shaping activity of pieces of rough natural stone through the
use of essential hand tools like hammer and chisel.
b. Slip casting- It is a technique for the mass-production of pottery, especially for
shapes not easily made on a wheel.

Molding. Molding sculpture is an additive process. It is the working of soft or plastic

materials(like clay and wax) by hand to build up or shape to create a form.

Assembling. Assembling is an additive process of gathering and joining different

materials to create an assembled artwork. An example of assemblage is Martin Puryear's
network of welded and sandblasted stainless steel tubes whose joints are bound together
by strands of silver and patented bronze.

Basic Sculpture Terms

a. Armature- It is skeleton-like framework used to support the building of paper-mâché,

usually made or stiff wire.
b. Assemblage- It is a three-dimensional art assembly of various materials, often taken
from scraps, junk, or various natural or human-made objects.
c. Base- It is the portion of the work on which the sculpture rest.
d. Craftsmanship- It is a skill with which one uses tools and materials in producing art.
e. Plaster of Paris- It is an excellent white powder which sets hard when blended in the
water.
f. Freestanding- It refers to a method when a sculpture is intended to view from all sides.
h. Manipulation- It is a process of shaping an object by a skilled worker.
i. Replica- It refers to a precise reproduction of an artwork.

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 MY DISCOVERY TASKS

Essay: Answer the following questions concisely.

1. Why is sculpture considered one of the most popular forms of fine arts? Explain.
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2. What are interpretations that are commonly expressed in sculpture?

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3. If you are a sculptor, what technique and medium you like most? Why?
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4. What are the goals of an artist in creating a sculpture? Explain.

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5. Explain how sculpture is associated with Religion and Military?

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Identification: Identify the following items listed below. Write the correct answer in the
space provided before each number.

1. It is a small group of female Venus figurines found across

central Europe.
2. It is a subtractive process whereby the material
systematically eliminated from the outside.
3. It is a form of working wood using cutting tools.
4. It is a human-made object that venerated for the spirit it
represented.
5. It is a sculpture in the round depicting one or more people
or animals.
6. It refers to the exact copy or reproduction of an artwork.
7. It is a sculpted or cast representation of the upper part of a
human figure depicting a person’s head and neck.
8. It is a type of sculpture in which objects are suspended and
balanced in the air.
9. It refers to the portion of the work on which the sculpture
rests.
10. It is the Latin word of sculpture which means “to carve.”

MY TREASURE

Directions: Reflect on the quote below. Write it on the space provided for you.

“Sculpture is the best comment

that a painter can make on
painting”
Pablo Picasso

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 Flexible Learning Task No. 6
SOAP SCULPTURE
Directions: Soap carving is a way to create sculptures from a bar of soap. As opposed
to wood carving, which is more dangerous and should only be done by
skilled individuals, anyone can enjoy carving creations from soap. In this
learning task, creatively make a soap sculpture of your choice. Then, on a
long bond paper, reflect on the importance and role of sculpture as an art
for self-expression.
Required Tools:
Bar Soap Pencil Carving Tool Newspaper
Instructions:
1. Choose a bar soap. A bigger bar is easier to hold and gives more material to
work within the well-covered area. The tools that you’ll use for carving the soap
are pencils, craft sticks (the ones that look like sticks), toothpicks, and possibly
a fork or other tools (depending upon the design that you have in mind).
2. Choose a tool to use. Popsicle sticks, plastic knives or spoons can be used as
simple tools in carving. Begin by gently holding the soap in your off-hand,
making sure not to hold it too tightly or else you could crush it or overheat it.
3. Using your pencil, very lightly sketch any major parts of your design directly onto
the soap. You could also use a fine-tipped permanent maker for this, though
certain types of markers may absorb into the soap. Decide on what particular
design you would like to make.
4. Take one of your craft sticks and, using gentle-yet-firm motions, begin scrapping
of small portions of the soap bar.
5. As you gradually start to form the soap into the shape that you want, use
toothpicks, forks, or other household items to create a detailed work or surface.
6. To smooth rough patches of your soap use your fingers. Your body heat will
serve to soften the soap, making it easier to create a smooth surface.
7. Once you’ve complete your soap sculpture, store it in a cool and dry location.

MY SUPPLEMENTS

Gildow, C. (2012). Art Appreciation. Retrieved last August 18, 2020 from
https://learn.canvas.net/courses/24
SBCTC & Lumen Learning. (n.d.) Art Appreciation. Retrieved last August 18, 2020 from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/masteryart1/
Art Class Curator. (2020). Art Appreciation. Retrieved last August 21, 2020 from
https://artclasscurator.com/principles-of-design-
examples/#:~:text=The%20principles%20of%20design%20are,a%20wide%
20range%20of%20effects.

Art Appreciation | Learning Module for Students in GE 1 Original, R.A. ©2020 66