SALAHUDDIN M.

KHALID

ARCH. BUILDING CONST. & MATERIALS

IDEAL INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE

IX SEMESTER | FIFTH YEAR

INSIDE
THIS
ASSIGNMENT
LONG SPAN BEAMS
INTRODUCTION OF LONG SPAN
LONG SPAN BEAMS
BEAMS
DIFFERENT TYPES OF LONG SPAN BEAMS
TYPES OF LONG SPAN 1. PARALLEL APPROCH BEAMS
BEAMS & SPAN 2. COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH WEB OPENINGS
DIFFERENT TYPE OF LONG SPAN 3. CELLULAR COMPOSITE BEAMS
BEAMS & ITS SPAN 4. TAPERED GIRDER BEAMS
5. HAUNCH BEAMS
ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
CASE STUDIES ON LONG SPAN BEAM STRUCTURES
ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE
 IKEA COMMERCIAL CENTRE, CYPRUS
OF LONG SPAN BEAMS
 ENOVOS CAR PARK, LUXEMBURG
DEFINITION OF LONG SPAN BEAMS

 BEAMS GRETER THAN 20 METER SPANS ARE KNOWN AS LONG SPAN BEAMS.

 THE USE OF LONG SPAN BEAMS RESULTS IN A RANGE OF BENEFITS, INCLUDING

FLEXIBLE, COLUMN-FREE INTERNAL SPACES, REDUCED FOUNDATION COSTS, AND
REDUCED STEEL ERECTION TIMES.

 MANY LONG SPAN SOLUTIONS ARE ALSO WELL ADAPTED TO FACILITATE

THE INTEGRATION OF SERVICES WITHOUT INCREASING THE OVERALL FLOOR
DEPTH.

 THE DESIGN OF LONG SPAN STEEL AND (STEEL-CONCRETE) COMPOSITE BEAMS IS

GENERALLY CARRIED OUT IN ACCORDANCE WITH BS 5950, BS EN 1993 OR
BS EN 1994.

 MANY SOLUTIONS EXPLOIT THE BENEFITS OF COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION,

WHICH OFFERS CONSIDERABLE STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS INCREASES OVER A
BARE STEEL ALTERNATIVE.
TYPES OF LONG SPAN BEAMS

 PARALLEL BEAM APPROACH

 COMPOSITE BEAM WITH WEB OPENING

 CELLULAR COMPOSITE BEAM

 TAPERED GIRDER BEAM

 HAUNCHED COMPOSITE BEAM

1. PARALLEL BEAM APPROACH

 THE PARALLEL BEAM APPROACH IS EFFECTIVE FOR SPANS UP TO AROUND 20 M.

 FLOOR GRIDS COMPRISE TWO LAYERS OF FULLY CONTINUOUS BEAMS RUNNING

IN ORTHOGONAL DIRECTIONS.

 SERVICES RUNNING IN EITHER DIRECTION CAN BE INTEGRATED WITHIN THESE

TWO LAYERS, SO THAT SERVICES PASSING IN ANY DIRECTION CAN BE
ACCOMMODATED WITHIN THE STRUCTURAL FLOOR DEPTH.

 A FURTHER BENEFIT IS THAT, BEING FULLY CONTINUOUS, THE DEPTH OF THE

BEAMS THEMSELVES IS REDUCED WITHOUT INCURRING THE EXPENSE AND
COMPLEXITY OF RIGID, FULL STRENGTH CONNECTIONS.
Advantages of PARALLEL BEAM APPROACH:

 IT RECUCES THE WEIGHT OF THE STEEL BEAMS BY MEANS OF CONTINUITY.

 IT REDUCES ERECTION COMPLEXITIES BY HAVING LESS NUMBER OF

CONNECTIONS IN THE ENTIRE FRAME.

 CAN BE USED IN RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS WHERE LONG SPAN

IS TO BE ACHIEVED.

Disadvantages of PARALLEL BEAM APPROACH:

 AS COMPARED TO CONVENTIONAL APPROACH, TWO BEAMS ARE USED INSTEAD
OF ONE BEAM.

 DUE TO ORTHOGONAL CONNECTIONS IT IS NOT SUITABLE FOR COMPLEX DESIGN

AND ORGANIC DESIGN FORMS.

 NOT SUITABLE FOR SPAN MORE THAN 20 METERS.

2. COMPOSITE BEAM with web openings
 COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH WEB OPENINGS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE A COST
EFFECTIVE SOLUTION FOR SPANS IN THE RANGE 15-30M.

 WEB OPENINGS ARE TYPICALLY FORMED IN BEAMS TO ALLOW SERVICES TO PASS

THROUGH THE BEAM.

 THIS ENABLES THE STRUCTURAL AND SERVICE ZONES TO OCCUPY THE SAME
SPACE, THEREBY REDUCING THE EFFECTIVE OVERALL DEPTH OF FLOOR
CONSTRUCTION FOR A GIVEN SPANNING CAPABILITY.

 OPENINGS MAY ALSO BE FORMED FOR AESTHETIC REASONS, FOR INSTANCE WITH
CAMBERED BEAMS USED TO SUPPORT A ROOF.
Advantages of COMPOSITE BEAM WITH WEB
OPENING:

 THE MAIN ADVANTAGE OF USING THIS TYPE OF BEAM IS TO EASE THE

COMPLEXITY IN THE SERVICES BY ALLOWING IT TO PASS THROUGH WEB
OPENINGS.

 THE OVER ALL STRUCTURAL WEIGHT IS REDUCED TO SOME EXTENT BECAUSE OF

OPENINGS IN THE WEB OF THESE BEAMS.

 MAXIMUM SPAN OF 30 METERS CAN BE ACHIEVED USING THIS BEAM.

Disadvantages of COMPOSITE BEAM WITH WEB

OPENING:

 ANY STRUCTURAL CURVATURE IS NOT POSSIBLE TO ACHIEVE IN THIS TYPE OF

BEAMS BECAUSE OF WEB OPENINGS

 LOAD BEARING CAPACITY IS LESS COMPARED TO OTHER LONG SPAN BEAMS.

 SHOWS DEFORMATION IN WEB OPENINGS, UNDER NON UNIFORM LOADS.

3. CELLULAR COMPOSITE BEAMS
 CELLULAR COMPOSITE BEAMS ARE SUITABLE FOR EFFECTIVE SPAN OF 15 TO 25
METERS.

 CELLULAR BEAMS ARE A FORM OF BEAM WITH MULTIPLE REGULAR WEB

OPENINGS, FORMED BY SPLITTING TWO ROLLED SECTIONS LONGITUDINALLY, TO
FORM TWO TEE SECTIONS.

 THE TWO TEES, WHICH MAY NOT COME FROM THE SAME DONOR SECTION ARE
THEN WELDED TOGETHER TO FORM AN I-SECTION WITH WEB OPENINGS WHICH
HAVE A CHARACTERISTIC SHAPE (NORMALLY, BUT NOT NECESSARILY, CIRCULAR).

Advantages of CELLULAR COMPOSITE BEAM:

 STRUCTURAL CURVATURE CAN BE PROVIDED BECAUSE OF DOUBLE T

CONNECTIONS TO FORM I SECTION IN THIS TYPE OF BEAM

 FLEXIBILITY IN PROVISION OF SERVICES THROUGH WEB OPENINGS

 LOW MAINTAINANCE COST

Disadvantages of CELLULAR COMPOSITE BEAM:

 THE FABRICATION COST IS HIGHER BECAUSE OF CUTTING AND WELDING OF THE

SECTIONS IN THIS TYPE OF BEAM.

 DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF THE HOLES IN THE WEB, THE STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR
OF THESE BEAMS WILL BE DIFFERENT FROM THAT OF THE PLAIN WEBBED BEAMS.

 CELLULAR COMPOSITE BEAMS ARE NOT APPROPRIATE FOR SHORT HEAVILY

LOADED SPANS.

4. TAPERED GIRDER BEAMS

 TAPERED GIRDERS CAN BE A COST EFFECTIVE SOLUTION IN THE SPAN RANGE 15
M TO 25 M.

 THE DEPTH OF THE GIRDER INCREASES TOWARDS MID-SPAN, WHERE APPLIED

MOMENTS ARE GREATEST, AND THEREBY FACILITATING HANGING SERVICES
UNDER THE SHALLOWER REGIONS NEAR THE BEAM SUPPORTS.
 IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO FORM WEB OPENINGS IN TAPERED GIRDERS IN REGIONS
OF LOW SHEAR, TOWARDS MID-SPAN.

 THESE PROVIDE MORE OPTIONS FOR SERVICE INTEGRATION.

 THEY ARE ANOTHER SOLUTION THAT ALLOWS SERVICES TO BE ACCOMMODATED

WITHIN THE STRUCTURAL FLOOR ZONE.

Advantages of TAPERED GIRDER BEAM:

 IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO FORM WEB OPENINGS IN TAPERED GIRDERS IN REGIONS

OF LOW SHEAR, TOWARDS MID-SPAN WHICH CAN BE PROVED ESSENTIAL FOR
SERVICES.

 COST EFFECTIVE UPTO SPAN OF 25 METER BECAUSE OF TAPERED SECTION.

 WEIGHT ECONOMY, WHICH IS TRANSLATED INTO LONGER OR TALLER

STRUCTURES.
Disadvantages of TAPERED GIRDER BEAM:

 THE LACK OF DESIGN CODE CRITERIA AND HIGH CONSTRUCTION COSTS, HAS KEPT
THEIR USE IN A DORMANT STAGE.

 IN THE LINEAR ELASTIC RANGE THE CLASSICAL BENDING STRESS FORMULA IS

SUFFICIENTLY ACCURATE FOR MODERATE TAPER (LESS THAN 20-DEGREE TAPER),
BUT THE EFFECT OF TAPER ON SHEAR STRESS IS QUITE SIGNIFICANT.

5. HAUNCHED COMPOSITE BEAMS

 IN HAUNCHED COMPOSITE BEAMS, SPANS IN EXCESS OF 20-30 M CAN READILY BE
ACHIEVED DUE THE USE OF HAUNCH.

 HAUNCHES MAY BE ADDED AT THE ENDS OF A COMPOSITE BEAM TO PROVIDE

MOMENT CONTINUITY.
 THE STIFFNESS AND STRENGTH OF THE CONNECTIONS MEAN THAT THE REST OF
THE SPAN CAN BE SHALLOWER (THE BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM IS 'LIFTED'
AND THE EFFECTIVE STIFFNESS OF THE BEAM SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASED), AND
SERVICES PASSED UNDER IT.

 IN BUILDINGS WHERE SERVICES ARE LIKELY TO NEED FREQUENT REPLACEMENT

(FOR EXAMPLE IN HOSPITALS), HANGING THE SERVICES UNDER THE BEAMS
RATHER THAN PASSING THEM THROUGH HOLES IN THE WEBS, OR THROUGH A
TRUSS, CAN BE ADVANTAGEOUS.

Advantages of HAUNCHED COMPOSITE BEAM:

 LONGEST SPAN UPTO 30 METERS CAN BE ACHIEVED EFFICIENTLTY IN THIS TYPE
OF BEAM.

 CREATED A SERVICE BAY IN THE AREA BENEATH THE SLAB AND EQUAL TO THE
DEPTH OF HAUNCH.

 BY THE USE OF GUSSET PLATE, MULTIPLE BEAM CONNECTION IN DIFFERENT

DIRECTIONS IS POSSIBLE IN THIS TYPE OF BEAM.
Disadvantages of HAUNCHED COMPOSITE BEAM:

 MATERIAL OVERWORK AND SPECIALIST WORKFORCE NEEDED FOR THE STEEL

CONSTRUCTION IN THIS TYPE OF BEAM.

 LIKELY LOSS OF DUCTILITY IN THE OVERALL SYSTEM.

 LACK OF AESTHETICS AND NON UNIFORM CLEAR HEIGHT IF USED IN RESIDENTIAL

CONSTRUCTION.

P.T.O
CASE STUDY 1:

IKEA, COMMERCIAL CENTRE, CYPRUS

PROJECT TYPE : COMMERCIAL & WAREHOUSE

AREA : 22000 SQ. M.

TIME FOR ERECTION : 12 MONTHS (JULY 2006 TO JUNE 2007)

COST : COST OF STEEL FRAME : 4 720 000 EUROS

TOTAL COST OF PROJECT : 23 000 000 EUROS

TYPE OF BEAM USED : CELLULAR COMPOSITE BEAMS

SPAN OF CELLULAR BEAMS : 16 TO 24 METERS

SPAN OF SECONDARY BEAMS : 4 TO 16 METERS

DEPTH OF CELLULAR BEAMS : 750 X 137 MM CELLULAR COMPOSITE BEAMS

DEPTH OF SECONDARY BEAMS : 250 X 137 MM BOX SECTIONS

IKEA COMMERCIAL CENTRE, CYPRUS

 INTERNAL SERVICES EXTERNAL COVERED LOBBY

CELLULAR COMPOSITE BEAM USED

DURING CONSTRUCTION CONNECTION OF MEMBERS

CASE STUDY 2:

ENOVOS CAR PARK, LUXEMBURG

PROJECT TYPE : CAR PARKING

AREA : 5760 SQ. M

TIME FOR ERECTION : 2 YEARS (2013 – 2015)

HEIGHT : 2.2 M. CLEAR HT. (FROM LOWER END OF BEAM)

TYPE OF BEAM USED : CELLULAR BEAMS WITH SINOSOIDAL OPENINGS

SPAN OF CELLULAR BEAMS : 15.75 METERS

SPAN OF SECONDARY BEAMS : 5 METERS

DEPTH OF CELLULAR BEAMS : 750 MM TO 575 MM CELLULAR BEAMS

DEPTH OF SECONDARY BEAMS : 220 MM TO 250 MM T SECTIONS

ENOVOS CAR PARK, LUXEMBURG

VIEW FROM RAMP SIDE 2.2 M CLEAR FLOOR HIEGHT

15.75 METER X 5 METER SPAN OF CELLULAR BEAM WITH SINOSOIDAL OPENINGS

EXTERIOR FAÇADE OF STRUCTURE FILLER BEAMS (T – SECTIONS)