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Surgery. The goal of surgery is to remove the cancer or as much of the cancer as
possible.
Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams, such as X-rays
or protons, to kill cancer cells. Radiation treatment can come from a machine outside your
body (external beam radiation), or it can be placed inside your body (brachytherapy).
Bone marrow transplant. Your bone marrow is the material inside your bones that makes
blood cells from blood stem cells. A bone marrow transplant, also knowns as a stem cell
transplant, can use your own bone marrow stem cells or those from a donor. A bone
marrow transplant allows your doctor to use higher doses of chemotherapy to treat your
cancer. It may also be used to replace diseased bone marrow.
Hormone therapy. Some types of cancer are fueled by your body’s hormones. Examples
include breast cancer and prostate cancer. Removing those hormones from the body or
blocking their effects may cause the cancer cells to stop growing.
Targeted drug therapy. Targeted drug treatment focuses on specific abnormalities within
cancer cells that allow them to survive.
Cryoablation. This treatment kills cancer cells with cold. During cryoablation, a thin,
wandlike needle (cryoprobe) is inserted through your skin and directly into the cancerous
tumor. A gas is pumped into the cryoprobe in order to freeze the tissue. Then the tissue is
allowed to thaw. The freezing and thawing process is repeated several times during the
same treatment session in order to kill the cancer cells.
Radiofrequency ablation. This treatment uses electrical energy to heat cancer cells,
causing them to die. During radiofrequency ablation, a doctor guides a thin needle
through the skin or through an incision and into the cancer tissue. High-frequency energy
passes through the needle and causes the surrounding tissue to heat up, killing the
nearby cells.
Clinical trials. Clinical trials are studies to investigate new ways of treating cancer.
Thousands of cancer clinical trials are underway.
2. Goals of treatment.
The goal of cancer treatment is to achieve a cure for your cancer, allowing you to live a normal
life span. This may or may not be possible, depending on your specific situation. If a cure isn't
possible, your treatments may be used to shrink your cancer or slow the growth of your cancer to
allow you to live symptom free for as long as possible.
Surgery. The goal of surgery is to remove the cancer or as much of the cancer as
possible.
Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells.
Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams, such as X-rays
or protons, to kill cancer cells. Radiation treatment can come from a machine outside your
body (external beam radiation), or it can be placed inside your body (brachytherapy).
Bone marrow transplant. Your bone marrow is the material inside your bones that makes
blood cells from blood stem cells. A bone marrow transplant, also knowns as a stem cell
transplant, can use your own bone marrow stem cells or those from a donor. A bone
marrow transplant allows your doctor to use higher doses of chemotherapy to treat your
cancer. It may also be used to replace diseased bone marrow.
Hormone therapy. Some types of cancer are fueled by your body’s hormones. Examples
include breast cancer and prostate cancer. Removing those hormones from the body or
blocking their effects may cause the cancer cells to stop growing.
Targeted drug therapy. Targeted drug treatment focuses on specific abnormalities within
cancer cells that allow them to survive.
Cryoablation. This treatment kills cancer cells with cold. During cryoablation, a thin,
wandlike needle (cryoprobe) is inserted through your skin and directly into the cancerous
tumor. A gas is pumped into the cryoprobe in order to freeze the tissue. Then the tissue is
allowed to thaw. The freezing and thawing process is repeated several times during the
same treatment session in order to kill the cancer cells.
Radiofrequency ablation. This treatment uses electrical energy to heat cancer cells,
causing them to die. During radiofrequency ablation, a doctor guides a thin needle
through the skin or through an incision and into the cancer tissue. High-frequency energy
passes through the needle and causes the surrounding tissue to heat up, killing the
nearby cells.
Clinical trials. Clinical trials are studies to investigate new ways of treating cancer.
Thousands of cancer clinical trials are underway.
4. What are the different types of therapeutic cancer treatment? Enumerate and Explain.
Radiation therapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill
cancer cells and shrink tumors. Learn about the types of radiation, why side effects
happen, which ones you might have, and more.
Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Learn
how chemotherapy works against cancer, why it causes side effects, and how it is used
with other cancer treatments.
Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that helps your immune system fight cancer.
This page covers the types of immunotherapy, how it is used against cancer, and what
you can expect during treatment.
Targeted therapy is a type of cancer treatment that targets the changes in cancer cells
that help them grow, divide, and spread. Learn how targeted therapy works against
cancer and about common side effects that may occur.
Hormone Therapy is a treatment that slows or stops the growth of breast and prostate
cancers that use hormones to grow. Learn about the types of hormone therapy and side
effects that may happen.
Stem Cell Transplant are procedures that restore blood-forming stem cells in cancer
patients who have had theirs destroyed by very high doses of chemotherapy or radiation
therapy. Learn about the types of transplants, side effects that may occur, and how stem
cell transplants are used in cancer treatment.
• Radiation therapy
c. Significant pre-existing lung diseas a. Head and neck : Dry mouth, Mouth and gum
sores, Difficulty swallowing, Stiffness in the jaw,
d. Prior radiation therapy to the same part Nausea, Hair loss, A type of swelling called
e. Pacemaker in the radiotherapy field lymphedema, Tooth decay
b. Chest: Difficulty swallowing, Shortness of
breath, Breast or nipple soreness, Shoulder
stiffness, Cough, fever, and fullness of the chest,
known as radiation pneumonitis. This happens
between 2 weeks and 6 months after radiation
therapy, Radiation fibrosis, which causes
permanent lung scars from untreated radiation
pneumonitis. The radiation oncologist knows how
to lower the risk of fibrosis.
c.Stomach and abdomen: Nausea and vomiting,
Diarrhea
d.Pelvis: Diarrhea, Rectal bleeding, Incontinence,
which is when a person is not able to control his or
her bladder, Bladder irritation.
e. Additionally, men and woman may have different
symptoms
• For men: Sexual problems, such as erectile
dysfunction, which is the inability to get or
maintain an erection, Lowered sperm
counts and reduced sperm activity. This
can occur from radiation therapy to the
testes or prostate. And it may affect a
man's ability to father a child
• Immunotherapy
• Targeted therapy
Photosensitivity:
• Thromboembolic disorders You may start your menopause when you begin
hormone therapy. This could be temporary or
• Undiagnosed vaginal bleeding permanent.
• Endometriosis Your periods will stop if you are taking a luteinising
• Fibroids hormone (LH) blocker. Your periods may stop or
become lighter if you are taking tamoxifen.
You might also get other menopausal symptoms,
even if you’ve already had your menopause. For
example, you may have vaginal dryness, hot
flushes, sweating and a lowered sex drive
Hair thinning
Some hormone therapies can cause hair thinning.
Headaches
Memory problems
Some men and women feel that their memory gets
worse when they have been having hormone
treatment for a while.
Blood clots
Graft-versus-host disease
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) can happen in
allogeneic transplants when the immune cells from
the donor see your body as foreign
Acute GVHD
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Stomach cramps
• Diarrhea (watery and sometimes bloody)
• Loss of appetite
• Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
• Abdominal (belly) pain
• Weight loss
• Physical exam. Your doctor may feel areas of your body for lumps that may indicate a tumor.
During a physical exam, he or she may look for abnormalities, such as changes in skin color or
enlargement of an organ, that may indicate the presence of cancer
• Laboratory tests. Laboratory tests, such as urine and blood tests, may help your doctor identify
abnormalities that can be caused by cancer. For instance, in people with leukemia, a common
blood test called complete blood count may reveal an unusual number or type of white blood
cells.
• Imaging tests. Imaging tests allow your doctor to examine your bones and internal organs in a
noninvasive way. Imaging tests used in diagnosing cancer may include a computerized
tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography
(PET) scan, ultrasound and X-ray, among others, A nuclear scan uses radioactive material to
take pictures of the inside of the body,Bone scans are a type of nuclear scan that check for
abnormal areas or damage in the bones. They may be used to diagnose bone cancer or cancer
that has spread to the bones
• Biopsy. During a biopsy, your doctor collects a sample of cells for testing in the laboratory. There
are several ways of collecting a sample. Which biopsy procedure is right for you depends on your
type of cancer and its location. In most cases, a biopsy is the only way to definitively diagnose
cancer. The biopsy sample may be obtained in several ways : with a needle, With endoscopy
(Colonoscopy, Bronchoscopy ) and With surgery.
Types of Chemotherapy:
b. Neo Adjuvant Chemotherapy – is given before surgery to shrink tumor and increase chance of
successful resection
c. Adjuvant Chemotherapy- this treatment is given after surgery to “mop up” microscopic residual
disease
Nursing responsibilities:
b. side effects of drugs: manage nausea and vomiting, inflammation and ulceration of mucous
membranes, hair loss, anorexia with specific nursing and medical intervention.
2. Monitor lab results (drugs withheld if blood counts seriously low): blood and blood products
administration
Types of counseling you choose may depend on your needs, preferences, and finances.
• Individual counseling. This provides a 1-on-1 exchange with a counselor to talk about troubling
events, thoughts, and feelings. The counselor will listen closely, express caring concern, ask
questions, and offer feedback.
• Couples or family counseling. When meeting with a couple or with multiple family members, a
counselor listens fairly to every person in the session. The counselor helps to find how certain
thoughts and actions may be adding to conflict. Family members learn new ways to support one
another during stressful times.
• Group counseling. A group of people with similar concerns may meet together. A counselor
leads the discussion and provides support and guidance. Group members learn from the
counselor and other members.
Spiritual support is one type of palliative care. It can help with some concerns and questions you
and your loved ones have during cancer and treatment.
You can have palliative care, including spiritual support, at any time during treatment. This
includes right after your diagnosis or during and after treatment.
A member of your health care team called a chaplain or spiritual care advisor usually provides
spiritual support. Chaplains are trained to talk about the major questions of life, death, and
existence. They can also help with making a legacy and finding purpose. Chaplains work with
people from every faith and background, including people with no religious faith.