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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. OVERVIEW........................................................................................................ 3
II. THE COVID-19 ISSUE ..................................................................................... 5
III. THE CURRENT STATE OF THE LAW ............................................................ 6
A. Remand credit............................................................................................... 6
B. The length of a sentence .............................................................................. 7
IV. THE CASE BEFORE THE COURT ................................................................. 8
A. The offender and the charge ......................................................................... 8
B. The sentence imposed .................................................................................. 9
C. The Defence request for additional reductions in sentence due to COVID-19
.......................................................................................................................... 9
(i) Respecting additional or enhanced remand credit..................................... 9
(ii) Respecting an additional reduction from the total sentence.................... 10
V. ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................... 11
A. The decision in Mr. Pangon’s case ............................................................. 11
B. Respecting additional enhanced remand credit based on COVID-19 ......... 12
C. Respecting COVID-19 sentence reductions ............................................... 13
(i) Remand in the time of COVID-19: a more robust approach .................... 15
VI. SHOULD JAIL SENTENCES GENERALLY BE SHORTER BECAUSE OF
COVID-19? ......................................................................................................... 21
VII. CONCLUSION.............................................................................................. 26
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I. OVERVIEW
[1] This case deals with prison sentences during the time of COVID-19
(regardless of whether there are active cases in Nunavut or not).
[2] Persons in prisons face a greater risk of infection than the general
public. By extension, infections in prisons add to the risk of infection in
the greater community.
[3] Conditions in prisons are harsher than they were pre-COVID. In order
to minimize infection, prisons across Canada have implemented
restrictions on inmate activities, associations, counselling
opportunities, and visits from friends and family.
[4] The World Health Organization says that the greater vulnerability of
persons in prison to exposure calls not just for government solutions,
but societal solutions.
[5] This case deals with what credit can or should be given for time spent
on remand during COVID-19 awaiting a court appearance. It also
deals with whether jail sentences should be shorter in duration
because of COVID-19.
[8] The notion that inmates will voluntarily “stack up time” on remand in
hope of serving less or no further time is myth except for rare
instances. Generally, the prospect of an uncertain future is such that
offenders are anxious to end their remand time.
4
[10] This is not just the decent and humane thing to do, it also speaks to
public health concerns—one less person in remand translates to less
risk to the community.
[11] However, I do not think that even an informed and sympathetic public
is prepared to accept the proposition that all jail sentences should be
reduced because of the pandemic. Restrictions in jail are greater
because of COVID-19. At the same time, massive changes have
taken place restricting the liberties of all people. Accordingly, COVID-
19 should not operate to automatically reduce the length of a jail
sentence.
[12] Nor do I think that specific chunks of time should be deducted from an
otherwise fit and proper jail sentence simply because certain
restrictive conditions are in place at a particular jail when an offender
is sentenced.
[13] The pandemic may well be with us for some time to come. However,
judges have no power to determine where an offender will serve their
sentence, and conditions in Nunavut’s correctional institutions have
changed thus far throughout the pandemic and have become more,
and then less, restrictive.
[15] Indeed, we may see cases where the moral culpability of the offender
is actually exacerbated by the pandemic—where, for example, the
offender has abused an elder or other vulnerable victim during times
of social distancing.
5
[16] When the World Health organization says that prison conditions
during COVID-19 are both a government and a societal problem, it
does not mean only that existing or new facilities should be made
safer. To be sure, this needs to be done and some existing facilities
closed.
[18] This case, along with its companion case R v Ekpakohak, 2020 NUCJ
31, deals with whether an offender who is about to be sentenced to a
jail term should have time deducted from their sentence because of
COVID-19. Put more bluntly, should time be shaved off an otherwise
proper sentence because of the current pandemic.
[20] There are two types of situation where the issue arises:
1. The first involves accused persons who have not been granted
bail and have been waiting in custody (on remand) for their court
dates: the question is whether they should get enhanced or extra
credit deducted from any subsequent jail sentence because they
spent time on remand during the COVID-19 pandemic.
A. Remand credit
[21] Judges are required to grant “credit” to an offender for any time spent
in custody on remand; this credit is then applied moving forward by
deducting the remand credit from the offender’s total sentence if
further jail is imposed for the offence.
[22] A judge’s power to grant such credit is limited by section 719(3) of the
Criminal Code, which says the maximum remand credit allowed is one
day deducted from the total sentence for each day spent in custody (a
ratio of 1 to 1).
[27] Accordingly, and unless the Crown can show that the offender is not a
likely candidate for early release, enhanced remand credit at a 1.5 to
1 rate should be granted.
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[29] And although the Court did not disturb the maximum or cap on such
enhanced credit at 1.5 to 1, it did allow that inmates who have
suffered “particularly harsh treatment” might seek a remedy under the
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Summers at para 73).
[30] To be clear, however, the maximum enhanced credit that a court can
grant for pre-sentence time spent in remand is 1.5 days’ credit for
every 1 day on remand.
[35] Judges are not, however, permitted to deduct or “shave off” specific
amounts of time from a fit and proper sentence because the offender
will (or will likely) serve their time at an institution where conditions
may be particularly stressful.
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[36] On 5 August 2020, I sentenced two Inuit male offenders, Mr. Pangon
and Mr. Ekpakohak, to periods of imprisonment for offences
committed against their respective female partners as well as
offences relating to breaches of court orders. My reasons for Mr.
Ekpakohak’s sentence, which are very similar to these reasons, are
set out in R v Ekpakohak, 2020 NUCJ 31.
[37] Mr. Pangon (27 years old) pleaded guilty to two charges of assault
involving his spouse and two charges of breaching terms of his bail.
[38] He has a record of previous spousal assaults for which he has served
time in custody.
[39] He was in custody and being held at the Rankin Inlet Healing Center
(RIHC) when he came before me (via telephone) on 5 August 2020.
[42] Upon completion of his isolation, Mr. Pangon joined the general
inmate population. Full programming at the RIHC was restored
effective June 2020, which allowed Mr. Pangon to participate in AA
and Men’s Group meetings, as well as a one-day trip on the land with
other inmates. He also worked in the kitchen.
[43] Mr. Pangon does not have any health conditions or personal factors
which would indicate a heightened risk should he contract COVID-19.
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[44] The Crown and Defence made a joint submission that consecutive jail
terms be imposed for each of Mr. Pangon’s offences (with one
exception) for a total sentence of six months (180 days) jail, to be
followed by 18 months of probation.
[46] I then deducted from this 180 days the time Mr. Pangon had already
spent on remand. As noted, above, Mr. Pangon had spent 66 days in
custody on remand.
[47] I granted him enhanced credit at a ratio of 1.5 days for each day he
spent on remand: accordingly, I calculated Mr. Pangon’s remand
credit to be 100 days (66 days at 1.5 to 1).
[48] Thus, the net sentence moving forward that Mr. Pangon would be
required to actually serve in jail was 80 days.
[51] Counsel relied upon recent cases from Ontario, where courts have
granted credit over and above the usual 1.5 to 1 ratio to recognize
severe COVID-19 remand conditions (see R v OK, 2020 ONCJ 189,
and further cases noted therein).
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[52] Counsel suggested that despite the statutory cap on remand time set
by section 719(3.1) of the Criminal Code, courts generally have an
inherent jurisdiction to allow additional enhanced remand credit
beyond the cap.
[56] In support of this request the Defence relies upon R v Campbell, 2020
NUCJ 28, where Madam Justice Charlesworth imposed a 15 month
jail term (450 days). She then deducted 234 days for time spent on
remand (at a rate of 1.5 to 1). She then deducted an additional 60
days based on harsher conditions than usual at the Baffin
Correctional Center (BCC) because of COVID-19 precautions. This
left Mr. Campbell with 163 days remaining to be served from the 15
month (450 day) sentence.
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[59] Charlesworth J was also told that these measures are in place even
though (on the day Mr. Campbell was sentenced) Nunavut continued
to be “COVID free”, because that status could change at any time
(Campbell at para 25).
[60] Finally, Charlesworth J was told that these restrictions would continue
going forward as Mr. Campbell continued to serve his sentence at
BCC (Campbell at para 30).
V. ANALYSIS
[61] I declined the Defence request to deduct any further time from the
sentence imposed upon Mr. Pangon either through additional remand
credit or a shortened sentence.
[63] Section 719(3.1) is clear that “if the circumstances justify it”,
enhanced remand credit is allowed. The section is equally clear,
however, that the “maximum is one and one-half days for each day
spent in custody.”
[69] I part company with the view expressed in R v Duncan, supra, that
courts can provide mitigation in the form of enhanced remand credit
“apart from and beyond” the 1.5 to 1 ratio set by section 719(3.1).
[73] In Summers, above, the Supreme Court affirmed the 1.5 to 1 ratio as
the maximum available credit for time spent in remand as set out in s.
719(3.1).
[75] In Summers, the Court made it clear that this notion of enhanced
remand credit has a two-fold legitimate aim: first, to quantitatively
account for the loss of eligibility for early release; and second, to
qualitatively account for the harshness of conditions in remand
centres.
[78] At the time of this hearing, the COVID-19 pandemic is sweeping the
globe. The risk of infection is higher in custodial institutions, where
conditions – cramped quarters and shared sleeping, dining, and toilet
facilities – make it difficult, if not impossible, to implement social
distancing and other protective measures
[81] As a result of the current health crisis, jails have become harsher
environments, largely because of restrictive lock-down conditions
aimed at preventing infection as well as individual isolations (upon
first arrival, and later in the case of a presumptive positive test). In
addition, many institutions have limited visitors (including even family
visitors) and counselling opportunities.
[87] The more important (and more difficult) question is how the pandemic
can or even should be taken into account in fixing a fit and proper
sentence. For it is on this question that “the rubber hits the road”.
…in these very challenging times, the court must fully recognize the
potential harmful health impact on detained persons in the various
institutions, while at the same time exercising the balancing required
to sustain its fundamental role in the administration of justice and
protection of the public. (at para 74)
[89] Harris J struck such balance in the case of R v Kandhai, 2020 ONSC
1611. The accused had pleaded guilty to possession of a prohibited
firearm and breach of a firearm prohibition order. He had been denied
bail and sat in custody on remand for some 30 months (which with
remand credit at a rate of 1.5 to 1 would constitute 45 months of
remand time). The Crown asked for a jail sentence of 4 to 5 years; the
Defence requested a sentence of 3 years time served (which would
result in the accused not serving any more jail time).
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[90] Harris J agreed with the Defence and declined to impose any further
jail time. With respect to the pandemic, he said:
[92] And so thus, and on balance, Harris J was of the view that the time
already served was a sufficient fit and proper sentence.
[93] Another case which, in my view, strikes a fair balance between the
impact of COVID-19 on prisoners and prison life and the need for
courts to maintain public confidence in our sentencing process is the
decision of Madam Justice Pomerance in R v Hearns, 2020 ONSC
2365.
[95] The Crown and Defence jointly proposed a sentence of time served
(i.e., no further jail), and Pomerance J agreed with this disposition of
the case. She said a sentence of time served (with a probationary
period to follow allowing the accused to further address his
addictions) was appropriate given the fact of the COVID-19 pandemic
(at para 9).
[96] It is important to note, however, that the end result in both Hearns and
Kandhai was simply that the judges did not impose any further jail
time – i.e. they did not expose the accused to a further risk of infection
as well as the further hardship of COVID-19 prison restrictions.
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[99] The question of course is how important? How does the pandemic
factor into the sentencing of an offender from both a principled and
practical standpoint?
[102] Strictly speaking, Hearns stands for the proposition that a period on
remand during COVID-19 may, “however imperfectly,” be a sufficient
penalty such that no further jail time is required.
[106] In making such a determination, the judge would view the individual
case through the lens of right thinking members of the community.
[107] Under this new or more robust approach to assessing the value of
remand time, the public can see that the offender is getting a
discount – but at the same time, that they have already been
punished.
[108] They have already suffered the psychological stress associated with
a risk of infection (along with restrictive conditions to prevent it) to a
greater degree than the rest of society. During their remand time,
they have also faced an uncertain future that may involve a further
jail term with a continuing risk of infection.
19
There will be cases where release from custody is not an option. There
must be consideration of the safety of the community and the need for
a proportionate sentence. Where, however, a period of time served can
address sentencing principles, even imperfectly, our sense of humanity
tells us that release from prison is a fit and appropriate response. (at
para 24, emphasis in original)
[115] Further, the law allows that a judge can order a jail sentence outside
(i.e., below) the normal sentencing range as long as it is in
accordance with the basic principles and objectives of sentencing.
Thus, a sentence falling outside the normal range of appropriate
sentences is not necessarily unfit (R v Lacasse, 2015 SCC 64 at
para 58).
[117] How will the new metric be applied to determine if the time already
spent on remand is, “however imperfectly,” a sufficient penalty in the
time of COVID-19?
[118] What measure will the sentencing judge use to determine if the end
result is a fit sentence?
[119] In my view this new metric should apply to cases where the
offender’s total remand credit is a significant or substantial portion of
a fit and proper sentence.
[120] In such a case, as in Hearns, the actual sentence will equate to the
time spent in remand with enhanced credit. The net effect will be that
the offender receives what is colloquially referred to as a time served
sentence, with or without probation to follow.
[121] The judge would be required only to note the remand time is such
that it constitutes a significant or substantial portion of what the
offender would receive as a penalty, so that “however imperfectly,” in
these challenging times, it is a sufficient penalty.
[122] The notion that offenders will voluntarily remain or “stack up time” on
remand in the hope of serving less time is (and always has been)
myth. Anecdotally, it is a true but rare occurrence. Generally,
however, the prospect of an uncertain future is such that offenders
are anxious to end their remand time.
[123] I would add two notes of caution with this new approach.
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[125] Second, in terms of public safety, in more serious cases, the amount
of remand credit required to “trigger” the approach would need to be
significantly lengthy.
[126] Indeed, such was the situation in Hearns: the offence was a violent
one; the remand time was significant (some 33 months), and the
judge followed the joint submission of counsel for time served.
[130] I would note as well that the Crown in Nunavut has already (because
of COVID-19) adjusted the terms of assessing which cases it
continues to prosecute and the cases for which it seeks jail, as well
as the amount of jail required.
[131] I would accordingly encourage the Crown to embrace this new and
more robust approach in assessing, on a case by case basis,
whether any future period of jail is required after an offender has
already served significant remand time.
[134] In my view, this statement should be viewed with some caution: first,
in context, because the offender (in Hearns) had already spent time
on remand; and second, in light of Pomerance J’s further comment
where she said:
[140] In turn, this means the sentence will depend upon the profile of the
offender and the circumstances surrounding the offence itself.
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[141] I do not, however, and with respect, share the view that “if
incarceration has a deterrent effect, then more harsh [COVID-19]
incarceration should have a stronger deterrent effect” (Campbell at
para 28).
[144] In short, I think the public is prepared to accept that COVID-19 may
temper the jail sentence in some cases, and in others, not.
[146] More precisely, I do not favor deducting “chunks” of time from the
end of a sentence based on specific restrictive conditions that may
exist on the day the offender is sentenced.
[147] I see two problems with this approach; first, the law does not permit
the judge to give the offender “relief” from the conditions which exist
on the day they are sentenced; second, restrictive conditions can
and do change over the course of the sentence.
[148] The law requires that a jail sentence commence—and the offender
start serving the time—on the day the sentence is imposed. The law
does not permit the judge to relieve the offender of the harsh prison
precautions that exist on the day of sentencing by allowing them to
“go home” for the fixed period of the COVID-19 reduction, and to
report to the jail afterwards.
[149] Any pandemic restrictions which may be in effect on the day the
offender receives his sentence may or may not still be in effect for
the duration of the sentence. Thus, the specific relief granted by the
reduction may be redundant by the time the inmate is released.
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[150] The pandemic may well be with us for months or years to come.
However, the COVID-19 precautions that exist on the day of
sentencing could possibly turn more favorable to the offender a few
months after they are admitted as an inmate.
[151] In such a case, the inmate would be receiving the benefit of their
“COVID reduction” at a time when the restrictive conditions are no
longer in place.
[152] Conditions in jails are fluid – they change, sometime becoming more
restrictive, sometimes less so.
[157] Further, a judge has no power to say where the offender will serve
the sentence. The court may be told (by Counsel or Corrections) that
an offender will likely serve their sentence at BCC; however, there is
nothing remarkable about an inmate transfer at some point down the
line.
[165] All citizens face a risk of infection. As I noted earlier, and particularly
in Nunavut, sentencing is an individualized process. Accordingly, and
in my view, it is sufficient that a sentencing judge – in light of the
pandemic – may or may not temper justice with mercy in light of the
circumstances of the individual before them to be sentenced.
[167] At present our criminal justice system has just two extreme options—
probation or jail. During probation we attempt to supervise the
offender, but we return them to a somewhat normal life; in jail we
warehouse them before returning them.
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VII. CONCLUSION
[169] This case deals with whether, and if so, how, judges should consider
the COVID-19 pandemic when sentencing offenders to a term of
imprisonment.
[171] I granted Mr. Pangon remand credit at a rate of 1.5 days for each
day he had spent in custody awaiting his court date, and this time
was deducted from the sentence.
[172] I declined, however, to grant additional remand credit for the time Mr.
Pangon had spent in COVID-19 isolation when first taken into
custody. I have no power to do so because the Criminal Code has
limited or capped the total available remand credit to the amount I
had already granted. I do however urge a more robust judicial
approach or appreciation of remand in the time of COVID-19.
[173] I also declined to grant Mr. Pangon any specific deduction from his
sentence. COVID-19 should be taken into account when arriving at a
fit sentence. The pandemic should not, however, operate as an
automatic reduction of sentence, or allow a specific reduction to an
otherwise fit and proper sentence.
_________________
N Sharkey C.J. (NCJ)
Nunavut Court of Justice