04-Dec-19

MATERIALS &
SECTION
PROPERTIES CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Siti Kamariah Md Sa’at Timber
School of Bioprocess Engineering Concrete
Steel
UniMAP
Others

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Topics Outcomes Introduction

■ A wide range of building materials is available for the construction of
■ At the end of topics, student should have
rural buildings and structures.
■ The proper selection of materials to be used in a particular building or
1. Ability to select the suitable materials for the structural elements (C6) structure can influence
– the original cost,
2. Ability to determine the engineering properties of materials (C4) – maintenance,
– ease of cleaning,
– durability and,
– appearance.

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Factors to selection Factors to selection

■ Several factors need to be considered when choosing the 4. Availability of the skilled labor required to install some types of
materials for a construction job, including: material.

1. Type and function of the building or structure and the 5. Quality and durability of different types of material.
specific characteristics required of the materials used, i.e.
great strength, water resistance, wear resistance, attractive
appearance, etc. 6. Transportation costs.

2. Economic aspects of the building/structure in terms of 7. Selection of materials with compatible properties, dimensions and
original investment and annual cost of maintenance. means of installation.

3. Availability of materials in the area. 8. Cultural acceptability or personal preference.

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Stress – Strain Behavior of Elastic

Stress-Strain Properties T T
Materials
■ Stress, σ = proportional to the
force causing the deformation DL Stress
= Force per unit area (F/A)
■ Stress types –tension/
compression/ shear
E
■ Strain, ε = a measure of how
much the material deforms Section X Lo E = Modulus of Elasticity = Stress / Strain
when subject to a stress =
deformation = ∆L/Lo
■ Strain is dimensionless

Strain
Hooke’s Law- for relatively small deformations of an object,
T the displacement or size of the deformation is directly
T proportional to the deforming force or load

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Stress-Strain Curves
Stress Stress

St r e s s,  Ultimate
Elastic tension
limit strength Fracture E
point
Linear
limit
C
B D Strain Strain
A (a) Linear Elastic (b) Non-linear Elastic
Stress Stress

St r a in , 
Plastic strain Strain Plastic strain Strain

(c) Elastic-plastic (d) Non-linear Plastic

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ENGINEERING
PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Wood/Timber
Steel
Concrete
Others

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Wood
■ Wood is a commonly used construction material in many
parts of the world because of its reasonable cost, ease of
working, attractive appearance and adequate life if protected
from moisture and insects.
■ However, forests are a valuable natural resource that must be
conserved, particularly in areas with marginal rainfall.
■ As good a material as wood may be, there are regions where
other materials should be considered first, simply on a
conservation basis.
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Wood Engineering Properties
■ Stiffness
– Resist deflection or bending when loaded.
– Stiff woods are not necessarily very strong. They may
resist bending up to a point and then break suddenly.
– Tough woods will deflect considerably before breaking.
Even after fracturing, the fibers tend to hang together
and resist separation. Tough woods are resistant to
shock loading.
■ Warping
– the twisting, bending or bowing distortions shown by some
woods.
– The method of sawing and curing affects the amount of
warping, but some species are much more prone to warping
than others.
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Wood Engineering Properties
■ Wood obeys Hooke’s Law when loaded in tension or compression.
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Wood Engineering Properties
■ Strength in wood
– its ability to resist breaking when it is used in beams
and columns.
– Not only is strength related to the species, but also to
moisture content (MC) and defects.
– Strength also related to density.
■ Hardness
– the resistance to denting and wear.
– Hardwoods are more difficult to work, they are required
for tools, tool handles, flooring and other applications
subject to wear, or where a high polish is desired.
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Wood Engineering Properties
■ Nail-holding resistance
– hardwoods is greater than for softer woods.
– Woods that are so hard that they tend to split when nailed, lose much
of their holding ability. Pre-boring to 75 percent of the nail size avoids
splitting.
■ The workability
– such as sawing, shaping and nailing, is better for soft, low-density
woods than for hardwoods, but usually they cannot be given a high
polish.
■ Natural-decay resistance
– the heartwood (the darker centre area of the tree) is more resistant
than the sapwood (the lighter outer area of the tree)
■ Paint-holding ability
– differs between woods types
– should be considered when selecting materials.
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Poles and Timber
■ In farm buildings and rural structures, wood is often used in the form in
which it has grown, i.e. round poles.
■ In some areas wooden poles can be obtained at very low cost. These
poles have many uses in small building construction, such as columns
for the load bearing structure, rafters, trusses and purlins.
■ Sticks and thin poles are often used as wall material or as a framework
of the wall.
■ Where straight poles are selected for construction, it is as easy to work
with round timber as with sawn timber.
■ Round timber can generally be considered stronger than sawn timber
of the same section area because the fibres in round timber are intact.
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Timber Classification
Moisture content
■ Based on densities, Malaysian timbers are generally classified into four
categories, namely,
– Heavy hardwoods (800–1120 kg/m3),
– Medium hardwoods (720-880 kg/m3), – m1=mass before drying
– Light hardwoods (400–720 kg/m3) and – m2=mass after drying
– Softwoods – Unit in %
■ The strength of timber is based on its moisture
■ About 100 timber species with densities ranging from 350 kg/m3 to content.
1100 kg/m3 (measured at 19% moisture content) have been included in
the new MS 544: Part 2: 2001: Code of Practice for Structural Use of
Timber. ■ In MS 544, the moisture content – 19%
– >19% - moisture
■ Elastic Modulus, E = 4600 – 18000 N/mm2
– <19% - dry
■ Poisson’s Ratio v = 0.3

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Defects by nature Defects in timber

■ In addition to the defects indicated in Figure 7.2
there are a number of naturally occurring defects in
timber. The most common and familiar of such
defects is a knot

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Typical sawing pattern Strength Group

■ For design purposes the species are divided into seven strength
groups, SG 1 to SG 7, in the order of decreasing strength.
■ SG 7 is considered weak and is generally unsuitable for many
structural applications.

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Wet and dry grade stresses for various strength

groups of Malaysian timber (stresses and
moduli expressed in N/mm2)

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Steel Properties
■ Strength is the ability of a material to resist stress. It is measured in
terms of the material’s yield strength fy and ultimate or tensile strength
fu.
■ Stiffness is the ability of a material to resist deformation. It is measured
in term of modulus of elasticity, E and Shear Modulus,G.

STEEL ■ Toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy before failure. It

is measured as the area under the material’s stress–strain curve.
■ Ductility is the ability of a material to undergo large in elastic (or plastic)
deformation before failure. It is measured in terms of percent
elongation or percent reduction in area.

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Steel Reinforcement Strength: fy

Nominal Values of Yield Strength for

Steel Engineering Properties
hot-rolled steel
Standard ■ Modulus of elasticity
Nominal thickness of material – E = 205 000 N/mm2
Grade
t ≤ 40 mm t ≥ 40 mm
■ Shear Modulus E
G  80000 N / mm2
fy (MPa) fu (MPa) fy (MPa) fu (MPa) 2(1  v )
■ Poisson’s ratio
S235 235 360 215 360 – v = 0.3

S275 275 430 255 410 ■ Coefficient of Thermal Expansion:

– α = 12 x 10-6/oC

S355 355 510 335 470

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Structural Steel Shape Behavior class of cross-section

■ Steel sections used for construction are available in a variety of shapes
and sizes.
■ In general, there are three procedures by which steel shapes can be
formed: hot rolled, cold formed, and welded.
■ Commonly used steel shapes include

Width to thickness ratio

Flange c/t where c = (b-tw-2r)/2

Web c/t where c = h-2tf-2r

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235
𝜀=
𝑓

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Table of properties of steel section

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Concrete
■ Concrete is a building material made by mixing cement paste (portland
Poisson ratio, vc
cement and water) with aggregate (sand and stone).
■ Concrete is normally mixed at the building site and poured into
formwork of the desired shape, in the position that the unit will occupy ■ The value = 0.2
in the finished structure.
■ Units can also be precast, either at the building site or at a factory.
■ Concrete is associated with high strength, hardness, durability,
imperviousness and mouldability.
■ Concrete is a relatively expensive building material for farm structures.
Its only used as slab/foundation materials.

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Compressive strength, fcu

■ Characteristic strength values at 28 days are those below which not

more than 5 percent of the test results fall.
■ The grades used are C20, C25, C30, C40, C50 and C60, each
corresponding to a characteristic crushing strength of 20.0 N/mm2,
25.0 N/mm2, 30.0N/mm2, etc.

Nominal mix =
Ratio of cement: sand: gravel

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Stress-Strain curve for concrete

■ A typical stress-strain curve for
concrete.
■ There is no clearly defined
elastic range over which the
stress varies linearly with the
strain.
■ Such stress/strain curves are
typical of brittle materials.

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Modulus Elasticity, E Reinforced concrete (RC)

■ Concrete is strong in compression but relatively weak in tension.
Es (Modulus ■ Concrete subject to tension loading must be reinforced with steel
bars or mesh.
Elasticity of
■ The amount and type of reinforcement should be carefully
steel calculated or, alternatively, a standard design obtained from a
reinforcement) reliable source should be followed without deviating from the
design.
= 200 kN/mm2
■ Concrete floors are sometimes reinforced with welded steel mesh
to limit the size of any cracking.

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Towards
Green
Building
To ensure sustainability
BAMBOO
MASONRY
ALUMINIUM
PLASTIC
STRAW
EARTH

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CENTRE OF GRAVITY/CENTROID
■ A point which the resultant attraction of the earth
eg. the weight of the object.
■ Centre of gravity of an area also called as
SECTION PROPERTIES centroid.

Centre of gravity or Centroid

Moment of Inertia
Section Properties
-Revision from Statics/Theory of Structures/Strength of Materials-

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Example:
Determine the cross-sectional area and the values of and to
Second Moment of Area/
locate the position of the centroid for the sections. Assume Moment of inertia, I
the origin of the coordinate system to be at the bottom left-
hand corner for each section. ■ Measures the efficiency of that shape its
resistance to bending
■ Moment of inertia about the x-x axis and y-y axis.

bd 3
d I xx  Unit :
x x 12
mm4 or cm4
db3
I yy 
b y 12

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Principle of parallel axes

■ Izz = Ixx + AH2 ■ Example:

x x
H
z z
■ b=150mm;d=100mm; H=50mm
■ Ixx= (150 x 1003)/12
= 12.5 x 106 mm4
■ Izz = Ixx + AH2
= 12.5 x 106 + 15000(502)
= 50 x 106 mm4

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Solution
Example 1:
■ Ixx of web = (12 x4003)/12= 64 x 106 mm4
■ Calculate the moment of inertia of the following structural
section ■ Ixx of flange = (200x243)/12= 0.23 x 106 mm4

■ Ixx from principle axes xx = 0.23 x106 + AH2

H=
12mm 212mm
400mm AH2 = 200 x 24 x 2122 = 215.7 x 106 mm4

Ixx from x-x axis = 216 x 106 mm4

24mm ■ Total Ixx = (64 + 2 x 216) x106 =496 x 106 mm4

200mm

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Elastic Section Modulus, Z Section Modulus, Z

■ Z = 1/y
■ Second moment of area divide by distance from axis ■ f = M/Z = My/I
I ■ Safe allowable bending moment, Mmax = f.Z
Z xx  xx where
c
– f = bending stress
■ Where c = distance from axis x-x to the top of
– y = distance from centroid
bottom of Z.
■ Unit in mm3
■ Example for rectangle shape:
■ Ixx = bd3/12, c = d/2, Zxx= Ixx/c = bd2/6

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Bending Stress Distribution Example 2

■ A timber beam of rectangular cross section is 150mm wide and 300mm
deep. The maximum allowable bending in tension and compression must not
exceed 6 N/mm2.
■ What maximum bending moment in N.mm?

Ans:

■ Z= bd2/6 = 150 x 3002/6 = 2.25 x 106 mm3

■ Mmax= f.Z = 6 x 2.25x106 = 13.5x106 Nmm2

■ f=σ= bending stress = My/I

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Plastic Section

where:
Zxx = elastic section modulus
Sxx = plastic section modulus
σ = elastic stress
fy = design strength

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Shape Factors
Example
■ Determine the position of the plastic neutral axis plastic, the plastic
section modulus and the shape factor for the welded section
indicated in Figure
Mp = fy x Sxx
Sxx = plastic section modulus
= 1st moment of area about the plastic neutral axis.

Example:
Mp = fy x Sxx
Mp = Fc x lever arm
Mp = stress x area x lever arm = fy x B x D/2 x D/2
= fyBD2/4

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Solution
Example: Elastic and plastic moments of
resistance of a beam section

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Attendance today

THANK YOU

The thing about anything in life is you have to get ready for it. Study,
learn.
- Jacqueline Bisset-

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