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11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering, INTER-ENG 2017, 5-6 October
11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering,
2017, Tirgu-Mures, Romania INTER-ENG 2017, 5-6 October
2017, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
Study on the acoustic rehabilitation of a church
Study
Manufacturing on the
Engineering acoustic
Society rehabilitation
International of aMESIC
Conference 2017, church
2017, 28-30 June
2017, Vigoa, (Pontevedra), Spain
Daniela-Roxana Tămaș-Gavrea *, Constantin Munteanu , Raluca Ferneaa,
a
a, a
Daniela-Roxana Tămaș-Gavrea *, Constantin Munteanu , Raluca Ferneaa,
P P0F P P P P

a a
Florin Babotă , Ligia Mureșan P P0F P P P P

Costing models for capacity optimization

Florin Babotă a
in Industry
, Ligia Mureșan a
4.0: Trade-off
P P P P

P P P P

a
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28 Memorandumului Street, 400114, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
between used capacity and operational efficiency
P P

a
Technical University
P P of Cluj-Napoca, 28 Memorandumului Street, 400114, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Abstract A. Santana , P. Afonso , A. Zanin , R. Wernke

a a,* b b
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Abstract
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audition hall was proposed.
goes beyond
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theproposed.
traditional
hall Authors.
was aim of capacity maximization, contributing also for organization’s profitability and value.
Published by Elsevier B.V.
Indeed,
© 2018 The
Peer-reviewlean management
Authors.
under Publishedand
responsibility by continuous
of Elsevier
the improvement
B.V. committee
scientific approaches
of the 11th suggest
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maximization.
Peer-review underThe Published
study of
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capacity
the B.V. committee
optimization
scientific and ofcosting
the 11th models is an
International important
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Interdisciplinarity in deserves
Engineering.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
contributions
Engineering. from both the practical and theoretical perspectives. This paper presents and discusses a mathematical
model
Keywords:forReverberation
capacity management based on different
time; acoustic measurements; costing models
acoustic rehabilitation; (ABC
Sabine’s andaudition
formula; TDABC). hall. A generic model has been
Keywords: Reverberation
developed and it was time;
usedacoustic measurements;
to analyze acoustic
idle capacity and rehabilitation; Sabine’s formula;
to design strategies audition
towards hall.
the maximization of organization’s
value. The trade-off capacity maximization vs operational efficiency is highlighted and it is shown that capacity
1. Introduction
optimization might hide operational inefficiency.
1. 2017
© Introduction
The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
In Romania,
Peer-review underin most of theofcases,
responsibility churchcommittee
the scientific buildingsofwere designed without
the Manufacturing a proper
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Society care, fact
International that has
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ledIn
2017.to Romania, in mostofofsound
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transmission wereWhen
in these halls. designed without a proper
the performances are acoustical
negatively care, fact that
influenced by has
the
led to poor conditions of sound transmission in these halls. When the performances are negatively influenced by the
Keywords: Cost Models; ABC; TDABC; Capacity Management; Idle Capacity; Operational Efficiency

1. Introduction
* Corresponding author. Tel.:+40+743-841-201.
* E-mail
Corresponding
address:author. Tel.:+40+743-841-201.
roxana.tibrea@cif.utcluj.ro
The cost
E-mail of idle
address: capacity is a fundamental information for companies and their management of extreme importance
roxana.tibrea@cif.utcluj.ro
in modern©production
2351-9789 systems.
2018 The Authors. In general,
Published it isB.V.
by Elsevier defined as unused capacity or production potential and can be measured
in several©under
2351-9789
Peer-review ways: tons of production,
2018responsibility
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by Elsevier
the scientific B.V.hours
committee of manufacturing,
of the 11th etc. The
International Conference management
Interdisciplinarity of the idle capacity
in Engineering.
Peer-review underTel.:
* Paulo Afonso. responsibility
+351 253of the761;
510 scientific committee
fax: +351 253 604of741
the 11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
E-mail address: psafonso@dps.uminho.pt

2351-9789 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017.
2351-9789 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
10.1016/j.promfg.2018.03.059
 Daniela-Roxana Tămaș-Gavrea et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 22 (2018) 384–391 385
Daniela-Roxana Tămaș-Gavrea / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 392–399 393

speech intelligibility, the expected result may create discomfort. Due to the complex geometry of these audition
halls, the acoustic design process can be difficult.
The single most important parameter characterizing a room for its acoustical properties is the reverberation time
[1, 2, 3]. This defines the time required for the sound to decay by a sound pressure level of 60 dB [4]. The
reverberation time decides whether a room or hall is fit for performing a programme [5].
This paper aims to obtain values of the reverberation time using both acoustical measurements and theoretical
research. Finally, the obtained values are corrected with proper acoustic materials in order to achieve good listening
conditions.

2. Acoustic evaluation

2.1. Characteristics of the audition hall

The analyzed church is located in Cluj-Napoca municipality, Romania, having a Greek Catholic rite. The
construction of the church was made over several years, starting with 1996 until 2007. The building itself presents a
complex geometry involving domes or vaults. It has a maximum length of 39.00 m and a maximum width of 21.05
m. The audition hall, with a height of 18.05 m in the central dome, has a volume of approx. 3000 m3 and a capacity
of 245 seats. The liturgical activity takes place on the ground floor of the building and first floor, where a balcony
designed for the choir members is placed (Fig 1).

a b

Fig. 1. Audition hall interior: (a) orientation towards altar; (b) orientation towards balcony.

The resistance structure of the building is made of reinforced concrete frames infilled with brick masonry walls.
Interior walls are plastered and painted. The upper enclosing elements and the altar are painted with frescoes. The
ground floor slab is covered with marble and the balcony with ceramic floor tiles. Interior furnishing consists of
benches and chairs made of wood. Windows and doors are realized of PVC profile.

2.2. Measurement method

The sound field analysis was performed on November 29th 2012, in unoccupied room conditions. Therefore, the
measurement results were not influenced by occupancy conditions. The relative air humidity in the room was
recorded at the value of 60% and the temperature of 10º C.
According to SR EN ISO 3382-1 [6], the acoustic equipment (Fig. 2), type Brüel & Kjær, consisted in a sound
source configured dodecahedral which radiated sounds in a spherical distribution, a microphone with preamplifier
386 Daniela-Roxana Tămaș-Gavrea et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 22 (2018) 384–391
394 Daniela-Roxana Tămaș-Gavrea et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 392–399

designed for high-precision measurements placed on a tripod, a sound level calibrator, an amplifier and a portable
system for data processing.

Fig. 2. Acoustic measurements.

To accomplish the sound analysis, a Pulse platform was used, made up of a unit, which handles communication
with the PC. The software allowed FFT analysis, octave and broadband analysis, calibration, post-processing,
visualization and documentation of results.
The acoustic measurements were performed according to the SR EN ISO 3382-1 [6].
The sound source was placed in the position of the priest. The height from the floor to the centre position of the
sound generator was set at 1.5 m. The sound pressure levels were emitted high enough to ensure a descending curve,
on the corresponding frequency, at least 35 dB higher than the background noise.
The microphone was adjusted to the height of 1.2 m, the usual height of an average person’s ear, seated in typical
chairs. The position of the microphone was chosen uniformly in order to cover the audition area, according to the
SR EN ISO 3382-1 [6]. The symmetry of the church was taken into account when the reception points were
established. The microphone and sound source positions are represented in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3. Measurement points.

The determination of the reverberation time was performed using the interrupted noise method. In this method,
the decay curves are obtained by direct recording of the sound pressure level decay, after the enclosure has been
excited by an amplified white noise signal [6].
For each measuring point, the sound waves were emitted radially in the hall. The microphone received the
emitted sound waves in the established positions. The analyzer computed the acoustic signal from the microphone,
sending it to the PC.
Finally, reports were created through Pulse analysis, from which the reverberation time values were determined
on the required frequencies.
 Daniela-Roxana Tămaș-Gavrea et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 22 (2018) 384–391 387
Daniela-Roxana Tămaș-Gavrea / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 392–399 395

The reverberation time values have been calculated on each frequency from 125 to 4000 Hz in one-third octave
bands for each reception point. Then, the values have been averaged (Fig. 4).

7.00
6.40
6.00 5.90
Reverberation time [s]
5.33
5.00
4.60
4.00
3.84

3.00
2.57
2.00
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000

Frequency [Hz]

Fig. 4. Reverberation time values, acoustic measurements.

2.3. Theoretical method

Within the theoretical method, Sabine’s formula, which takes into account the volume of the room and the
absorption area of the bounding surfaces and interior objects, is applied for the prediction of the reverberation time.
Most statistical calculation models, that predict room acoustical parameters such as the reverberation time, take
into account the air absorption as a correction factor 4mV added to Sabine’s reverberation formula [7, 8].

V
RT = 55.3 [s] (1)
c ( A + 4mV )

where: RT – reverberation time, s;

V – volume of the hall, in m3;
A – ∑S i ⋅α i , where S i is the area of each material and α i is the absorption coefficient of these materials as
function of frequency, in m2;

7.00
6.40
6.18
6.00
Reverberation time [s]

5.38
5.00
4.33
4.00
3.48
3.00
2.49
2.00
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000

Frequency [Hz]

Fig. 5. Reverberation time values, Sabine equation.

388 Daniela-Roxana Tămaș-Gavrea et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 22 (2018) 384–391
396 Daniela-Roxana Tămaș-Gavrea et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 392–399

c – speed of sound in air, in m/s;

m – intensity attenuation coefficient, m-1.
The reverberation time values obtained by applying Sabine equation for unheated church conditions (T=10ºC and
RH=60%) are presented in Fig. 5:
In Fig. 6, the reverberation time values obtained using both methods are represented for comparative purpose. It
can be seen that the differences between the two sets of results are very small.

7.00
6.40
6.18
6.00 6.40
5.90 5.38 RT- Sabine's formula
Reverberation time [s]

5.00 5.33 4.60 RT- Acoustic measurements

4.33 3.84
4.00
3.48

3.00 2.57
2.49

2.00
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
Frequency [Hz]

Fig. 6. Reverberation time values, acoustic measurements and theoretical equation.

In Fig. 7, are presented the reverberation time values obtained from Sabine equation during summer (RH=70%)
and during winter in heated church conditions (RH=40%) with ambient temperature of 20°C:
7.00
6.31
6.03
6.00 6.26 RT- Summer conditions
5.98
5.13 RT- Winter conditions
Reverberation time [s]

5.00 5.16
4.16
4.00 4.09
3.44 3.38

3.00 2.80 2.49

2.00
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
Frequency [Hz]

Fig. 7. Reverberation time values, winter and summer conditions.

2.4. Acoustic data interpretation

In the following stages, the values obtained in summer conditions will be used, when the reverberation time is
higher.
Based on the obtained results it is verified if the reverberation time values fit into the admissible limits according
to STAS 9783/0-83 “Parameters for acoustic design and verification of public audition halls” requirements [9].
 Daniela-Roxana Tămaș-Gavrea et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 22 (2018) 384–391 389
Daniela-Roxana Tămaș-Gavrea / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 392–399 397

In order to meet the provisions stipulated in STAS 9783/0-83, corresponding to the volume of around 3000 m3,
for choral music, a mean reverberation time Tm of 1.68 seconds has been chosen [9].
The ratio of the calculated reverberation time values Tf, obtained using Sabine's equation, for each normal
frequency when 50% and 100% of the seats are occupied and mean reverberation time Tm, must fit into the
admissible area according to STAS 9783/0-83 [9]. In Fig. 8, the obtained values in cases of 50% and 100% occupied
room, exceed the recommended admissible limits.
3.50
Tf/Tm 50%
3.11
3.00 Tf/Tm 100%
2.85
Maximum allowable
2.50 2.43 limits
2.73
Minimum allowable
limits
Tf/Tm

2.44 2.04
2.00
2.08 1.74
1.50 1.80 1.44
1.41
1.56 1.30
1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
1.00

0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80

0.50
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000

Frequency [Hz]

Fig. 8. Comparing the reverberation time values with the admissible limits.

The acoustic measurement values and theoretical results obtained for the reverberation time, in comparison with
the recommended values of STAS 9783/0-83, demonstrate the need of a rehabilitation solution.

3. Acoustical rehabilitation

3.1. Proposed solutions

The application of acoustic materials with high sound absorption coefficients on the enclosure reflecting surfaces,
can contribute to the significant decrease of reverberation time values [10].
Based on the obtained results, the following rehabilitation options were proposed, (Fig. 9):
- The columns were plated on 66.25 m2 with gypsum board panels, having hexagonal perforations, with 17%
perforated surface (Fig. 9, a);
a b c

Fig. 9. Proposed solutions.

390 Daniela-Roxana Tămaș-Gavrea et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 22 (2018) 384–391
398 Daniela-Roxana Tămaș-Gavrea et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 392–399

- On the walls of the ground floor and first floor there were applied panels with plywood boards and
melamine finish, with 1.94% round shaped perforations on a surface of 87.10 m2, gypsum board panels
with 6% square shaped perforations on a surface of 17.30 m2 and gypsum board panels with 17% hexagonal
shaped perforations on a surface of 17.3 m2 (Fig. 9, b);
- On the ground floor, between the rows of benches, a carpet of 36.35 m2 was placed (Fig. 9, b);
- An acoustic ceiling of 75.00 m2 made by gypsum boards, having round perforations with 12% perforated
surface, was mounted in the balconies area (Fig. 9, c).

3.2. Results analysis

In Fig. 10, the new values of the reverberation time obtained by applying the proposed solution for 50% and
100% occupied room are compared with the recommended admissible limits.
1.50 Tf/Tm 50%
1.40 1.41
Tf/Tm 100%
1.30
Maximum allowable
1.20 1.39
1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 limits
1.10 Minimum allowable
Tf/Tm

1.07 limits
1.32 1.01 1.02
1.00 0.99
0.90 0.90
1.01 0.96
0.93 0.95 0.85
0.80
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000

Frequency [Hz]

Fig. 10. Reverberation time values, rehabilitated hall.

The proposed solution for the acoustic hall rehabilitation led to a reduction of the reverberation time values in
both cases, thus the new values are within the admissible limits recommended by STAS 9783/0-83 [9].

4. Conclusions

To ensure a proper acoustic comfort into an audition hall is not enough to take only outside noise insulation
measures.
The case study presented was chosen in order to improve the sound quality of the room, assuming the adequate
transmission of the natural sound, since the excessive reflections in the hall make it improper to conduct religious
activities in unassisted voice conditions.
Churches are considered spaces with complex geometry in which one of the most important research problem is
concentrated in achieving an appropriate acoustic environment. This requirement demonstrates the complexity and
difficulty of their acoustic design.
This paper presents an acoustic study developed on a Greek Catholic church. The main parameter investigated
was the reverberation time.
The first method for determining the reverberation time was performed using a special acoustic equipment
according to the SR EN ISO 3382-1 [6].
Results taken from 12 reception points, from a single source position, were analyzed by the Pulse software.
Reverberation time was determined on different frequencies, for each of the proposed reception points. The results
were averaged.
 Daniela-Roxana Tămaș-Gavrea et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 22 (2018) 384–391 391
Daniela-Roxana Tămaș-Gavrea / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 392–399 399

The second method used the Sabine formula, which also took into account the ambient characteristics of the hall,
respectively the temperature and relative humidity of the interior air and different states of occupancy.
It was found that the reverberation time values were at least double compared to the optimal ones.
Reverberation time correction to the values recommended by STAS 9783/0-83 [9] was achieved by distributing
sound absorbing materials on the bounding surfaces of the interior volume of the hall.
According to the proposed solution, the reverberation time values obtained for the rehabilitated model fit into the
domain recommended by STAS 9783/0-83 [9].

Acknowledgements

We are grateful for the support given by the church representatives in performing the acoustic measurements.

References

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[3] Torben Jacobsen, Measurement and in situ calculation of room acoustic parameters, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1993.
[4] G. Mazzola, The Topos of Music: Logic of Concepts, Theory and Performance, Springer Basel AG, 2002.
[5] K. Rajagopal, Engineering Physics, Third Edition, PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi, 2015.
[6] SR EN ISO 3382-1:2009 – Acoustics. Measurement of room acoustic parameters. Part 1: Performance Spaces.
[7] R. H C Wenmaekers, C. C. J. M. Hak, H. J. Martin and L. C J Van Luxemburg, Air Absorption Error in Room Acoustical Modeling,
Euronoise, Paris, 2008.
[8] R. H. C. Wenmaekers, C. C. J. M. Hak, M. C. J. Hornikx, The effective air absorption coefficient for predicting reverberation time in full
octave bands, Acoustical Society of America, 2014.
[9] STAS 9783/0-84 – Building acoustics. Parameters for acoustic design and verification of public audition halls. Classification and admissible
limits.
[10] E. Reid, Understanding Buildings a Multidisciplinary Approach, Routledge, 2013.
[11] SR ISO 9613-1:1996 – Acoustics – Attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors. Part 1: Calculation of the absorption of sound by the
atmosphere.