Cap & Ind PDF

9: Capacitors and Inductors
• Capacitors
• Types of Capacitor
• Inductors
• Passive Components
• Series and Parallel
Inductors
Capacitors
• Current/Voltage Continuity
• Average Current/Voltage
• Buck Converter
• Power and Energy
• Summary 9: Capacitors and Inductors
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 – 1 / 12

Capacitors

• Capacitors
A capacitor is formed from two conducting plates separated by a thin
• Types of Capacitor insulating layer.
• Inductors
If a current i flows, positive change, q , will
Inductors
• Series and Parallel accumulate on the upper plate. To preserve
Capacitors
charge neutrality, a balancing negative charge
• Average Current/Voltage will be present on the lower plate.
• Buck Converter
• Summary

Capacitors

• Capacitors
• Inductors
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary
There will be a potential energy difference (or voltage v ) between the plates
proportional to q .
d
v = Aǫ q where A is the area of the plates, d is their separation and ǫ is
the permittivity of the insulating layer (ǫ0 = 8.85 pF/m for a vacuum).

Capacitors

• Capacitors
• Inductors
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary
proportional to q .
d
The quantity C = Aǫ
d is the capacitance and is measured in Farads (F),
hence q = Cv .

Capacitors

• Capacitors
• Inductors
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary
proportional to q .
d
The quantity C = Aǫ
d is the capacitance and is measured in Farads (F),
hence q = Cv .
The current, i, is the rate of charge on the plate, hence the

dq
capacitor equation: i = dt = C dv
dt .

Types of Capacitor

• Capacitors
Capacitor symbol represents the two separated
• Types of Capacitor plates. Capacitor types are distinguished by
• Inductors
• Passive Components the material used as the insulator.
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary

Types of Capacitor

• Capacitors
• Inductors
Inductors
Capacitors Polystyrene: Two sheets of foil separated by a
• Average Current/Voltage thin plastic film and rolled up to save space.
• Buck Converter
Values: 10 pF to 1 nF.
• Summary

Types of Capacitor

• Capacitors
• Inductors
Inductors
• Buck Converter
• Summary
Ceramic: Alternate layers of metal and ceramic
(a few µm thick). Values: 1 nF to 1 µF.

Types of Capacitor

• Capacitors
• Inductors
Inductors
• Buck Converter
• Summary
Electrolytic: Two sheets of aluminium foil

separated by paper soaked in conducting
electrolyte. The insulator is a thin oxide layer
on one of the foils. Values: 1 µF to 10 mF.

Types of Capacitor

• Capacitors
• Inductors
Inductors
• Buck Converter
• Summary

Electrolytic capacitors are polarised: the foil with the oxide layer must
always be at a positive voltage relative to the other (else explosion).
Negative terminal indicated by a curved plate in symbol

Types of Capacitor

• Capacitors
• Inductors
Inductors
• Buck Converter
• Summary

Electrolytic capacitors are polarised: the foil with the oxide layer must
always be at a positive voltage relative to the other (else explosion).
Negative terminal indicated by a curved plate in symbol or “-”.

Inductors

• Capacitors
Inductors are formed from coils of wire, often
• Types of Capacitor around a steel or ferrite core.
• Inductors
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary

Inductors

• Capacitors
• Inductors
Inductors
µN A
Capacitors
The magnetic flux within the coil is Φ = l i where N is the number of
• Average Current/Voltage turns, A is the cross-sectional area of the coil and l is the length of the coil
• Buck Converter
• Power and Energy (around the toroid).
• Summary
µ is a property of the material that the core is made from and is called its
permeability. For free space (or air): µ0 = 4π × 10−7 = 1.26 µH/m, for
steel, µ ≈ 4000µ0 = 5 mH/m.

Inductors

• Capacitors
• Inductors
Inductors
µN A
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary
steel, µ ≈ 4000µ0 = 5 mH/m.
µN 2 A di
From Faraday’s law: v = N dΦ
dt = l dt
di
= L dt .

Inductors

• Capacitors
• Inductors
Inductors
µN A
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary
steel, µ ≈ 4000µ0 = 5 mH/m.
µN 2 A di
From Faraday’s law: v = N dΦ
dt = l dt
di
= L dt .
µN 2 A
We measure the inductance, L = l , in Henrys (H).

Passive Components

• Capacitors
We can describe all three types of passive component by the relationship
• Types of Capacitor between V and I using, in each case, the passive sign convention.
• Inductors
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary

Passive Components

• Capacitors
• Inductors
• Series and Parallel Resistor: v = Ri
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary

Passive Components

• Capacitors
• Inductors
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Power and Energy di
• Summary Inductor: v = L dt

Passive Components

• Capacitors
• Inductors
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
Capacitor: i = C dv
dt

Passive Components

• Capacitors
• Inductors
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
Capacitor: i = C dv
dt
Notes: (1) There are no minus signs anywhere whatever you were taught at
school.
(2) We use lower case, v , for time-varying voltages.

Series and Parallel Inductors

• Capacitors v = v1 + v2
• Inductors
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary

9: Capacitors and Inductors di di

• Capacitors v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt + L2 dt
• Inductors
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary


di
• Inductors
= (L1 + L2 ) dt
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary


di
• Inductors
= (L1 + L2 ) dt
• Series and Parallel Same equation as a single inductor of value L1 + L2
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary


di
• Inductors
= (L1 + L2 ) dt
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary
di d(i1 +i2 )
dt = dt


di
• Inductors
= (L1 + L2 ) dt
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary
di d(i1 +i2 ) di1 di2
dt = dt = dt + dt


di
• Inductors
= (L1 + L2 ) dt
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary
dt = dt = dt + dt
v v 1 1
= L1 + L2 = v L1 + L2


di
• Inductors
= (L1 + L2 ) dt
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary
dt = dt = dt + dt
v v 1 1
= L1 + L2 = v L1 + L2
1 di
v= 1 1 dt
L +L
1 2


di
• Inductors
= (L1 + L2 ) dt
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary
dt = dt = dt + dt
v v 1 1
= L1 + L2 = v L1 + L2
1 di
v= 1 1 dt
L +L
1 2
1
Same as a single inductor of value 1
+ L1
L1 2


di
• Inductors
= (L1 + L2 ) dt
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary
dt = dt = dt + dt
v v 1 1
= L1 + L2 = v L1 + L2
1 di
v= 1 1 dt
L +L
1 2
1 L1 L2
+ L1
= L1 +L2
L1 2


di
• Inductors
= (L1 + L2 ) dt
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary
dt = dt = dt + dt
v v 1 1
= L1 + L2 = v L1 + L2
1 di
v= 1 1 dt
L +L
1 2
1 L1 L2
+ L1
= L1 +L2
L1 2
Inductors combine just like resistors.

Series and Parallel Capacitors

• Capacitors i = i1 + i2
• Inductors
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary

i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dv
• Capacitors dt + C2 dt
• Inductors
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary

i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dv
• Inductors
= (C1 + C2 ) dv
dt
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary

i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dv
• Inductors
= (C1 + C2 ) dv
dt
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
Same equation as a single capacitor of value C1 + C2
• Summary

i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dv
• Inductors
= (C1 + C2 ) dv
dt
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary
dv d(v1 +v2 )
dt = dt

i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dv
• Inductors
= (C1 + C2 ) dv
dt
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary
dv d(v1 +v2 ) dv1 dv2
dt = dt = dt + dt

i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dv
• Inductors
= (C1 + C2 ) dv
dt
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary
dt = dt = dt + dt

i i 1 1
= C1 + C2 =i C1 + C2

i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dv
• Inductors
= (C1 + C2 ) dv
dt
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary
dt = dt = dt + dt

i i 1 1
= C1 + C2 =i C1 + C2
1 dv
i= 1
+C1 dt
C1 2

i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dv
• Inductors
= (C1 + C2 ) dv
dt
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary
dt = dt = dt + dt

i i 1 1
= C1 + C2 =i C1 + C2
1 dv
i= 1
+C1 dt
C1 2
1
Same as a single capacitor of value 1
+ C1
C1 2

i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dv
• Inductors
= (C1 + C2 ) dv
dt
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary
dt = dt = dt + dt

i i 1 1
= C1 + C2 =i C1 + C2
1 dv
i= 1
+C1 dt
C1 2
1 C1 C2
+ C1
= C1 +C2
C1 2

i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dv
• Inductors
= (C1 + C2 ) dv
dt
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary
dt = dt = dt + dt

i i 1 1
= C1 + C2 =i C1 + C2
1 dv
i= 1
+C1 dt
C1 2
1 C1 C2
+ C1
= C1 +C2
C1 2
Capacitors combine just like conductances (i.e. parallel capacitors add).

Current/Voltage Continuity
Capacitor: i = C dv
• Capacitors dt
• Inductors
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary

Capacitor: i = C dv
• Capacitors dt
• Inductors For the voltage to change abruptly
• Series and Parallel dv
Inductors
dt = ∞ ⇒ i = ∞.
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary

Capacitor: i = C dv
• Capacitors dt
Inductors
dt = ∞ ⇒ i = ∞.
Capacitors
• Current/Voltage Continuity This never happens so ...
• Buck Converter
• Summary

Capacitor: i = C dv
• Capacitors dt
Inductors
dt = ∞ ⇒ i = ∞.
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
The voltage across a capacitor never changes instantaneously.
• Summary

Capacitor: i = C dv
• Capacitors dt
Inductors
dt = ∞ ⇒ i = ∞.
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary Informal version: A capacitor “tries” to keep its voltage constant.

Capacitor: i = C dv
• Capacitors dt
Inductors
dt = ∞ ⇒ i = ∞.
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
di
Inductor: v = L dt

Capacitor: i = C dv
• Capacitors dt
Inductors
dt = ∞ ⇒ i = ∞.
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
di
Inductor: v = L dt
For the current to change abruptly

di
dt = ∞ ⇒ v = ∞.

Capacitor: i = C dv
• Capacitors dt
Inductors
dt = ∞ ⇒ i = ∞.
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
di
Inductor: v = L dt

di
dt = ∞ ⇒ v = ∞.
This never happens so ...

Capacitor: i = C dv
• Capacitors dt
Inductors
dt = ∞ ⇒ i = ∞.
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
di
Inductor: v = L dt

di
dt = ∞ ⇒ v = ∞.
The current through an inductor never changes instantaneously.

Capacitor: i = C dv
• Capacitors dt
Inductors
dt = ∞ ⇒ i = ∞.
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
di
Inductor: v = L dt

di
dt = ∞ ⇒ v = ∞.
The current through an inductor never changes instantaneously.

Informal version: An inductor “tries” to keep its current constant.

Average Current/Voltage
For a capacitor i = C dv
• Capacitors dt .
• Inductors
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary

• Capacitors dt . Take the average of both sides:
1
R t2 1
R t2
• Inductors
• Passive Components t2 −t1 t1
idt = t2 −t1 t1
C dv
dt dt
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary

1
R t2 1
R t2 R v(t2 )
• Inductors
idt = t2 −t1 t1
C dv
dt dt = C
t2 −t1 v(t1 )
dv
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary

1
R t2 1
R t2 R v(t2 )
• Inductors
idt = t2 −t1 t1
C dv
dt dt = C
t2 −t1 v(t1 )
dv
Inductors
C v(t )
Capacitors
= t2 −t1 [v]v(t12 )
• Buck Converter
• Summary

1
R t2 1
R t2 R v(t2 )
• Inductors
idt = t2 −t1 t1
C dv
dt dt = C
t2 −t1 v(t1 )
dv
Inductors
C v(t ) C
Capacitors
= t2 −t1 [v]v(t12 ) = t2 −t1 (v(t2 ) − v(t1 ))
• Buck Converter
• Summary

1
R t2 1
R t2 R v(t2 )
• Inductors
idt = t2 −t1 t1
C dv
dt dt = C
t2 −t1 v(t1 )
dv
Inductors
C v(t ) C
Capacitors
= t2 −t1 [v]v(t12 ) = t2 −t1 (v(t2 ) − v(t1 ))
• Buck Converter
(1) If v(t1 ) = v(t2 ) then the average
• Power and Energy current exactly equals zero.
• Summary

1
R t2 1
R t2 R v(t2 )
• Inductors
idt = t2 −t1 t1
C dv
dt dt = C
t2 −t1 v(t1 )
dv
Inductors
C v(t ) C
Capacitors
= t2 −t1 [v]v(t12 ) = t2 −t1 (v(t2 ) − v(t1 ))
• Buck Converter
• Summary
(2) If v is bounded then the average current
→ 0 as (t2 − t1 ) → ∞.

1
R t2 1
R t2 R v(t2 )
• Inductors
idt = t2 −t1 t1
C dv
dt dt = C
t2 −t1 v(t1 )
dv
Inductors
C v(t ) C
Capacitors
= t2 −t1 [v]v(t12 ) = t2 −t1 (v(t2 ) − v(t1 ))
• Buck Converter
• Summary
→ 0 as (t2 − t1 ) → ∞.
The average current through a capacitor is zero

1
R t2 1
R t2 R v(t2 )
• Inductors
idt = t2 −t1 t1
C dv
dt dt = C
t2 −t1 v(t1 )
dv
Inductors
C v(t ) C
Capacitors
= t2 −t1 [v]v(t12 ) = t2 −t1 (v(t2 ) − v(t1 ))
• Buck Converter
• Summary
→ 0 as (t2 − t1 ) → ∞.
The average current through a capacitor is zero and, likewise, the average
voltage across an inductor is zero.

1
R t2 1
R t2 R v(t2 )
• Inductors
idt = t2 −t1 t1
C dv
dt dt = C
t2 −t1 v(t1 )
dv
Inductors
C v(t ) C
Capacitors
= t2 −t1 [v]v(t12 ) = t2 −t1 (v(t2 ) − v(t1 ))
• Buck Converter
• Summary
→ 0 as (t2 − t1 ) → ∞.
voltage across an inductor is zero. The circuit symbols remind you of this.

1
R t2 1
R t2 R v(t2 )
• Inductors
idt = t2 −t1 t1
C dv
dt dt = C
t2 −t1 v(t1 )
dv
Inductors
C v(t ) C
Capacitors
= t2 −t1 [v]v(t12 ) = t2 −t1 (v(t2 ) − v(t1 ))
• Buck Converter
• Summary
→ 0 as (t2 − t1 ) → ∞.
voltage across an inductor is zero. The circuit symbols remind you of this.
“Average” can either be over an exact number of periods of a repetitive

waveform or else the long-term average (provided v and i remain
bounded).
“v is bounded” means |v| always stays less than a predefined maximum

value.
Buck Converter

• Capacitors
A buck converter converts a high
• Inductors
• Passive Components voltage, V , into a lower one, Y .
Inductors
• Series and Parallel The switch, S , closes for a fraction a
Capacitors
• Current/Voltage Continuity of the time. a is the duty cycle and
• Buck Converter
is 13 in this example.
• Summary

Buck Converter

• Capacitors
• Inductors
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary When S is closed, x = v , and a
current iL flows.

Buck Converter

• Capacitors
• Inductors
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
current iL flows.
When S opens, the current iL cannot
change instantly and so it must
flow through the diode (we
assume the diode is ideal).

Buck Converter

• Capacitors
• Inductors
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
current iL flows.
The average value of x is aV ⇒ the average value of y must also be aV .

Buck Converter

• Capacitors
• Inductors
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
current iL flows.
The average current through R is aV

R so, since the average current through
aV
C must be zero, the average current iL must also be R .

Buck Converter

• Capacitors
• Inductors
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
current iL flows.

aV
C dy
dt = iL − iR ⇒ if C is large, then the variations in y will be very small.

Buck Converter

[Do not memorize this circuit]
• Capacitors
• Inductors
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
current iL flows.

aV
C dy
dt = iL − iR ⇒ if C is large, then the variations in y will be very small.

Power and Energy
Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v(t) × i(t).

• Capacitors
• Inductors
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary

Power and Energy

• Capacitors
• Types of Capacitor R t2
• Inductors So total energy absorbed between times t1 and t2 is W = t=t vi dt.
• Passive Components 1
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary

Power and Energy

• Capacitors
Inductors
Capacitors
dt , so
• Current/Voltage Continuity R t2
• Average Current/Voltage W =C t=t1
v dv
dt dt
• Buck Converter
• Summary

Power and Energy

• Capacitors
Inductors
Capacitors
dt , so
• Current/Voltage Continuity R t2 R v(t2 )
• Average Current/Voltage W =C v dv dt=
t=t1 dt
C v=v(t1 )
vdv
• Buck Converter
• Summary

Power and Energy

• Capacitors
Inductors
Capacitors
dt , so
t=t1 dt
C v=v(t1 )
vdv
• Buck Converter
2 v(t2 )
1
• Summary =C 2 v v(t1 )

Power and Energy

• Capacitors
Inductors
Capacitors
dt , so
t=t1 dt
C v=v(t1 )
vdv
• Buck Converter
2 v(t2 )
1 1 2 2

= 2C v (t2 ) − v (t1 )

Power and Energy

• Capacitors
Inductors
Capacitors
dt , so
t=t1 dt
C v=v(t1 )
vdv
• Buck Converter
2 v(t2 )
1 1 2 2

= 2C v (t2 ) − v (t1 )
If v(t1 ) = v(t2 ) then there has been no

nett energy absorbed: all the energy
absorbed when the voltage rises is
returned to the circuit when it falls.

Power and Energy

• Capacitors
Inductors
Capacitors
dt , so
t=t1 dt
C v=v(t1 )
vdv
• Buck Converter
2 v(t2 )
1 1 2 2

= 2C v (t2 ) − v (t1 )

The energy stored in a capacitor is 21 Cv 2

Power and Energy

• Capacitors
Inductors
Capacitors
dt , so
t=t1 dt
C v=v(t1 )
vdv
• Buck Converter
2 v(t2 )
1 1 2 2

= 2C v (t2 ) − v (t1 )

The energy stored in a capacitor is 21 Cv 2 and likewise in an inductor 21 Li2 .

Power and Energy

• Capacitors
Inductors
Capacitors
dt , so
t=t1 dt
C v=v(t1 )
vdv
• Buck Converter
2 v(t2 )
1 1 2 2

= 2C v (t2 ) − v (t1 )

The energy stored in a capacitor is 21 Cv 2 and likewise in an inductor 21 Li2 .
If v and i remain bounded, then the average power absorbed by a

capacitor or inductor is always zero.

Summary

• Capacitors
• Capacitor:
• Inductors
◦ i = C dvdt
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary

Summary

• Capacitors
• Capacitor:
• Inductors
◦ i = C dvdt
◦ parallel capacitors add in value
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary

Summary

• Capacitors
• Capacitor:
• Inductors
◦ i = C dvdt
Inductors
• Series and Parallel ◦ average i is zero, v never changes instantaneously.
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary

Summary

• Capacitors
• Capacitor:
• Inductors
◦ i = C dvdt
Inductors
Capacitors
◦ average power absorbed is zero
• Buck Converter
• Summary

Summary

• Capacitors
• Capacitor:
• Inductors
◦ i = C dvdt
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Power and Energy • Inductor:
• Summary di
◦ v = L dt

Summary

• Capacitors
• Capacitor:
• Inductors
◦ i = C dvdt
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary di
◦ v = L dt
◦ series inductors add in value (like resistors)

Summary

• Capacitors
• Capacitor:
• Inductors
◦ i = C dvdt
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary di
◦ v = L dt
◦ average v is zero, i never changes instantaneously.

Summary

• Capacitors
• Capacitor:
• Inductors
◦ i = C dvdt
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary di
◦ v = L dt

Summary

• Capacitors
• Capacitor:
• Inductors
◦ i = C dvdt
Inductors
Capacitors
• Buck Converter
• Summary di
◦ v = L dt
For further details see Hayt Ch 7 or Irwin Ch 6.

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9: Capacitors and Inductors

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9: Capacitors and Inductors

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9: Capacitors and Inductors

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 – 2 / 12

9: Capacitors and Inductors

The current, i, is the rate of charge on the plate, hence the

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9: Capacitors and Inductors

Electrolytic: Two sheets of aluminium foil

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9: Capacitors and Inductors

Electrolytic: Two sheets of aluminium foil

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9: Capacitors and Inductors

Electrolytic: Two sheets of aluminium foil

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9: Capacitors and Inductors

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9: Capacitors and Inductors di di

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