DESIGN OF RCC STRUCTURE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DIPLOMA SECTION
3RD YEAR_5TH SEMESTER
2020 – 2021
WHAT IS CONCRETE:
■ Concrete is an important construction material composed of cement, fine aggregates (sand) and
coarse aggregates (stone chips) mixed with water which hardens with time. Portland cement is the
commonly used type of cement for concreting. In a building construction, concrete is used for the
construction of foundations, columns, beams, slabs and other load bearing elements (structural
elements).
■ Various types of cements are used for concrete works which have different properties and
applications. Some of the type of cement are Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), rapid hardening
cement, Sulphate resistant cement etc.
■ Water cement ratio plays an important role which influences various properties such
as workability, strength and durability. Adequate water cement ratio is required for good
concreting.
■ When water is mixed with materials, cement reacts with water and “heat of hydration” reaction
starts. This reaction helps ingredients to form a hard matrix that binds the materials together into
a durable stone-like material.
■ Concrete can be casted in any shape. Since it is a plastic material in fresh state, various shapes
and sizes of forms or formworks are used to provide different shapes such as rectangular, circular
etc.
GRADE OF CONCRETE:
■ Grade of concrete denotes its characteristic compressive strength required for
construction. For example, M30 grade signifies that compressive strength required
for construction is 30MPa (N/mm^2). The first letter in grade “M” is the mix and 30
is the required strength (characteristics compressive strength) in MPa.
■ Based on various lab tests, grade of concrete is presented in Mix Proportions. For
example, for M30 grade, the mix proportion can be 1:1:2, where 1 is the ratio of
cement, 1 is the ratio of sand and 2 is the ratio of coarse aggregate based on
volume or weight of materials.
■ The strength is measured with concrete cube or cylinders by civil engineers (site
engineer) at construction site. Cube or cylinders are made during casting of
structural member and after hardening it is cured for 28 days. Then compressive
strength test is conducted to find the strength.
■ Regular grades of concrete are M15, M20, M25 etc. For plain cement concrete
works, generally M15 is used. For reinforced concrete construction minimum M20
grade of concrete are used.
 GRADE
OF
CONCRETE:
ADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE:
■ Ingredients of concrete are easily available in most of the places.
■ Unlike natural stones, concrete is free from defects and flaws.
■ Concrete can be manufactured to the desired strength with an economy.
■ The durability of concrete is very high.
■ It can be cast to any desired shape.
■ The casting of concrete can be done in the working site which makes it
economical.
■ The maintenance cost of concrete is almost negligible.
■ Concrete makes a building fire-safe due to its noncombustible nature.
■ Concrete can withstand high temperatures.
DISADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE:
■ Concrete is a brittle Material: Brittle materials like concrete undergo very little deformations before
failure.
■ Low Tensile Strength: Compression and tensile strength of concrete are not same. In fact the tensile
strength of concrete is 1/10th of its compressive strength.
■ Concrete has Low Toughness: Ability of a material to consume impact energy is called toughness.
Toughness of concrete is only 1-2% of steel.
■ Concrete has Low specific strength: The ratio of strength to density is called specific strength.
Specific strength of normal grade concrete is half that of steel.
■ Formwork is Required: Fresh concrete is in liquid form. Formwork is required to mould it in a shape
and to support its self-weight. Shuttering can be of plastic, steel or wood.
■ Long curing time: Concrete attains specified compressive strength in 28-days after casting
and curing. Full strength development requires proper ambient temperature controlled over a month
time.
WHAT IS STEEL REINFORCEMENT:
■ Steel reinforcement are steel bars that are provided in combination with plain cement concrete to
make it reinforced concrete. Hence these structures form steel reinforced cement concrete
structure (R.C.C). Steel reinforcement is commonly called as ‘rebars’.
■ When a structural member is subjected to bending, reinforcements are required to withstand
tensile forces structural member as it is very weak in tension compared to compression.
■ It is used as an important construction material for almost all types of structures such as
residential concrete buildings, industrial structures, dams, roads, tunnels, multi-storied buildings,
skyscrapers, bridges, sidewalks and superhighways etc.
NEED FOR STEEL REINFORCEMENT:
■ Plain concrete is weak in tension and strong in compression. Tensile property for
concrete structures is obtained by incorporating steel reinforcement. The steel
reinforcement is strong in both tension and compression. The tensile property provided
by the steel reinforcement will prevent and minimize concrete cracks under tension
loads.
■ The coefficient of thermal expansion of steel reinforcement and concrete are similar in
that they undergo similar expansions during temperature changes. This property will
ensure that the concrete is subjected to minimal stress during temperature variations.
■ The surface of the steel reinforcement bars is patterned to have a proper bond with the
surrounding concrete material. The two main factors that provide strength to the
reinforced concrete structures are steel and concrete. The design engineer will combine
both the elements and design the structural element such a way that the steel resists
the induced tensile and shear force, while the concrete takes up the compressive forces.
STEEL REINFORCEMENT USED IN CONSTRUCTION:
■ Hot Rolled Deformed Bars: Hot rolled deformed bars
are most commonly used steel reinforcement for R.C.C
structures. As the name says, the hot rolling of the
reinforcement is undergone leaving certain
deformations on its surface in the form of ribs. These
ribs help to form a bond with the concrete. The typical
yield strength of hot-rolled deformed bars is 415 Mpa.

■ Mild Steel Plain Bars: The mild steel plain

reinforcement bars do not have ribs on their surface.
They have a plain surface. These bars are used for
small projects where the major concern is the economy.
The tensile yield strength of these bars has a value of
250 Mpa.
■ Deformed Steel Bar:
Deformed steel bars have ribs, lugs and indentation on the surface of the bar, which reduces the
major problem that is faced by mild steel bar due to slippage and good bonding is achieved between
concrete and rebar. The tensile properties is higher compared to other rebars. These bars are
produced in sections from 6 mm to 50 mm dia.

■ TMT Bars (Thermo Mechanically Treated Bars): Thermo Mechanically

Treated Bars are hot treated bars that are high in strength used
in reinforced cement concrete (RCC) work. It is the latest induction in the
MS steel bars with superior properties such as strength, ductility, welding
ability, bending ability and highest quality standards at international level.
 Characteristics of TMT Rebars:
■ Better ductility and malleability
■ High yield strength and toughness
■ More bonding strength
■ Earthquake resistance
■ Corrosion resistance
■ High thermal resistance
■ Economical and safe in use
■ No loss in strength at welded joints
■ Ordinary electrodes used for welding the joints
■ High Strength Deformed Bars: High strength deformed bars are cold twisted steel bars with lugs, ribs, projection or
deformation on the surface. It the extensively and majorly used for reinforcement purposes in a construction. These
bars are produced in sizes or sections from 4 mm to 50 mm in diameter.

 Characteristics of HSD Rebar:

■ Low carbon value – HSD Bars have lower carbon level, resulting in good ductility, strength and welding ability.
■ Superior bonding strength – HSD bars are well known for their excellent bonding strength when used with concrete.
■ Welding capability – Since these bars have lower carbon content, they have 100% welding capability than
conventional bars.
■ High tensile strength – HSD bars feature high tensile strength. They offer great asset in construction process,
where a lot of bending and re bending is required.
■ Wide application range – These bars have wide application range like in building residential, commercial and
industrial structures, bridges, etc.
■ Satisfactorily malleability – Minimum weight and maximum strength and suitable for both compression and tension
reinforcement.
ADVANTAGES OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT:
■ Compatibility with Concrete: The fresh concrete is placed on the formwork mould already
prepared with reinforcement. The steel reinforcement won’t float in concrete during the
concrete placing procedure. Hence, steel reinforcement does not demand special tying
up with formworks.
■ Robustness of Steel Reinforcement: The steel bars are robust in nature that they have
the ability to withstand the rigors, the wear and tear during the construction activities.
■ Bent Property of Steel Reinforcement: The steel bars once manufactured to standard
size, it can be bent to the required specifications. Hence fabricated steel bars are
delivered easily at the site.
■ Recycling Property: The steel reinforced left over after the service life of a structure is
recycled again and used for new construction.
■ Easily Available: Every region of a country will have a steel supplier or manufacturer.
Hence steel reinforcement is easily available.
DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL REINFORCEMNET:

■ Reactive Nature of Steel Reinforcement: In concrete structures where the cover is small
and subjected to external moisture and salt action, the reinforcement undergoes reaction
and starts to corrode. The strength of steel may be reduced and finally to failure.
■ Expensive: The cost of steel reinforcement in high. This will increase the cost of
construction
■ Melts at high temperature: At higher temperatures, the steel reinforcement may melt.
This is the reason why the steel reinforcement are tied up.
GRADE OF REINFORCING STEEL: