INTERNATIONAL MASS MEDIA-has
played a vital role in enhancing globalization as
it linked societies closer, with the exchange of
ideas, culture, and multiple information.
THREE ANALYTICAL PERSPECTIVE OF
MEDIA GLOBALIZATION: communications
and development, cultural imperialism and
cultural pluralism.
COMMUNICATIONS AND DEVLOPMENT
MODEL- view media as instrument of change
in developing countries with its capacity to alter
values and attitude towards modernization.
CULTURAL IMPERIALISM- asserts an
uneven relationship in the flow of hardware
transfer of technology and media alongside the
software transfer of cultural products.
CULTURAL PLURALISM- asserts a more
optimistic view on diversity of global media
relations, constitute by a variety of producers
and locale.
POST WORLD WAR II- period would mark
the prominence of the models of development
through mass media and free flow of
information
MODERNIZATION PARADIGM- called as
communication and development which views
that the reason for the absence of modernization
in the developing country is lack of natural
resources.
MASS MEDIA- were viewed to play critical
roles in development in the modernization
paradigm.
WILBUR SCHRAMM- observed positive
association between communication components
on the national growth. “The task of mass media
and the information of new media of education
is to speed and ease the long, slow social
transformation required for economic
development and to speed mobilizing human
resources.
DAVID LERNER- proposed that developing
societies must follow the western concept
modernity in order to achieve development.
PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISM OF
EMPATHY- enables the people to mobilize
efficiently in modern society contrary to the
traditional society.
BENEDICT ANDERSON- he emphasized the
role of printed communication and capitalism in
instilling nationalism and the sense of
belonginess among people.
EVERETT ROGERS- forward a nuanced
relationship by treating mass media as a factor
that intervenes between antecedents and
consequences of modernization.
CURRAN AND PARK- laid down criticisms of
the paradigm of how the government espousing
the western model of modernization used the
media system to control over population.
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT MODEL-
used to justify arbitrary exercised of political
power, political indoctrination and the restriction
over the freedom of expression.
END OF 1970s- criticisms against the
modernization paradigm grew in strength and
influence questioning the conceptualization
1960s to 1980s- period where the cultural
imperialism grew in influence in the Cold War
and period of Decolonization and post
colonialism.
NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT- formed by
Third World with a united purpose stated in the
Non-Aligned Countries Declaration of 1979 or
Havana Declaration. It also against the uneven
flow of information associated with uneven
development.
FREE MARKET EXPRESSION- those who
owned media had the right to decide what was
expressed in it.
CULTURAL IMPERIALISM THEORY-
argues that global audiences are exposed to
media message dominantly deriving from
Western industrialized state.
HERBERT SCHILLER- clearest and most
influential theorists of cultural imperialism
tradition. “sum of processes by which a society
is brought into modern world system and how its
dominating stratum”.
MEDIA IMPERIALISM- the process whereby
the ownership, structure, structure, distribution
or content of the media in any one country are
singly of together.
MEDIA IMPERALISM MODEL- views
modern communication media has having been
designed to maintain and expand dependence
and domination over the world.
VARIANT CONCEPT OF MEDIA
IMPERIALISM: “cultural dependency” and
“electronic colonialism”
HESMONDHALGH- according to him the
concept of cultural imperialism is “building of
empires”
WORLD LARGEST MEDIA COMPANIES:
Google, Walt Disney, Comcast, 21st Century
Fox, Facebook, Bertelsmann, Viacom, CBS,
Baidu, News Corp.
ZENITH OPTIMEDIA- annual global ranking
of the largest companies in the world.
DIGITAL ADVERTISING- it has been on rise
with five digital companies: google, Facebook,
Baidu, yahoo, and Microsoft included in Top 30
and representing 65% of entire advertising
market.
1970S AND 1980s- NWICO debate was the
central concern at the UNESCO (United Nations
Educational Scientific and Cultural
Organization)
NWICO MOVEMENT- was a collective
resistance to pressure UNESCO to change
dynamics of news media that has been
dismissive of the interest.
NEW INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC
ORDER- symbolizes South’s resistance against
the symbolic and economic effect of
imperialism.
MANY VOICES, ONE WORLD- result to the
report of the MacBride Commission
SENGUPTA AND FRITH- emphasizes the
changing structure of media and stated that the
“cultural imperialism argument that is framed in
terms of centres with power over disempowered
peripheries may have to be reevaluated as the
new media slowly
TOMLINSON- a staunch critic of theory
maintain its relevance as its highlights the
expansionist nature of capitalism and its
capacity.
RANTANEN- sees the strength of paradigm
through its macrolevel analysis that is based on
the uneven and asymmetrical world system and
implication of developing societies
SPARKS- improved the cultural imperialism
framework into the current context of
intensifying media concentration.
CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION- referred to
us as cultural pluralism.
CULTURAL PLURALISM- shift one way
model of cultural imperialism towards to
multidirectional flows among country relations
HOMOGENIZATION SCHOOL-
development and imperialism approach
HETEROGINIZATION SCHOOL- anchored
on the definitions of globalization as
hybridization, synchronization and
indigenization. Describes the new orthodoxy as
systematically marginalizing the role of state
SLOGANS: “think global, act local” and
“glocalization”
THREE WAY OF HOW SOCIAL AND
INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR OF BELIEVERS
ARE ORGANIZED: the idea of transcendence,
sacredness and holiness and relates to ultimate
existence
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS- are capable of
motivating individuals and groups to collectively
mobilize
SECULARIZATION PARADIGM- where
religion has been viewed to have lost its
influence to some extent with the advent of
modernization
RESURGENCE OF RELIGION THESIS-
where modernization has caused a backlash and
urged a society to seek refuge in religion
SOCIETY UNDERGOES THREE
STAGES(COMTE): theological stage,
metaphysical stage and positivist/scientific stage
MODERNIZATION(WEBER)- process of
disenchantment of the universe with the
replacement of bureaucratization,
rationalization, secularization.
EMILE DURKHEIM- individualization of
societies breaking the bonds of community
KARL MARX- religion as an opium of the
people created by the material conditions. He
believed that religion have no place in
communist society where individual are treated
equally
TSCHANNEN, GORSKI, AND
GOLDSTEIN- present general overviews of the
development of the secularization paradigm and
convergences and divergences of theories
TSCHANNEN- provides a systematic overview
of theories that would constitutes the
secularization paradigm since 1963.
TSCHANNEN- he argues that religion loses its
power of social control and guidance over the
rest of society
THREE CORE CONCEPTS: differentiation,
rationalization and worldliness
HE DRAWS FROM THE THEORIES OF:
Thomas Luckmann, Peter Berger, Bryan Wilson,
David Martin, Richard Fenn, Talcott Parsons
and Robert Bellah
RATIONALIZATION IN THE FF.
ASPECT(TSCHANNEN): scientization and
sociologization
SCIENTIZATION- which relates the
emergence of science that would compete
religious worldviews
SOCIOLOGIZATION- where social life is
determined in a scientific and rational fashion
that is free from religious influence
RATIONALIZATION- is concomitant to the
weakening of religion which manifest in the
societal level where there is collapsed of the
worldview and atheist
TWO PRELIMINARY
ASSUMPTIONS(TSCHANNEN): the
secularization process can be found within
religion and related to human conduction
FOUR BASIC POSITIONS(GORSKI):
disappearance of religion thesis(Comte), decline
of religion thesis(Weber), privatization
thesis(Luckmann) and transformation
thesis(Parsons)
SECULARIZATION
PARADIGM(GORSKI)- comprising of variant
of theories revolve around the core theory of
differentiation that branches out different
arguments of the direction
DIFFERENT CAMPS(GOLDSTEIN):
functionalists(Talcott Parsons, Robert Bellah,
and Niklas Luhmann), phenomenologists(Peter
Beger, Thomas Luckmann, and Alfred Schutz)
and dialectic theorists(Bryan Wilson, David
Martin and Richard Fenn)
SECULARIZATION- old paradigm base of
Warner’s narrative
REVIVAL AND ROUTINIZATION- new
paradigm base of Warner’s narrative
OTHER PATTERNS: paradoxical, spiral and
dialectical
GORSKI- religious of movement in the
direction of rationalization and social
movements in the direction of secularization
spawn religious counter movements in the
direction
KEY EVENTS DUE TO EMERGENCE OF
ARMED CONFLICTS: Iranian Revolution,
Solidarity of Polish Revolution and September
11, 2001 attack
CLASH OF CIVILIZATION- one of the
prominent works on the resurgence of religion
CULTURAL- fundamental source of conflict
that will dominate the global politics
POST COLD WAR ERA- international world
poilitics has moved towards the interaction and
confrontation between West and Non-West
POLITICS OF CIVILIZATIONS- the people
of the government of Non-Western civilizations
no longer the objects of history but join the West
the shapers of history
CIVILIZATION- cultural entities
UNSECULARIZATION OF THE WORLD-
George Weigel
THE REVIVAL OF RELIGION- Gilles
Kepels
UNIVERSALITY- of western values that do
not resonate will only induce protective
reactions of reaffirming and strengthening of
indigenous cultures
AZZOUZI- reaffirms the clash of civilization
thesis and argues the revival of resurgence if
religion as a consequence of globalization
RELIGION- acts as a resistance against the
adverse effect of globalization
UMMA- a community of believers
HUNTINGTON’S THESIS- primarily feature
the notion that Western security and global order
were being challenged by sustained attacks
ARGUMENTS ON CLASH OF
CIVILIZATIONS: acts of fundamentalism and
extremism
AMARTYA SEN- shares same criticisms of
inadequate recognition of the heterogeneities
with culture
DIVERSITY- essential feature of most of the
cultures in the world
ASIAN VALUES THESIS- Asian societies
traditionally value discipline over political
freedom and democracy
NORRIS AND INGLEHART- espouse the
secularization thesis they also predict the role of
religion would eventually raised on the
international agenda. “The accommodation of
divergent attitudes toward moral issues…”
THOMAS- global resuegence of religion is the
growing saliency and persuasiveness of religion.
He argues that it has been brought “political
mythology of liberal modernity”
THOMAS VIEWED RELIGION AS:
privatized, restricted and marginalized
SCHOLTE- religious revivalism as anti-
rationalist faith in which “trans-planetary
relations have help to stimulate some renewals
of anti-rationalist…”
SCHOLTE- “We cannot consider religion as
anti-rationalist…”
MISLEADING TO SEE THE GLOBAL
RESURGENCE OF RELIGION: clash of
civilizations, fundamentalism and extremism
EDWARD SAID CITES EQBAL AMAD-
who criticized that religious right constituted by
fanatical and absolutist tyranny promoting a
Islamic order reduced to Penal Code
JIHAD- rooted in the meaning ‘determine
effort’ or ‘striving