IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 24, NO.

2, MARCHIAPRIL 1988 27 1

State-of-the-Art Carrier PWM Techniques: A

Critical Evaluation

Abstract-With the introduction and wide acceptance of gate turn-off

power devices (e.g., bipolars, power FET's, GTO's, etc.), the switching
behavior of converters has reached the point where further improvements
.: C
I
in firing and switching networks bring only marginal benefits. Conse-
quently, the research interests in the area of static converters have been
shifting toward improving the process of power conversion through a
combination of new circuit topologies and improved voltage and
harmonic control PWM techniques. As a result, several such techniques
have been proposed lately. Although these techniques are clearly superior
to the original sine PWM technique, little or conflicting data is available
about their merits relative to each other. Consequently, selection of the
best PWM technique for most applications is accompanied by uncer-
tainty, which can lead to less than optimum results. A critical evaluation
of the aforementioned PWM techniques on the basis of application is
provided, thereby giving the framework and guidelines for the selection
of the best technique for each area of application.

I. INTRODUCTION -I
-2
A . General
N power electronics, pulsewidth modulation (PWM) is an
I operation performed on "raw" voltage and current
waveforms to shape their spectra in a way beneficial to the
.5
I

E
application under consideration. Spectra shaping typically -.5
ut

means the creation of a "dead band" between wanted and

unwanted spectral components. For a given switching fre-
quency it is desirable that the dead band be as wide as possible.
To illustrate this point, Figs. l(a), l(b), l(d), and l(e) show a
typical inverter line-to-line output voltage waveform and its
respective spectra before and after it has been pulsewidth
modulated (PWMed). Figs. l(c) and l(f) show the resulting
line current waveforms obtained with a load PF = 0.8
lagging. In particular, Fig. l(f) shows that PWM allows static (e)
inverters to generate close to ideal output waveforms while 2 -
providing variable-voltage and variable-frequency operation.
Further investigation of the results shown in Fig. 1 also
ut
reveals that PWM has several disadvantages, which include -1 -
i) attenuation of the wanted fundamental component of the
PWMed waveform, in this case from 1.1-0.866 pu; Fig. 1. Inverter voltage and current waveforms with six-step and sinusoidal
ii) drastically increased switching frequencies (in this case PWM (SPWM) operation. (a) Square-wave output line-to-line voltage. (b)
from 1 pu to 21 pu)-this means greater stresses on Line-to-line voltage spectrum (square wave). (c) Output line current (square
wave). (d) SPWM output line-to-line voltage. (e) Line-to-line spectrum
associated switching devices and therefore derating of (SPWM). (f) Output line current (SPWM).
those devices:

Paper IPCSD 87-29, approved by the Static Power Converter Committee of
the IEEE Industry Applications Society for presentation at the 1986 Power
Electronics Specialists Conference, Vancouver, BC, Canada, June 23-27.
Manuscript released for publication June IO, 1987.
The authors are with Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonnueve
Boulevard West, Montreal, PQ, Canada H35 1M8.
IEEE Log Number 8717547.
iii) generation of high-frequency harmonic components
previously not present.
However, in addition to the importance of spectral shaping,
the main advantage of pulsewidth modulation is that it allows
linear amplitude control of the output voltages/currents from

0093-9994/88/03OO-O271$01.OO 0 1988 IEEE

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 272 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 24, NO. 2 , MARCH/APRIL 1988

within the converter. Consequently, inverters can be supplied the number of switching points becomes too large to
from diode (instead of thyristor) rectifiers, resulting in a evaluate analytically, even with mainframe computers.
simpler and cheaper power conversion system. iii) When a large number of harmonics needs to be
eliminated, the respective switching pattern cannot be
B. Specifics of PWM Techniques Treated in this Paper reproduced accurately by the inverter due to delays
associated with the inverter switches and their respective
Since the advantages of PWM clearly outweigh the respec-
tive disadvantages, a considerable research effort has gone base drives.
iv) Associated hardware becomes practical and cost effec-
into minimizing the PWM disadvantages mentioned earlier.
tive only through VLSI implementation. The expertise
As a result, several specific PWM techniques that focus on
improving source utilization and generated input/output har- required to design such hardware is not available to most
monic content have been proposed lately [2]-[4]. It is noted small to mid-size companies. Also the number of units
that the advantages of all these improved PWM techniques produced must be large enough to justify initial develop-
over the original sine PWM technique are obtained at the ment costs.
“cost” of generating third line-to-neutral voltage harmonics. v) Reliability of VLSI technology in high-current switching
However, under balanced and open neutral operating condi- environments is still questionable.
tions, third-harmonic currents cannot flow and thus the third- Consequently, it appears that even with projected techno-
order voltage harmonics are neutralized. logical advances the programmed PWM techniques could only
Previous work related to these improved techniques has partially replace the carrier PWM techniques discussed in this
been focused on converter output spectra, neglecting other paper.
important criteria such as input spectra, input/output distortion
11. CHARACTERIZATION OF IMPROVED PWM TECHNIQUES
factor, switching frequencies and hardware implementation
considerations. Furthermore, another focus of previous work A . Preliminary
has been inverter applications neglecting in the process some The main features of the improved PWM techniques treated
other equally important areas such as dc drives, rectifier in this paper are brought out in this section. These features
power supplies, and rectifier-inverter type frequency chang- include the derivation of switching points, the resulting ac and
ers. Consequently, selection of the best PWM technique for dc term gains, the resulting frequency spectra, the harmonic
most applications is accompanied with uncertainty, which can distortion at the converter input and output terminals, and
lead to less-than-optimum results. finally, the degree of difficulty of hardware implementation
For these reasons this paper provides a critical evaluation of for each technique. Since there are four PWM techniques and
all the aforementioned PWM techniques on the basis of three types of converters involved in this evaluation, care must
application, thereby providing the framework and guidelines be taken to present relevant results with clarity. For this
for the selection of the best technique for each area of purpose, a generalized bridge converter (Fig. 2 ) comprised of
application. The applications considered include six ideal four-quadrant switches has been employed.
The main advantage of this converter is that because of the
1) voltage and current source inverters for
nature of its switches it can function either as an inverter
a) variable-speed ac motor drives,
(voltage or current source) or as a rectifier by simply applying
b) UPS power supplies;
the proper gating signals. The generalized converter thus
2) rectifiers for
permits the ac terminal waveforms (ac term) to represent
a) dc motor drives,
[6] either
b) power supplies;
3) high-performance rectifier-inverter type frequency a) the line-to-line voltage of a voltage source inverter
changers. (VSI);
b) the output line current of a current source inverter (CSI);
C. Other Improved P WM Techniques or
c) the input line current of a controlled rectifier (CR);
Another class of improved PWM techniques that are not
included in this paper are the so-called programmed PWM and the dc terminal (dc term) waveforms to represent
techniques [7]-[9]. These techniques offer even better voltage
a) the input current of a VSI;
utilization and lower switching frequencies when employed
b) the input voltage of a CSI; or
with inverters supplied from independently regulated voltage
c) the output voltage of a CR.
or current sources. However, when these techniques are
employed with variable-frequencyivariable-voltageinverters Also, in the evaluation that follows, the switching frequency
and an unregulated dc bus, they have a number of disadvan- of the bridge is kept constant to provide a common ground for
tages, which include the following. comparison of each technique under rectifier and inverter
operation.
i) Quite sophisticated control hardware is required to store
and access the required large number of switching B. The Original Sine P WM Technique
patterns. This technique [ 2 ] has been included for the purpose of
ii) For ac motor drives, and at low operating frequencies, using it as a “benchmark” to evaluate respective improved

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 BOOST AND ZIOGAS. STATE-OF-THE-ART CARNER PWM 273
I I I 7

RC
TERMINRL TE R M I N R L
( D C TERM1 ( R C TERM)

I I

Fig. 2 . Generalized bridge configuration.

tV v v v vi v v v v w w t
2 0 0
-1

90 180 270 360 wt

(b)

w t
90 180 270 360
(e)

-
.26 .26 .31

e
0 ie 24 42 FCpu)
(f)

90 1B 0 270 360 w t

(g)
Fig. 3 . Sinusoidal PWM (SPWM). (a) SPWM scheme. (b) VSI switch #1 gating signal (SWI). (c) AC term. (d) AC term spectrum
(e) DC term. (f) DC term spectrum. (g) CSIKR switch #1 gating signal.

techniques. Its main intrinsic features are shown in Fig. 3. The
main disadvantage with this technique is that the maximum
possible ac term and dc term gain values are only Gac =
0.866 and Gdc = 0.75, respectively, where
i) ac term gain is the ratio of maximum value (peak) of the
fundamental component of the ac term to the amplitude
of the unfiltered pulses comprising the same term; and
ii) dc term gain is the ratio of the maximum value of the dc
component of the term to the maximum amplitude of the
unfiltered pulses comprising the same term.
For many applications this low Gac value means the use of a
voltage-matching transformer. The main advantage of this

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 274
technique is that it generates line-to-neutral ac spectra with no
low-order third harmonics. This allows the use of neutral-to-
neutral connections (if required) and decoupled (individual)
control of each one of the three inverter phases.
C. The Modified Sine P WM Technique
This is the first of the improved PWM techniques [3] treated
in this paper. Its main intrinsic features are shown in Fig. 4.
For this technique spectra are shown for VSI and CSIKR
operation, respectively, in order to maintain the same switch-
ing frequency. The particulars follow.
a) This technique defines the ac term (Fig. 4(c)) on a line-
to-line basis for VSIs and on a line basis for CSIs and
CRs.
b) As shbwn in Figs. 4(a) and 4(b), only the first and last
60" intervals (per half-cycle) of the ac term waveform
are directly defined through intersections of respective
sine reference) and triangular (carrier) waveforms. The
60" to 120" intervals are obtained by "folding" the first
and last 60" intervals around the 60" and 120" points,
respectively.
c) As shown in Fig. 4(d), this technique provides a
substantially higher ac term gain as compared with the
original sine PWM technique (Fig. 3). However, from
the aforementioned b) it follows that hardware imple-
mentation for this technique is rather complex. Also,
this technique generates a substantial (2 1-percent) ac
term third-harmonic component on a line-to-neutral
basis.
D. The Third-Harmonic Injection P WM Technique
This improved technique 121, [4] (Fig. 5) has been derived
from the original sine PWM technique (Fig. 3) through the
addition of the 17-percent third-harmonic component to the
original sine reference waveform. The resulting flat-topped
waveform (Fig. 5(a)) allows overmodulation (with respect to
the original sine PWM technique) while maintaining excellent
ac term and dc term spectra. The particulars follow.
a) The analytical expression for the reference waveform is
y = 1.15 sin (wt) + 0.19 sin (3 wt).
b) The ac term gain (Fig. 5(d)) is equal to the respective
gain obtained with the modified sine PWM (Fig. 4(d))
and substantially higher than the one obtained with the
original PWM technique (Fig. 3(d)).
Furthermore, as shown in Fig. 5(a), the hardware imple-
mentation of this technique is quite simple. However, this
technique also generates a substantial ac term third-harmonic
component (17 percent) on line-to-neutral basis.
E. The Harmonic Injection P WM Technique
This technique (Fig. 6) is a variation of the previously
discussed third-harmonic injection technique. The variation is
obtained by injecting additional harmonics in the respective
reference waveform. The resulting flat-topped waveform (Fig.
6(a)) again allows overmodulation while improving even
further the resulting frequency spectra of the ac term and dc
term waveforms. The particulars follow.
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 24, NO. 2, MARCHiAPRIL 1988
a) The analytical expression for the reference waveform is
now y = 1.15 sin (wt) + 0.27 sin (3 wt) - 0.029 sin (9
wt).
b) The ac term again (Fig. 6(d)) is equal to the one obtained
with the previous two improved PWM techniques while
the harmonic spectra of ac and dc terms are clearly
better.
Again, as shown in Fig. 6(a), the hardware implementation of
this technique is as simple as with the original sine and the
third-harmonic injection techniques.
F. Waveform Quality Under Variable Modulation Index
Conditions
Although the waveforms shown in Figs. 3, 4, 5, and 6
provide an accurate characterization of the evaluated PWM
techniques, they also have the disadvantage of showing
respective harmonic spectra at only one modulation index
value (i-e., M = I). However, in most applications, output
converter power is controlled by varying the respective
modulation index value. Therefore it is also necessary to
investigate the quality of the various converter (voltage and
current) waveforms obtained with each technique for all
modulation index (M index) values. In particular, these
waveforms are the ac and dc terminal waveforms (Figs. 3(c),
3(e); 4(c), 4(e); 5(c), 5(e); and 6(c), 6(e)) obtained with the
generalized converter shown in Fig. 2. They include the line-
to-line voltages of VSIs output line currents of CSIs, and input
line currents of CRs (all three represented by the ac terminal
waveform); and the input (dc link) current of VSIs, the input
voltage of CSIs and the output voltage of CRs (all three
represented by the dc terminal waveform).
Furthermore, the three quality indexes used to evaluate
these waveforms are defined as follows:
where
DF, ac terminal distortion factor for second-order ac-side
filtering;
DFZ ac terminal distortion factor for first-order ac-side
filtering;
OF3 dc terminal distortion factor for first-order dc-side
filtering;
H ( n ) amplitude of the nth harmonic;
H(1) maximum ac gain Gac;
H(0) maximum dc gain Gdc.
The variations of these three quality indices as a function of
the M index are shown in Figs. 7, 8, and 9, respectively.
 275
BOOST AND ZIOGAS: STATE-OF-THE-ART CARRIER PWM

0 w t

-1

90 180 270 360 w t

(b)

l - - -

1 Ig
0 -
I
I
a;'E
'
360
wt
98 180

-I - -_

0 w t
90 270 360

0
90 180
I IIIII I
270
360
I) wt

-AI

.I4 .I4
A c
0 30 36 F(pu)
0

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 276 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 24, NO. 2 , MARCHIAPRIL 1988

tV v v v rv v v v WNY v v v V !
wt
2 0 0
-1

90 I80 270 360 w t

(b)

-1 1

lh
0
90 180
(e)
270 360
W t

90 I88 270 360 w t

(g)
Fig. 5. Harmonic injection sinusoidal PWM (HIPWM) (1st and 3rd). (a) HIPWM scheme. (b) VSI switch # I gating signal (SWI).
(c) AC term. (d) AC term spectrum. (e) DC term. (f) DC term spectrum. (g) CSIlCR switch # I gating signal.

It is noted that DF,, DF2, and OF3 have been defined in
ways that reflect actual levels of harmonic distortion experi-
enced in practical applications. For example, practical static
uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) employ a second-order
LC filter between respective inverters and loads. Such filters
provide harmonic attenuation, which is approximately in-
versely proportional to the square of the order (n) of the
harmonic. Therefore the OF, data shown in Fig. 7 are relevant
to UPS (i.e., load voltage) and any other static power supply
that employs a second-order filter. Similarly, ac and dc motors
supplied from PWM static converters utilize their respective
leakage and armature inductances to produce quasi-sinusoidal
and quasi-dc input current waveforms. These inductances
provide first-order attenuation to voltage harmonics, which is
equivalent to dividing the amplitude of each harmonic by its
respective order. Therefore the DF2 and OF3 data shown in
Figs. 8 and 9 are applicable to ac and dc motor drives and any
other application that uses an actual or equivalent first-order
filter. Moreover, to stress emphasis on the input spectral
content of each technique, a quality index is defined for the
rms ripple value that the input filter must tolerate or support.
The rms current rating Ici of the dc link capacitor for VSI
operation and the rms voltage rating V,i of the dc link inductor
for CSI operation is shown in Fig. 10 as a function of

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 BOOST AND ZIOGAS: STATE-OF-THE-ART CARRIER PWM 277

1719 2325 3537 4143 4749 F(pu)

IY 90
270 360
WT.

I I)

Fig. 6 . Harmonic injection sinusoidal PWM (HIPWM) (lst, 3rd, and 9th). (a) HIPWM scheme. @) VSI switch #1 gating signal
(SW1). (c) AC term. (d) AC term spectrum. (e) DC term. (f) DC term spectrum. (9) CSIKR switch #1 gating signal.

El ' '
.2
' I
.4
' I
.6
' '
.8
' I
H index

Fig. 7 . Second-order filter distortion factor (ac term). (a) SPWM. (b)
HIPWM (1st and 3rd). (c) MSPWM VSI operation. (d) HIPWM (lst, 3rd,
and 9th). (e) MSPWM CSI/CR operation.

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 278 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 24, NO. 2, MARCHIAPRIL 1988

Irns pu

7- .375 r

;
2 -

I -
B&D

8 " " " " ' ~

Fig. 11. Rectifier input capacitor rms ripple current. (a) SPWM. (b)
HIPWM (1st and 3rd). (c) MSPWM VSI operation. (d) HIPWM (lst, 3rd,
and 9th). (e) MSPWM.

where
Zci VSI rms input ripple current,
v/i CSI rms input ripple voltage,
Icr CR rms input ripple current,
Vin(n)/Zin(n) rms magnitude of n th harmonic.
The variation of these performance indices as a function of
modulation ( M index) and rated load current conditions is
shown in Figs. 10 and 11 (for all four PWM techniques treated
in this paper).
It is finally noted that although the exact DF,, DF2, DF3,
81 ' 1
.2
' 1
.4
1 '
.6
' 1
.E
' 1
1
and IC;, V/i,ZCr values shown in Figs. 7-11 are valid for only
M index one particular common-carrier frequency (shown in Figs.
Fig. 9. First-order filter distortion factor (dc term). (a) SPWM. (b) HIPWM 3(a), 4(a), 5(a), and 6(a)), their shapes and their relative
(1st and 3rd). (c) MSPWM VSI operation. (d) HIPWM (lst, 3rd, and 9th). position are independent of carrier frequency. Consequently,
(e) MSPWM CSI/CR operation.
these data can be used for the general evaluation of the subject
PWM techniques.
ICl/VII pu 111. EVALUATION
OF IMPROVED
PWM TECHNIQUES
.75 r
In this section the previously discussed and analyzed
techniques are evaluated by using relevant data obtained in
previous sections. For the meaningful interpretation of evalua-
tion data, the switching frequency variable has been eliminated
by using the same switching frequency for all PWM tech-
niques. However, careful investigation of the modified sine
PWM technique shows [3] that for the same ac term and dc
term waveforms, CSIs, and CRs require lower switching
frequencies than VSIs. Because of this asymmetry, this
technique has been represented twice in Figs. 7-10.
Fig. 10. Inverter dc terminal rms ripple. VSI operation-capacitor ripple
current (Ic,); CSI operation-inductor ripple voltage (V,,).(a) SPWM. (b)
HIPWM (1st and 3rd). (c) MSPWM VSI operation. (d) HIPWM (lst, 3rd, A. A C and DC Term Gains
and 9th). (e) MSPWM CSI operation. Respective ac term and dc term gains for all four PWM
techniques are shown in Figs. 3(d), 3(f), 4(d), 4(f), 4(h), 4(i),
modulation index. The rms current of the input capacitor Zcr 5(d), 5(f), 6(d), and 6(f) and are summarized in Table I. It is
for controlled expressions for IC;, V,, and Zcr are noted that these gain values are independent of switching
frequency and are directly proportional to the respective
modulation index values ( M index).
From this table it is obvious that regarding ac/dc gains, all
improved PWM techniques are
I m
a) better than the original sine technique;
b) equivalent among themselves.
B. Quality Factors DF,, DF,, DF, and Zcj, ZIi, IC,
The variations of DF,, DF,, and DF, as a function of M
index are presented in Figs. 7-9. These figures show that

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 BOOST AND ZIOGAS: STATE-OF-THE-ART CARRIER PWM 279
TABLE 1
MAXIMUM A C AND DC GAIN VALUES Gac AND Gdc (rn = 1)

I TECHNIQUE I Gac I Gdc I

I I I I
ORIGINRL S I N E
PWM ( f l g . 3 ) I 0.866 I 8.758 I
I MODIFIED
S I N E PWW ( f I g . 4 ) I I I
I T H I R D HARMONIC
INJECTION
~ ~~ I I I 8.866 I
ctcg.5,
HRRWONIC
INJECTION I 0.866
(flg.6)

T A B L E I1
OPTIMUM P W M TECHNIQUES ACCORDING TO APPLICATION

RPPLICRTION OPTIMUM PWW REFERENCES

V S I BRSED
RC MOTOR D R I V E S
C S I BRSED
RC MOTOR D R I V E S
PWM R E C T I F I E R S FOR C S I
INVERTER RND DC WOTOR
DRIVES
UPS ( W I T H UNREGULRTED
DC B U S )
UPS ( W I T H REGULRTED
BUS)
TECHNIQUE
LOW SPEEDS: HRRWONIC F I G S . 6 8.9.10
I N J E C T I O N TECHNIQUE
H I G H SPEEDS:PROGRRWMED SEE R E F S . C 7 1 C83 [ 9 1
HARMONIC E L I M I N R T I O N
TECHNIQUES ( P H E T s )
H I G H PERFORMRNCE: F I G S . 4.8,9.10
M O D I I F I E D S I N E PWM
TECHNIQUE
TYPICRL: PHETt SEE REFS. C7 I C8 I C 9 I
HARMONIC I N J E C T I O N F I G S . 6 8.9,ll
TECHNIQUE
HRRMONIC I N J E C T I O N F I G S . 6.7 3.18
TECHNIQUE
DC PHETs SEE R E F S . C 7 3 [ E l C91

i) for voltage source inverter (VSI) applications the har-

monic injection technique offers the overall best quality
ac term waveforms;
ii) for current source inverter (CSI) applications the har-
monic injection technique is best for M < 0.65
(approximately) while the modified sine technique be-
comes increasingly better for M > 0.065 (approxi-
mately).
Next, the variation of IC;,V,i, and I,, as a function of the M
index is shown in Figs. 10 and 11. It is noted that the maxima
of the I,; and V,; curves occur around the M = 0.6 point
instead of the M = 1 point. This fact should not be overlooked
when considering the ratings of respective filter components.
From the figures it can be seen that
i) for VSI operation, the harmonic injection PWM
(HIPWM) technique demands the lowest ripple current
from the input filter capacitor;
ii) for CSI operation, modified sinusoidal PWM
(MSPWM) produces the lowest ripple voltage across the Fig. 12. Experimental waveforms for VSI using H I P W M (1st. 3rd, and
link reactor; 9th). (a) Output line-to-line voltage. (b) Output line-to-line voltage
spectrum. (c) Input current. (d) Input current spectrum.
iii) for CR operation, HIPWM and MSPWM offer the best
results.
voltage control stage) the harmonic injection technique is the
IV. SELECTION OF OPTIMUM PWM TECHNIQUE ACCORDING TO best choice. By following the same approach, similar conclu-
APPLICATION sions can be drawn for CSI-based UPS, VSI, and CSI-based
As stated earlier, quality factors D F I ,DF2, and DF3 reflect motor drives, etc. Because of the apparent importance of this
actual levels of harmonic distortion experienced in practical subject, detailed information is given in Table 11.
applications. Therefore it is possible to use respective analyti-
cal data from Figs. 7-1 1 to select the optimum technique(s) for V. EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS
each of these applications. For example, from the DFI The validity of selected results predicted in previous
definition given earlier and the results presented in Fig. 7 it is sections has been verified experimentally on a 1-kVA labora-
justifiable to say that for UPS VSI applications (without a dc tory prototype system. Samples of these results are shown in

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 280
Fig. 13. Experimental waveforms for CSI using MSPWM. (a) Output line
current. (b) Output line current spectrum. (c) Input voltage. (d) Input
voltage spectrum.
Figs. 12 and 13. In particular, Fig. 12 shows the experimental
terminal waveforms and the associated spectra of a VSI
operating with HIPWM (lst, 3rd, and 9th) at modulation index
= 1 and a carrier frequency of 21 pu. The theoretical results
for the same operation are shown in Fig. 6. Fig. 13 shows the
experimental terminal waveforms and the associated spectra of
a CSI operating with MSPWM at modulation index = 1 and a
carrier frequency of 33 pu (results in 22-pu switching
frequency). The theoretical results for the same operating
conditions are shown in Fig. 4.
The close agreement between the analytical and experimen-
tal results prove the validity of the theoretical evaluations
made.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper a critical evaluation of state-of-the-art carrier
PWM techniques has been presented. Through the use of
relevant theoretical and experimental results it has been shown
that for each major area of application there is a specific
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 24, NO. 2 . MARCHIAPRIL 1988
optimum PWM technique. Detailed information has been
presented in Tables I and 11.
REFERENCES
[l] V. R. Stefanovic, “Present trends in variable speed ac drives,”
presented at IPEC 1983, Tokyo, Japan.
[2] R. Bonnert and R. S. Wu, “Improved three phase pulse width
modulation for overmodulation,” in Conf. Rec. 1984 IEEE-IAS
Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL.
[3] T. Onishi and H. Okitsu, “A novel PWM technique for three phase
inverter/converter,” in Conf. Rec. 1983 IPEC, Tokyo, Japan.
141 J. A. Houldsworth and D. A. Grant. “The use of harmonic distortion to
. 1
increase the output voltage of a three-phase PWM inverter,” IEEE
Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. IA-20, no. 5 , SeptJOct. 1984.
[5] A. Schonung and H. Stemmler, “Static frequency changers with
subharmonic control in conjunction with reversible variable speed ac
drives,” Brown Boveri Rev., Aug./Sept. 1964.
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Micliael A . Boost (S’82) obtained the B.Eng.
degree in 1983 and is currently enrolled in the
Ph.D. program at Concordia University, Montreal,
PQ, Canada
He has participated in several industrial research
and development projects in the area of medium-
power UPS
Phoivos D. Ziogas (S’75-M’78) received the B S ,
M.S., and Ph D degree\ from the University of
Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, in 1973, 1974, and
1978, respectively
Since 1978 he has been with the Department of
Electrical Engineering of Concordia University in
Montreal, PQ, Canada, where he is engaged in
teaching and research in the area of static power
converters He also has participated as a Consultant
in several industrial projects