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In addition, users can interact directly with the operating system through a user interface such as a
command language or a graphical user interface (GUI).

An operating system performs these services for applications:

In a multitasking operating system where multiple programs can be running at the same time, the
operating system determines which applications should run in what order and how much time should
be allowed for each application before giving another application a turn.
It manages the sharing of internal memory among multiple applications.
It handles input and output to and from attached hardware devices, such as hard disks, printers, and
dial-up ports.
It sends messages to each application or interactive user (or to a system operator) about the status of
operation and any errors that may have occurred.
It can offload the management of what are called batch jobs (for example, printing) so that the
initiating application is freed from this work.
On computers that can provide parallel processing, an operating system can manage how to divide the
program so that it runs on more than one processor at a time.
All major computer platforms (hardware and software) require and sometimes include an operating
system. Linux, Windows, VMS, OS/400, AIX, and z/OS are all examples of operating systems.

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

PROGRAMMING is telling a computer how to do certain things by giving it instructions. These

instructions are called programs. A person who writes instructions is a computer programmer. These
instructions come in different languages; they are called programming languages. Sometimes
programmers use special software which helps them to make programs, such as Integrated
Development Environment , and sometimes they use simpler software, called a text editor, which only
gives them a place to type.
COMPILER: A program is a set of instructions for the computer to follow. Making these instructions
in "computer form" would be tedious and difficult, so instructions are written in a language similar to
English, which has to be turned into "computer form" instructions so the computer can follow them. A
compiler is what we call the translator from the half-English language to the computer language. Some
languages, called interpreted languages, use interpreters instead of compilers.
EXECUTABLES: Once a program has been compiled, the instructions in "machine form" are written
into a file that contains a series of numbers that the computer can understand. These files are generally
called "executables". These machine-instructions will be loaded into the computer's memory so that
the CPU can run them when the executable is opened. In the event that data is not transferred correctly,
it can result in data loss.
VARIABLES: A variable a piece of the program that can be changed. Variables can include
information added by the user, or answers that are found as a result of a calculation.
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Inside the Visual Basic Language: The language you write and speak has structure: for example, a
book has chapters with paragraphs that contain sentences consisting of words. Programs written in
Visual Basic also have a structure: modules are like chapters, procedures are like paragraphs, and lines
of code are like sentences.

When you speak or write, you use different categories of words, such as nouns or verbs. Each category
is used according to a defined set of rules. In many ways, Visual Basic is much like the language that
you use every day. Visual Basic also has rules that define how categories of words, known as
programming elements, are used to write programs.

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