All India Seminar On RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CONCRETE COMPOSITES (RDCC-2018)

The Institution of Engineers (India)
98 years of Relentless journey towards Engineering Advancement for Nation Building
All India Seminar on

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(RDCC-2018)
24-25 August, 2018
Hyderabad - Telangana
Silver Sponsor
SAI PRAGATHI ESTATES & CONSTRUCTIONS PVT. LTD., HYDERABAD
Under the aegis of

CIVIL ENGINEERING DIVISION, IEI
Organized by
TELANGANA STATE CENTRE
In association with
AVN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,
Ibrahimpatnam, R R Dist
Supported by
ICI, IAStructE and RMCMA
Venue :
“Visvesvaraya Bhavan”, Khairatabad, Hyderabad – 500 004, India
iii
v
Dr H.O. Thakare, FIE
Chairman, CVDB, IEI
Message
It gives me immense pleasure to note that The Institution of Engineers (I), Telangana
State Centre, in associaion withAVN Institute of Engineering & Technology and supported
by ICI, IA Struct E and RMGMA is organizing an All India Seminar on “Recent Development
in Concrete Composites (RD CG-2018) on 24th-25th August, 2018 under the aegis of Civil
Engineering Division.
The impact of infrastrucutre development and construction practices is known to
have significant impact on the ecomony and improve the construction project management
of any country. With ever increasing recent developments in concrete composites, it has
become a major part of the construction industry. I hope that this seminar will discuss in
depth all the above processes and case studies of the concrete composites projects which
will help in giving better facility of construction and create awareness among different
industry professionals.
The main aim of any seminar is to bring together renowned and qualified Civil
Engineering Consultants, Construction Industry Personnels, Contractors, Clients, Academics
and other professionals from all over India for the presentation and exchange of their
thoughts and experiences on concepts, trends and practices of present day.
The seminar shouldaim at providing a plaform for real life case studies, utilization of
mineral and chemical admixtures,fiber reinforced concrete with metallic and non-metalic
fibers, high perormance concrete and ultra high strength concrete, self compacting concrete,
concrete with recycled materials and geo-polymer concrete.
I am confident that this seminar will achieveall the above objectives.
I would like to acknowledge and give special appreciation to key-note speakers,
authorsfor sharing their experiences, inviteesand delegates for their proactive participation
in the seminar.
Dr H.O. Thakare, FIE
Chairman, CVDB, IEI
vii
(Established 1920, Incorporated by Royal Charter 1935)
T E L A N G A N A S TAT E C E N T R E
“Visvesvaraya Bhavan”, Khairatabad, Hyderabad - 500 004. Telangana
Tel : 040-23314969 | E-mail : ieitelanganasc@gmail.com, telanganasc@ieindia.org | Website : ieitsc.org
“98 Years of Relentless Journey Towards Engineering Advancement for Nation Building”
Chairman :
Dr S SATYANARAYANA, FIE
Hon. Secretary :
Dr G RAMESHWAR RAO
M.Tech. (Env. Engg), FIE
Foreword
Advancement in concrete technology, novel materials and practices has led to the improvement of concrete
durability, extending its application as a key element in sustainable development. Sustainable construction is
of recent origin. However, its importance in the future evolution of our civilization cannot be denied. As
resources diminish globally and the environment comes under increasing stress, the adoption of sustainable
design and construction practices is an important strategy to meet the needs of the present society without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
Concrete is a composite material prepared by mixing cement and sand. Though this mixture has good compressive
strength, by reinforcing this mixture with steel rods or wires has contributed for increase in its tensile strength.
Of late, various developments have taken place in the concrete materials. In order to overcome the problems of
cracks in concrete, self healing concrete mixture with addition of a form of a lime mortar was used. Self-healing
concrete addresses typical deficiencies in concrete that increases its maintenance costs and reduces its lifespan.
It helps to fix problems such as permeability, micro-cracks, freeze/thaw damage, and waterproofing capability.
Roman concrete developed during 3rd Century BC is a good example of self healing concrete. The Romans
mixed a particular type of volcanic ash from the Alban Hills volcano, with quick lime and water. They used
it to bind together decimetre-sized chunks of tuff, an aggregate of volcanic rock. Polymer Concrete is one more
development where in cement hydrate binders of the conventional concrete are fully replaced by polymer
binders or liquid resins, and is a kind of concrete-polymer composite. Foam concrete is a special type of porous
concrete, which is highly workable, lightweight, and low-density material and it can incorporate up to 50%
entrained air. It is produced by cement, water, and air pores (no need of coarse aggregates). It is also known as
foamed concrete, porous concrete, aerated concrete, lightweight concrete etc. Though these new type of concretes
have both their advantages and draw backs, it is a positive development in the direction of conserving the
natural resources.
One more development in this area is preparation of concrete containing tyre rubber and PET wastes and
evaluation of its performance. The volume of polymeric wastes such as tyre rubber and polyethylene
terephthalate (PET) bottles is increasing at a fast rate. An estimated 1000 million tyres reach the end of their
useful lives every year and 5000 million more are expected to be discarded in a regular basis by the year 2030.
Only a small part is currently recycled and millions of tyres are just stockpiled, land filled or buried. As for
PET bottles annual consumption is over 300 000 million units. The majority is just land filled. Hence it a very
important area to be concentrated in order to mitigate the polymer pollution by reusing them in Concrete
production.
Thus the All India Seminar organised by IEI-Telangana State Center on “ Recent Developments in Concrete
Composites” on 24th and 25th August, 2018 at Visvesvaraya Bhavan, Khairatabad, Hyderabad – 500 004 is
very apt and hope the presentations by eiminent speakers will emphasis on adoption of holistic approach to
material and structural design of advanced cementitious composites with recycled and natural constituents
and provide an opportunity for the young engineers to understand the future development.
Dr S SATYANARAYANA, FIE
Chairman
IEI HEADQUARTERS : 8 Gokhale Road, Kolkata - 700 020
Ph : +91-33-2223 8311/ 14/ 15/ 16/ 34, 4010 6299 • Fax : +91-33-2223 8345 • Web : http://www.ieindia.org
ix
Preface
Prof. K V L SUBRAMANIAM
Professor, Dept. of Civil
Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology,
Hyderabad &
Chairman, Technical Committee
The All India Seminar on “Recent Developments in Concrete Composites” is being

organized during 24th and 25th of August 2018by the Institution of Engineers (India), Telangana
State Centre, with an objective to disseminate the latest advances to the Engineering community.
Concrete composites is a very apt topic in the Indian context as we are poised to make significant
investments in infrastructure. Economic growth and urbanization fuel the need for infrastructure.
Adequate infrastructure is required to sustain the growth of the economy. Additionally, the rapid
urbanization requires solutions for civic infrastructure and housing. Concrete is the material,
which forms the backbone of the infrastructure. Therefore, continued development of infrastructure
requires a careful understanding of the challenges and opportunities in the use of the material.
Human resource development with the trainedworkforce in concrete composites is essential for
meeting the challenges in the path towards Nation building. In addition to training engineers to
tackle the challenges, it is also important to create a culture of continuously identifying the
impending challenges and updating the level of knowledge. This seminar is a step in this direction.
The implementation of the new technological developments in concrete composites is

being heralded by the requirements of building faster, leaner and in a sustainable manner. These
requirements are compounded by the problems associated with resource limitation and additional
environmental scrutiny. There is a severe shortage of virgin raw materials to make concrete.
Going forward, meeting the demand for raw materials will require creative solutions which look
at alternate binders, alternate raw materials and potential solutions which move away from the
resource-intensive cement concrete. Additionally, for a sustainable solution, the required growth
has to be achieved in an environmentally conscious manner. This is bringing words like reuse,
recycling, and regeneration into the lexicon of a Civil Engineer. As sustainability moves to the
forefront, the optimum material utilization is becoming an imperative.
Going forward, meeting the growing demand for infrastructure will require innovative
solutions, with the participation of all the stakeholders. Significant new research is being
conducted in academic Institutions, and industry focused on advancing the science on several of
topics related to concrete composites. Innovative solutions for material processing and production
are being developed to produce high-performance concrete with a reduced material demand.
Active research is on-going in the use of alternate, low-carbon and low-energy materials as cement
xi
substitutes. The latest advancements in nanotechnology, material processing, high-performance
composites, etc. are being harnessed to advance cement composites. However, the adoption of
these technologies in the field is often very slow in Civil Engineering. In this context, it is very
important to familiarize the practicing Engineers and train the future graduates in the new and
emerging technologies.
A major objective of this programme is to create awareness of the current advances in

concrete composites – involving eminent experts from academia, national research laboratories,
and the industry. This seminar is organized into four key thematic areas covering fiber
reinforcement, admixtures, alternate materials and strengthening of concrete structures. The talks
range from fundamental research to practical approaches used in the field. By bringing to gather
the key stakeholders, this seminar provides a platform for sharing constructive ideas on the
future of concrete composites.
Theariticles that are being presented and discussed are all compiled in the form of extended
abstracts in this volume. I hope and trust that the knowledge presented in this conference
proceedings will also serve to stimulate further events in the area. It is also expected that the
deliberations of this seminar will benefit the concrete composites community. I am sure that the
conference will chart the course for future research and development in this pertinent and exciting
field.
I would like to thank all the experts for their contributions and for sharing their
perspectives and insights into the various aspects of concrete composites. I thank all the
participants for the success of the seminar and the valuable lessons generated from the seminar.
Prof. K V L SUBRAMANIAM
Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad
xii
KOLKATA
President
Er SISIR KUMAR BENERJEE, FIE
Vice Presidents
Er P RAJAMANI, FIE
Er VIJAY SADASHIV GHOGARE, FIE
Secretary and Director General

Maj. Gen. (Dr) S BHATTACHARYA, VSM (Retd.), FIE
Director (Technical)
Er NILANJAN SENGUPTA, FIE
CIVIL ENGINEERING DIVISION (CVDB)

Chairman
Dr H O THAKARE, FIE
MEMBERS :
Er H C S BERRFY, FIE Er ABHAI SINHA, FIE

Er V S GHOGARE, FIE Er G P UPADHYAYA, FIE
Er NARENDRA SINGH, FIE Er R S CHAUHAN, FIE
Er P S BHOGAL, FIE Er S J DESAI, FIE
Er M B DAGAONKAR, FIE Er J R GARG, FIE
Mohd ASHRAF FAZILI, FIE Er K VIJAYA KUMAR, FIE
Er M K JADAV, FIE Dr D P MASE, FIE
Er TAPAN LODH, FIE Er A K MITRA, FIE
Er J N MISTRY, FIE Er G M N PARRIKAR, FIE
Prof. P K PARHI, FIE Prof. K P RAO, FIE
Er M D PATEL, FIE Er V B SINGH, FIE
Er O P SAXENA, FIE Er G SUDHAKAR, FIE
Er TEMBA SINGH, FIE Er S B VASAVA, FIE
xiii
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CONCRETE COMPOSITES (RDCC-2018)
24-25 August, 2018
NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Chairman: Er Sisir Kumar Banerjee, FIE , President, IEI
Co-Chairman Dr H O Thakare, FIE, Chairman, CVDB, IEI
Convener: Dr G Shravan Kumar, FIE , Jt. Hon. Secretary, IEI, TSC
MEMBERS:
Mr H C S Berry, FIE, Past President and Member, CVDB, IEI
Mr V S Ghogare, FIE, Vice President & Member, CVDB, IEI
Mr Narendra Singh, FIE, Member, CVDB, IEI
Mr P S Bhogal, FIE, Member, CVDB, IEI
Mr M B Dagaonkar, FIE, Member, CVDB, IEI
Mohd Ashraf Fazili, FIE, Member, CVDB, IEI
Mr M K Jadav, FIE, Member, CVDB, IEI
Mr Tapan Lodh, FIE, Member, CVDB, IEI
Mr J N Mistry, FIE, Member, CVDB, IEI
Prof P K Parhi, FIE, Member, CVDB, IEI
Mr M D Patel, FIE, Member, CVDB, IEI
Mr O P Saxena, FIE, Member, CVDB, IEI
Mr Temba Singh, FIE, Member, CVDB, IEI
Mr Abhai Sinha, FIE, Member, CVDB, IEI
Mr G P Upadhyaya, FIE, Member, CVDB, IEI
Mr R S Chauhan, FIE, Member, CVDB, IEI
Mr S J Desai, FIE, Member, CVDB, IEI
Mr J R Garg, FIE, Member, CVDB, IEI
Mr K Vijaya Kumar, FIE, Member, CVDB, IEI
Dr D P Mase, FIE, Member, CVDB, IEI
Mr A K Mitra, FIE, Member, CVDB, IEI
Mr G M N Parrikar, FIE, Member, CVDB, IEI
Prof K P Rao, FIE, Member, CVDB, IEI
Mr V B Singh, FIE, Member, CVDB, IEI
Mr G Sudhakar, FIE, Member, CVDB, IEI
Mr S B Vasava, FIE, Member, CVDB, IEI
Mr. Manoj Mittal, FIE, President, IAStructE
Dr N V Ramana Rao, FIE, Director, NIT, Warangal
Mr. Ramesh Joshi, President, RMCMA
Dr V Bhikshma, Professor of Civil Engineering University College of Engineering OU, Hyderabad
Er K Bikshapati, Director General, NAC, Hyderabad
Er Vijay Kulkarni, Technical Advisor, Quality Council of India, QCI
Er C Sekhar Reddy, Chairman, IGBC, Hyderabad.
xiv
24-25 August, 2018
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Chairman: Dr S Satyanarayana, FIE, Chairman, IEI, TSC
Co-Chairman Dr P Suryanarayana, Director, HMWS & SB,

Hyderabad
Org. Secretary: Dr G Rameshwar Rao, FIE, Hon. Secretary,

IEI, TSC
Convener: Dr G Shravan Kumar, FIE,

Jt. Hon. Secretary, IEI, TSC
MEMBERS:
Er B Ananta Ramloo, FIE, Member, IEI, TSC

Er M Shyam Prasad Reddy, MIE, Member, IEI, TSC
Dr S Nagabhushana Rao, FIE, Past Chairman, IEI, APSC
Prof. P Jagannatha Rao, FIE, Head, Civil Engineering Department ACE Engineering College,
Hyderabad.
Prof. V Bhikshma, Professor of Civil Engineering, University College of Engineering, Osmania
University, Hyderabad.
Prof. B Dean Kumar, Director, Bureau of Industrial Consultancy Services, JNT University,
Hyderabad.
Er Y Chandra Sekhar, FIE, Chief Designer, Sandilya Consultants, Hyderabad.
Dr (Mrs) K Manjula Vani, MIE, Prof. & Head, Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNTU College of
Engineering, Hyderabad.
Dr Y Ellam Raj, FIE, Principal, AVN Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad
Er N Mavul Rao, MIE, Hon. Secretary, ICI, Hyderabad Chapter
Er C Yedukondalu, Member – RMCMA
Md. Abdulkalam, Professor & Head, Civil Engineering Department, Sreyas Institute of Engineering
and Technology, Hyderabad.
Er S S Mouray, Technical Head, Maha Cement, Hyderabad
Dr V Mallikarjuna Reddy, MIE, Professor and Head, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Gokaraju Rangaraju
Institute of Technology, Hyderabad.
Shri S Vijaya Kumar, MIE, Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Vasavi College
of Engineering, Hyderabad
xv
24-25 August, 2018
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE
Chairman: Prof. K V L Subramaniam

Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad
Co-Chairmen: Prof. B L P Swamy, FIE

Methodist College of Engineering &
Technology, Hyderabad.
Er S P Anchuri, MIE
Jt. Hon. Secretary, IEI, TSC
MEMBERS
Prof. K Ganesh Babu, Former Professor, IIT, Madras
Prof. D Ramaseshu, Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology,
Warangal
Dr K Balaji Rao, Chief Scientist & Advisor (Management), CSIR-SERC, Chennai.
Prof. S T G Raghukanth, Professor, Structural Engineering Division, Dept. of Civil Engineering,
IIT, Chennai
Prof. P N K Rao, Professor, Dept.of Civil Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology & Science,
Hyderabad.
Prof. P Srinivasa Rao, Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNTU College of Engineering,
Hyderabad.
Dr Pradeepkumar Ramancharla, FIE, Registrar, IIIT, Hyderabad.
Prof. D S R Murthy, Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering & Chairman, Board of Studies, AU
College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam.
Dr S Suriya Prakash, Associate Professor, Structural Engineering Division, Dept. of Civil
Engineering’, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad.
Er P Surya Prakash, Managing Director, Satyavani Projects and Consultants Pvt. Limited,
Hyderabad.
Er P Srinivas Reddy, MIE, Chairman, ICI, Hyderabad Centre
Shri M Bhasker, FIE, Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Vasavi College of
Engineering, Hyderabad.
Dr. Md. Subhan, Prof. & HOD, Dept. of Civil Engineering, A V N Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Hyderabad.
xvi
Telangana State Centre
LIST OF STATE CENTRE COMMITTEE MEMBERS 2016-2018
OFFICE BEARERS:
Dr Satyanarayana S, FIE Chairman
Dr Rameshwar Rao G, FIE Hon. Secretary
MEMBERS:
Dr Krishna Murthy R, FIE Aerospace Engineering Division
Agricultural Engineering Division
Er Anchuri S P, MIE Architectural Engineering Division
Er Anand G K, FIE Chemical Engineering Division
Prof. Shravan Kumar G, FIE Civil Engineering Division
Er Ananta Ramloo B, FIE Civil Engineering Division
Er Shyam Prasad Reddy M, MIE Civil Engineering Division
Er Srinivasa Rao R, FIE Computer Engineering Division
Er Krishna Rao Tayi, FIE Electrical Engineering Division
Prof. Ramanujacharyulu C, FIE Electrical Engineering Division
Prof. Radhakrishna G, FIE Electronics & Telecommunication Engg. Division
Dr Narasimham KVNSVPL, FIE Electronics & Telecommunication Engg. Division
Er Prabhakar A, FIE Environmental Engineering Division
Dr Venkata Subbaiah G, FIE Mechanical Engineering Division
Er Anjaiah T, FIE Mechanical Engineering Division
Er Koteswara Rao M, MIE Metallurgy & Material Science Engg. Division
Er Srinivasa Rao V, FIE Mining Engineering Division
Dr Jagannadha Reddy A, FIE Production Engineering Division
Dr Panda P L, FIE Textile Engineering Division
MEMBERS ELECTED TO THE COUNCIL:

Er Sudhakar G, FIE Elected from Telangana State Centre
Er Brahma Reddy B, FIE Electronics & Telecommunication Engg. Division
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS:
Dr Satyanarayana Raju I, FIE Imm. Past Chairman, IEI, TSC
Er K Rammohan, FIE Chairman, Ramagundam Local Centre
Er Viswanath J, FIE Chairman, Warangal Local Centre
xvii
TELANGANA STATE CENTRE
In association with
AVN Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad
Supported by
ICI, IAStructE and RMCMA

“RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CONCRETE COMPOSITES” (RDCC-2018)
24-25 August, 2018
DETAILED PROGRAMME
First Day, 24th August, 2018 (Friday)

1000 hrs – 1100 hrs REGISTRATION
1100 hrs– 1145 hrs INAUGURAL FUNCTION
Welcome Address Dr G RAMESHWAR RAO, FIE

Hon. Secretary, IEI, TSC
Inauguration of the Seminar CHIEF GUEST

by Lighting the Lamp
President’s Opening Dr S SATYANARAYANA, FIE

Remarks Chairman, IEI, Telangana State Centre
About the Seminar Dr. K V L SUBRAMANIAM

IIT, Hyderabad and Chairman,
Technical Committee
Address by Guest-of-Honour Er N VENKATESWARLU

Chief Engineer,
Kaleswaram Project
Address by Chief Guest Dr B JANARDHAN REDDY, IAS

Commissioner, Greater Hyderabad
Municipal Corporation, Hyderabad
Vote of Thanks Dr G Shravan Kumar, FIE

Jt. Hon. Secretary, IEI, TSC &
Convener, Organizing Committee
1145 – 1200 hrs HIGH-TEA
xviii
1200 – 1330hrs TECHNICAL SESSION –I
Chairman: Dr K V L Subramaniam
IIT, Hyderabad and
Chairman, Technical Committee
KEYNOTE ADDRESS:
1. “Pushing at the Frontiers – Innovations in Concrete”- Dr Manamohan

R Kalgal, Technical Advisor, Ultratech Cement Limited, Imm. Past
President, Indian Concrete Institute, Vice President,
Asian Concrete Federation.
1330 – 1430 hrs LUNCH
1430 – 1600 HRS TECHNICAL SESSION II (Fibers Reinforcement)
Chairman: Dr V R Kowshika
Director – Marketing and Technical
Ecmas Construction Chemicals Pvt.
Limited, Hyderabad.
INVITED TALKS:
1. “Selection of Concrete for Construction” – Er P Surya Prakash,
Managing Director, M/s Satyavani Projects and Consultants Pvt. Limited,
Hyderabad
2. “Seamless Floors – Enhancing Performance and Durability of Industrial
and Warehouse Infrastructure” – Er S Ramakrishnan, Business
Development Manager, BEKAERT,
3. “An Experimental Investigation on Flexural Bahaviour of Natural &
Recycled Aggregate Concrete Beams Using Rectron- B S Fibres” – Prof.
V Bhikshma, Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, OU, Hyderabad.
1600 – 1615hrs TEA
1615 – 1745hrs TECHNICAL SESSION – III (Sustainability)
Chairman: Prof. B L P Swami, FIE
Professor, Dept, of Civil Engineering,
Methodist College of Engineering and
Technology & Co-Chairman,
Technical Committee
INVITED TALKS:
1. “Options for the Sustainability of Cement and Concrete Composites”
– Prof. K Ganesh Babu, Former Director, CSIR-CBRI, Roorkee and
Professor, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
xix
2. “Strength development and the chloride durability of Fly ash Concrete”
– Prof. K Balaji Rao, Chief Scientist and Advisor (M), CSIR-SERC,
Chennai.
3. “Recent Developments in Concrete Composites European Norms and
Practices” – Er K Krishna Murthy, Advisor, Consultancy and
Construction Companies.
4. “Use of different kinds of Fibres and MineralAdmixtures to make
Composite Concrete” – Dr V R Kowshika, Director, Marketing &
Technical, ECMAS Construction Chemicals Pvt.Ltd, Hyderabad.
Second Day – 25th August, 2018 (Saturday)

1000 – 1130 hrs TECHNICAL SESSION –IV (Composites in Concrete)
Chairman: Er D Hanumantha Chary, FIE
Past Chairman, IEI, APSC
INVITED TALKS:
1. “Repair Efficiency of Severely Damaged Reinforced Concrete Columns
using Hybrid FRP Composites under Eccentric Loading” – Dr S Suriya
Prakash, Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT,
Hyderabad.
2. “Retrofitting of Structural Members Using Non-Metallic Composites”
– Dr Mangesh V Joshi (Managing Director and CEO) Sanrachana
Structural Strengthening Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai.
3. “Technology Lifecycle of Construction Chemicals – A Case Study on
Concrete Composites @ Selection and Evaluation for Usage in Repair
& Rehabilitation of Structures” –Er P Srinivasa Reddy, MIE, Research
Scholar, Rayalaseema University, Kurnool and Chairman, Indian
Concrete Institute – Hyderabad Center
1130 – 1145 hrs TEA
1145hrs– 1315hrs TECHNICAL SESSION– V - (Admixures)
Chairman: Dr S Suriya Prakash
Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil
Engineering, IIT, Hyderabad.
INVITED TALKS:
1. “Low Viscosity Concrete, Advancements in Concrete Technology” –
Er Nilotpol Kar, Business Director, BASF India Limited – South Asia,
Mumbai.
2. “Precast Concrete” – Mrs. Nandita Chakraborty, Manager, Quality
Assurance & Quality Control, Hyderabad Metro Rail Limited,
Hyderabad.
3. “Role of Admixtures in Concrete” – Er Nagesh Puttaswamy,
Regional Head Technical Services, Karnataka South, UltraTech Cement
Limited, Bengaluru
xx
1315 – 1400 hrs LUNCH
1400 – 1530 hrs PANEL DISCUSSION
Chairman: Prof. V Bhikshma, FIE
Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering,
Osmania University, Hyderabad
PANEL SPEAKERS:
1. Er P Surya Prakash, FIE, Managing Director,

Satyavani Projects Private Limited, Hyderabad.
2. Dr B L P Swami, FIE
Methodist College of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad.
3. Er P Srinivasa Reddy, MIE

Research Scholar, Rayalaseema University, Kurnool
Chairman, Indian Concrete Instiute, Hyderabad Center
4. Er B V K Eswar
Senior Director
Stedrant Techno Clinic Pvt. Limited, Hyderabad
5. Dr Y Amarnath, Ph.D
Structural Engineering, Research Centre
Srinivasa Ramanujan Institute of Technology, Anantapuram.
6. Dr Akshay S K Naidu,
Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engg.
Methodist College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad
1530 hrs VALEDICTORY SESSION-

Welcome Address Dr G RAMESHWAR RAO, FIE
Hon. Secretary, IEI, TEC
President’s Opening Remarks Dr S SATYANARAYANA, FIE
Chairman, IEI, TSC
Presentation of Prof. B L P SWAMI, FIE
Recommendations Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering
Methodist College of Engg&
Co-Chairman, Technical Committee
Address by Chief Guest Dr N V RAMANA RAO, FIE
Director, NIT, Warangal.
Vote of Thanks Dr G SHRAVAN KUMAR, FIE
Jt. Hon. Secretary, IEI, TSC &
Convener, Organizing Committee.
NATIONAL ANTHEM.
xxi
Contents
Page #
1. Pushing at the Frontiers – Innovations in Concrete- Dr Manamohan R Kalgal 01
2. “Selection of Concrete for Construction” – Er P Surya Prakash 09
3. “Seamless Floors – Enhancing Performance and Durability of Industrial 15
and Warehouse Infrastructure” – Er S Ramakrishnan
4. “An Experimental Investigation on Flexural Bahaviour of Natural & 16
Recycled Aggregate Concrete Beams Using Rectron- BS Fibres” – Prof. V Bhikshma
5. “Options for the Sustainability of Cement and Concrete Composites” 29
– Prof. K Ganesh Babu
6. “Strength development and the chloride durability of Fly ash Concrete” 40
– Prof. K Balaji Rao
7. “Recent Developments in Concrete Composites European Norms 43
and Practices” – Er K Krishna Murthy
8. “Use of different kinds of Fibres and MineralAdmixtures to make 46
Composite Concrete” – Dr V R Kowshika
9. “Repair Efficiency of Severely Damaged Reinforced Concrete Columns 51
using Hybrid FRP Composites under Eccentric Loading” – Dr S Suriya Prakash
10. “Retrofitting of Structural Members Using Non-Metallic Composites” 57
– Dr Mangesh V Joshi
11. “Technology Lifecycle of Construction Chemicals – A Case Study on 68
Concrete Composites @ Selection and Evaluation for Usage in Repair &
Rehabilitation of Structures” –Er P Srinivasa Reddy, MIE
12. “Low Viscosity Concrete, Advancements in Concrete Technology” – Er Nilotpol Kar 75
13. “Precast Concrete” – Mrs. Nandita Chakraborty
14. “Role of Admixtures in Concrete” – Er Nagesh Puttaswamy
15. “Use of Piezoelectric Materials for Non-Destructive Evaluation and 76
Monitoring in Concrete Structures” – Dr. Akshay S. K. Naidu
16. “Load Deflection Characteristics Of Fibrous Triple Blended Self 86
Compacting Concrete” – S.Vijaya Kumar, B.Dean Kumar and B.L.P. Swami
17. “Developments In Construction Materials and Technology” 90
– Rama Seshu. D and Sumanth Kumar.B
xxii
18. “Durability Properties of Recycled and Secondary Aggregate (RSA) Concretes” 99
– Yerramala Amarnath
19. “Geopolymer Concrete” – Prasanthi.P and Akshitha.CH 112
20. “Experimental Studies On Pumice Stoneaggregate Concrete” 126
– Dr. N. Sivalingarao Dr. V. Bhaskar Desai and Dr. B.L.P Swami
21. “Analysis of Recycled Aggregate in Concrete Production” 135
– Pallavi Shelke and S.S.Deshmukh
22. “On The Critical Assessment Of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as an Ingredient 141
of Concrete” – Yogesh Iyer Murthy, Sumit Gandhi and Abhishek Kumar
23. “Mechanical Properties Of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Using Bentonite 147
and Robo Sand-an Experimental Study”
– Shaista Begum and Mohd.Waleed Hassan Ansari
24. “Strength Properties of Triple Blended Fibrous Geopolymer Concrete- 156
An Experimental Study” – Y. Naveen Kumar, Chitresh Yadhav and
Dr. B.L.P Swami
25. “Chemical Resistance Studies Of Mixed Fibre Reinforced Concrete (MFRC)” 165
– Urooj Masood and B.L.P. Swami
26. “Experimental Study On Sisal Fiber Concrete With Partial Replacement of GGBS” 179
– Ambati.Supraja, Kotapati Lakshmi Sravanthi, Kopperi Prasanna Lakshmi
xxiiii
TECHNICAL
PAPERS
1 All India Seminar on RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CONCRETE COMPOSITES | 24 &25 August, 2018 | Hyderabad
PUSHING AT THE FRONTIERS –

INNOVATIONS IN CONCRETE
Dr. Manamohan R Kalgal*
PREAMBLE important being able to pump the concrete

Concrete is one of the most versatile and to great heights with very good flowability.
durable construction materials that has been Highly flowable / self-consolidating, yet
in use for centuries now in one form or the cohesive concrete which results in high
other. Present day concretes provide strength and durability are the major
innumerable applications with very few challenges. The sky-scrapers are taking
limitations. Concrete is ubiquitous in our concrete to higher and higher altitudes.
built environment - be it in buildings, roads, Concrete may be required to be pumped to
bridges, railways, or dams. The world’s almost a kilometre in the City of Jeddah’s
concrete consumption is estimated to be Kingdom Tower!
more than 1 tonne per capita (present An attempt is made here to cover a few of
population being around 7.5 billion!). the innumerable varieties of concrete and
Global growth in concrete consumption is the present/future possibilities of exploiting
partly due to the rapid industrialization of its potential.
developing countries such as China and SPECIAL CONCRETES
India. In the developed world, demand is
driven more by the need to replace, repair Special concrete is defined as a concrete that
and retrofit existing structures. Concrete is has been specially designed to achieve one
considered to be a sustainable material for or more properties, behavior, composition
construction in comparison to the available or performance to be different, usually
alternatives of similar virtues. superior, compared to conventional
concrete.
Concrete has been
facing several • With special concretes, possibilities
challenges are endless
continually. Newer • Special concretes can even be designed
concretes with and specified, specifically for a project
special capabilities or an application.
are being
• Special concretes need special care
developed and
and control to achieve the desired
used. The
properties
challenges posed
by high rise Some, among the multitude of special
structures are concretes, are discussed in the following
many, the most paragraphs:
*Technical Advisor, UltraTech Cement Ltd Imm. Past President, Indian Concrete Institute, Vice President,
Asian Concrete Federation
All India Seminar on RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CONCRETE COMPOSITES | 24 &25 August, 2018 | Hyderabad 2
High Performance Concrete (HPC) characteristics that may not be

acceptable for HPC.
• The mix proportions are location
specific.
• Many trial batches are usually
necessary before a successful mix is
developed. This means that a greater
degree of quality control is required for
the successful production of HPC
• RMC plants are generally ideal to
handle the above issues.
The word High Performance denotes
something more than what is achieved on a Self Compacting Concrete (SCC)
routine basis and involves a specification
that often requires the concrete to meet
several criteria. As per American Concrete
Institute (ACI) definition, HPC is a concrete
meeting special combinations of
performance and uniformity requirements
that cannot always be achieved routinely
when using conventional constituents,
mixing, placing and curing practices. A
SCC is defined as a category of High
high-performance concrete usually has
Performance Concrete that has excellent
certain characteristics that are developed for
deformability in the fresh state, high
a particular application and environment.
resistance to segregation that can be placed
• A high-strength concrete is always a and compacted under its self weight without
HPC, but an HPC need not always be a applying external compaction effort.
high-strength concrete.
• High-performance concretes are more
sensitive to changes in constituent
material properties than conventional
concretes.
• Variations in the chemical and
physical properties of the cementitious
materials and chemical admixtures
need to be carefully monitored. Poor quality of vibration of concrete, in
congested locations, has often been a
• Substitutions of alternate materials can
shortcoming of traditional concrete. In such
result in changes in the performance
situations, SCC which flows under its self required quantity. Fibers have been
weight and does not require any external produced from steel, carbon, glass, plastic,
vibration, has revolutionized the concrete polypropylene, nylon, rayon, asbestos and
placement. SCC allows easier pumping - also from natural materials such as cotton,
even from bottom up, flows into complex coir, sisal and baggasse. For structural
shapes, transitions and inaccessible spots applications using concrete, steel and glass
and minimizes voids around embedded fibers are generally used, since they possess
items to produce a high degree of high modulus of elasticity and lead to strong
homogeneity and uniformity. Since SCC and stiff composites.
flows easily, self-levels with minimal
consolidation, placement is quick and easy,
saving placement time, vibration equipment
and time, labour and equipment wear and
tear. SCC’s potential for high early form
stripping strength and smooth finish mean
faster turnaround and minimal cosmetic
repairs and a positive impact on maintaining
projects on schedule. By eliminating the
need for consolidation, SCC results in fewer
safety and noise concerns and costs.
Fibre Reinforced Concrete (FRC) In this part of the world, the use of fibres
has been limited to synthetic fibers largely
for mitigating shrinkage/surface cracks. Use
of fibres for structural applications is slowly
picking up for large industrial floors. Steel
fibres offer excellent enhancement in shear
capacity and energy absorption during
dynamic loading conditions.
Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC)
Fibre-reinforced concrete is conventional First developed in the early 1990’s by
concrete to which discontinuous discrete Bouygue’s laboratory in France, UHPC (also
fibres are added during mixing, so as to called Reactive Powder Concrete – RPC)
enhance the properties of the concrete, such consists of a special concrete where its
as tensile and flexural strength, ductility, microstructure is optimized by precise
toughness and crack resistance gradation of all particles in the mix to yield
Depending what performance is expected, maximum density. At the level of maximum
fibres of different source and aspect compressive strength of concrete, the coarse
ratios(length/diameter) are added in aggregate becomes the weakest link in
concrete. In order to increase the
compressive strength of concrete even selected for their grain size (max. size 600
further, the only way is to eliminate the microns) and chemical reactivity. The net
coarse aggregate. This philosophy has been effect is a maximum compactness and a
employed in RPC. It is a material which can small, disconnected pore structure leading
resist direct primary tensile stresses and to very low permeability and very high
having the potential to structurally compete durability.
with steel.
Using UHPC rather than High Strength

Concrete (HSC) for high-rise buildings has
the potential to reduce the cross-sections of
structural components and hence the total
UHPC is a high-strength, ductile material weight of buildings dramatically. This also
formulated by combining Portland cement, means that high-rise buildings will have
silica fume, quartz flour, fine silica sand, more freedom in terms of increasing their
high-range water reducer, water, and steel height when using UHPC for the main
or organic fibers. The material provides structures, as well as potentially being more
compressive strengths up to 200 MPa and sustainable due to using less material
flexural strengths up to 50 MPa. overall.UHPC would be the right material
The materials are usually supplied in a to be used to produce thinner shear walls
three-component premix powders (Portland and such other members subjected to
cement, silica fume, quartz flour, and fine combination of very high loads. Results of
silica sand) pre-blended in bulk-bags; super- the experimental studies have indicated that
plasticizers; and organic fibers. The ductile design equations can be developed for
behavior of this material is a first for UHPC columns with steel fibers and suitable
concrete, with the capacity to deform and confining reinforcement
support flexural and tensile loads, even after Pervious Concrete
initial cracking. The use of this material for
construction is simplified by the elimination Pervious concrete is a special type of
of reinforcing steel and the ability of the concrete with a high porocity used for
material to be virtually self-placing or dry concrete flat work. It allows water to pass
cast. through for drainage, yet it maintains its
strength. Possible uses include pedestrian
The superior durability characteristics are walkways, parking lots, drainage structures
due to a combination of fine powders and lakeside homes.
Pervious Concrete, also known as no-fines

The mixing water tends to move from inside
or low fines concrete, pervious concrete is
the body of concrete to the surface during
a mix of Portland cement, coarse aggregate,
hydration primarily due to the heat
water and admixtures. Because there is little
generated in the interior of concrete. Non
or no sand in the mix, the pore structure
availability of water may also lead to
contains many voids that allow water and
autogenous deformation and early micro-
air to pass through. It typically has a voids
cracking. Adding more water during mixing
content of 15% to 35%. This ensures that
increases segregation, bleeding, porosity and
the concrete has the unique ability to allow
reduces strength. Thus external curing is
storm water to pass through its mass into
resorted to. Several methods like water
the ground underneath. Pervious concrete
ponding (where possible), covering with wet
offers significant environmental benefits as
hessian/ gunny bags, plastic sheets, curing
it reduces the requirement for drainage
compounds etc., are used to create a barrier
facilities. Further it facilitates the recharge
for evaporation of water. It is known that in
of ground water and the filtration process
many cases the curing is not easy (viz. tall
purifies the water as it percolates below.
vertical surfaces, inaccessible places etc.)
Building owners are realizing better land and in many other, curing is simply
utilization and LEED credits with pervious neglected leading to serious problems.
concrete parking lots. Pervious concrete
In order to mitigate this problem, efforts are
applications can be used as an alternative
on to find methods of reducing (if not
to complex drainage systems and water
avoiding) the necessity of external curing.
retention areas reducing storm water runoff.
This is being attempted by a process known
Self-curing Concrete as Internal Curing or Self Curing of concrete.
It is very well known that hydration of ACI states, “internal curing refers to the
cement (which leads to gain of strength in process by which the hydration of cement
concrete) occurs in the presence of moisture occurs because of the availability of
and to ensure the hydration of almost all additional internal water that is not part of
particles of cement, it is essential to make the mixing water.” This is enabled by
available the moisture for a longer period. creating what can be called as internal
reservoirs of water in the form of saturated carbonate from the cementitious material.
porous aggregates (viz. light weight Autogenous healing has practical
aggregates), superabsorbent polymers, applications for closing dormant cracks in
saturated wood powders/fibres etc. Super a moist environment, such as may be found
absorbent polymers are a group of polymeric in mass structures and in water retaining or
materials that have the ability to absorb a watertight structures. It is said that cracks
significant amount of liquid from the up to 0.2 mm wide will autogenously seal
surroundings and to retain the liquid within within 28 days; cracks up to 0.1 mm will
their structure without dissolving. The most seal within 14 days.
common application of these polymers is Victor Li of Michigan University claims to
in super absorbent disposable diapers! have developed a self-healing concrete
A few water-soluble chemicals (like which is based on a material he came up
polymeric glycols) are also available which with in 1990 called Engineered
can reduce the water evaporation from Cementitious Composite. He and En Hua
within the hydrating concrete creating self Yang improved on this and came up with
curing conditions. what is famously known as “bendable
Important applications of this concept of self concrete”. It has some of the same
curing would be concrete pavements, ingredients as Portland cement, except the
precast concrete operations, parking coarser bits of the mix are replaced by
structures, bridges, projects where high microfibers. When the composite is stressed,
performance/high strength concretes are it bends without fracturing. If it does crack,
used and architectural concretes. the cracks tend to be less than 50 microns
wide—thinner than a human hair. These
Self Healing Concrete tiny cracks have the ability to heal
Autogenous healing is the natural process themselves.
of crack repair that can occur in concrete in
the presence of moisture, and the absence
of tensile stress. The repair is enabled by a
combination of mechanical blocking by
particles carried into the crack with the
water and the deposition of calcium
Li is said to be working on his next project:

a concrete that can not only heal itself but
also tell you when it has been damaged. A
concrete that can talk back to monitoring week. This approach may prove to be cost-
systems effective.
Some researchers have laced the concrete Smart Concrete
with bacteria spores that secrete calcium A concrete that can take care of its own
carbonate to fill the cracks and pores, while shortcomings or that can perform as a sensor
others embedded glass capillaries with a to help detecting internal flaws in it. The
healing agent, but the process of filling the term was first used by Dr. Chung of State
capillaries with the agent is long and University of New York at Buffalo. Smart
tedious. Henk Jonkers of Delft University of concrete patented by her is reinforced by
Technology in Delft, the Netherlands is carbon fiber as much as 0.2% to 0.5% of
trying packing the concrete with bacteria volume to increase its sense ability to strain
that use water and calcium lactate “food” to or stress while still has good mechanical
make calcite, a natural cement. To keep the properties. Under load, the conductivity
spores from activating in the wet concrete decreases but returns to original upon
mix, and to keep them and their calcium removal of the load. The concrete could thus
lactate food from affecting the quality of the act as a sensor to
concrete, Jonkers and his colleagues first set
both into ceramic pellets 2 to 4 millimetres • measure the number, speed and weight
wide and then added them to the concrete. of the vehicles moving on concrete
Only when tiny cracks form in the concrete highways, and
– opening up the pellets – and water seeps • detect tiny flaws exhibiting internal
inside will the bacteria activate and begin condition of concrete construction,
to consume the food that has also been freed. after an earthquake or when
As they feed, they combine the calcium with overloaded .
oxygen and carbon dioxide to form calcite –
• Monitoring can be a real-time and
essentially pure limestone.
continuous activity
Michelle Pelletier of University of Rhode
Although this technology has been through
Island has tried embedding
extensive laboratory testing, it still needs
microencapsulated sodium silicate healing
field testing and it is not yet available in the
agent directly into a concrete matrix. When
market.
tiny stress cracks begin to form in the
concrete, the capsules rupture and release Another ‘smart concrete’ being talked about
the healing agent into the adjacent areas. is a concrete containing porous carbon
The sodium silicate reacts with the calcium aggregate, available in the form of coke at
hydroxide naturally present in the concrete the steel plant. This imparts good electrical
to form a calcium-silica-hydrate product to conductivity which can help in room
heal the cracks and block the pores in the heating, melting of ice on concrete highway
concrete. The chemical reaction creates a and runways when a low voltage current is
gel-like material that hardens in about one passed through it.
Closing Remarks
Concrete is indisputably the most versatile
construction material which is also
sustainable in comparison to the presently
available options. It is also a constantly
evolving material showing greater and
greater potentials which were hitherto
unexploited. It is manifesting not only its
traditional properties like ease of
manufacture, mouldability, compressive
strength and thermal comfort, but also the
newer properties like environmental
Sumitomo Osaka Cement and YRP friendliness, fracture toughness, ductility,
Ubiquitous Networking Laboratory have self leveling, self curing, self healing,
developed cyber-concrete - a kind of aesthetics etc. It is up to us to use the
concrete containing RFID tags embedded in capabilities of different special concretes as
concrete, capable of storing data. A special appropriate to get the best of the benefits
Viewer is used for retrieving stored data, and build the best of infrastructure and
converting it to a language spoken almost housing.
instantly. The main interest of the cyber- Acknowledgements
concrete is to use it as a tool to manage the
data on the safety of the structure - The author has borrowed liberally material
something that is extremely important for a available in the public domain on the
country prone to earthquakes as the Japan. internet and the books and papers of
It facilitates the work of the building eminent authors and thanks all the
managers, because the cyber-concrete is authorities for the information that is made
capable of storing various data and available. The intention of the article is to
condiments, such as when, where and how comprehensively cover the information
it was manufactured, and the strength and available on the subject matter and author
quality. This will result in a more efficient claims no copyright or ownership of any of
and more reliable security inspection system the information collated and presented.
SELECTION OF CONCRETE FOR CONSTRUCTION

P. Surya Prakash*
Abstract
The properties of concrete depend on the mix proportions and the placing and
curing methods. Adequate placing of the concrete and suitable curing methods
is sought only after obtaining proper mixture proportion of the concrete
ingredients. The proportioning of the concrete mix affects its properties in both
the plastic and solid state. Mix design of concrete involves the selection of mix
ingredients and their proportions. This paper explains about latest technologies
and applications of concrete technologies with case studies of SVPCL projects.
Keywords —Types of concrete, Concrete Technologies, PQC, FRC, Flooring ,
Precast case studies of SVPCL
I. INTRODUCTION agricultural, etc., because of its versatility

Concrete has been used in construction for and ease of construction. Many buildings
many years since the discovery of cement made of concrete elements such as beams,
in India and is known to be, second to water, columns, slab, foundation, etc.
in use by man for ages.Design of concrete II. FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR POOR
mix is a crucial stage in the preparation of QUALITY CONCRETE IN
fresh concrete which involves selecting CONSTRUCTION
suitable ingredients and determining their • The use of Concrete Tests based on
relative amounts with an objective of Laboratory Conditions
producing a concrete of the required
strength, durability and workability as • Inadequate and Insufficient
economically as possible. Concrete, a Knowledge of Concrete
mixture of sand, gravel (or granite), cement • Quality of Workmanship
and water, produced in proportionate
• Quality of Cement Used
quantities has been of choice for all forms
of construction, be it residential, industrial, • Use of Admixtures
• “Lowest-Bid” Contracts and
Engagement of Incompetent
Contractors
• Poor Concrete Mixing Practices
• Improperly Compacted Concrete
• Aggregate-Cement Ratio
• Concrete Workability
*M.S. (Civil Engineering), IITM, India,

• Concrete Curing resistance and thermal conductivity of

III. LATEST TECHNOLOGY AND steel fibre reinforced concrete has been
APPLICATIONSOF CONCRETE found to be slightly higher than the
TECHNOLOGIES corresponding plain concrete.
1. Polymer fibre concrete: • Fibres improves the crack resistance

ant failure load capacity under static
The fibers help to a better behavior of and dynamic loads. Crack width
concrete in tension by stopping the cracking >0.15mm.Limited for mixing is 2%
processesdue to plastic shrinkage and
improving ductility at failure. • Unlike plain concrete, steel, fibre
reinforced concrete is not brittle and
Several types of fibers are used in building offers far greater resistance to cracking.
materials such as: synthetic fibers (glass,
carbon, metallic, etc.), natural fibers • The major applications of fibre
(cellulose, sisal, rice husk, etc.). Polymer reinforced concrete usingM40 grade
concrete presents some advantages in are in runways pavements and other
comparison with cement concrete related to structures.
higher mechanical strengths, low • Rigid pavements are commonly used
permeability, a better resistance to for runways and may be either
aggressive agents, etc. we SVPCL have done reinforced or unreinforced pavement
project using polymer fiber concrete quality concrete (PQC).PQC is
inSNOW WORLD construction to increase concrete that will provide a minimum
the flexural strength. flexural strength of 3.5 MN/m2 or more
when the pavement is in use.
• Tensile strength is 400 to 1200N/
mm^2 w/c 0.40-0.50%with increased
quantity.
Snow world, Hyderabad

2. Fibre Reinforced Concrete(FRC):
• The compressive strength, tensile
strength, fatigue strength, modulus of
elasticity, abrasion resistance, skid
RUNWAYS
We (SVPCL) have used fibre reinforced

concrete for runways in Arunachala Pradesh
at six different locations. This is used for
quicker setting and to enhanced flexural and
tensile strength.
The development of micro-cracks in
concrete roads can be controlled by
introducing of fibres of varied materials.
GVK ONE MALL, Hyderabad
3. Rich Concrete:
4. Self-compacting concrete:
• In M50 cement content in concrete is
1. Self-compacting concrete with a
morethan 15%, that is the reason it is similar water cement ratio will usually
called rich concrete. have higher strength compared with
• When smaller structural members are traditional vibrated concrete.It is
used to support heavier loads highly flowable, self levelling, self-
befoaming and cohesive and can be
Richconcrete is useful.
handled without segregation.
• Here we used M50 concrete for GVK 2. In congested reinforcement also, it will
ONE MALL(Hyderabad). completely filling formwork and
• Commercial complex needs more achieving full compaction without any
space, by using rich concrete, size of voids.The SCC has the advantages of
easy placement in thin - walled
concrete was decreased in GVK mall
elements densely reinforced concrete
to decrease the moments in column. structure, quality, durability and
Mix design for M50 reliability of concrete structures, faster
construction and reduced construction
a) OPC Cement 53 Grade – 450 Kg cost.
b) Fly ash – 110 Kg We (SVPCL) have proposed using self-
c) Water Cement ratio (w/c) – 0.26 compacting in various walls and slabs
method of construction
d) Free Water – 145 liters
Some of our landmark projects are
e) 20mm Metal / Aggregates – 452 Kg JANAPRIYA ARCADIA,1BHK housing
annojiguda for shear wall
f) 10mm Metal / Aggregates – 412 Kg
constructionetc., The workability
g) Crush Sand – 1006 Kg requirements for successful
placementofSelf-compacting
h) Admixture Dosage – 0.9 %
concretenecessitate that the concrete
i) Admixture – 5.04 Kg should exhibits excellent
deformability and proper stability to
j) Density of Concrete – 2580 Kg/cum
flow under its own weight without
segregation and blockage.
• Vacuum dewatering process basically

improves strength, durability, and
other properties of concrete.
• Pumped concrete may require slight
changes in mix design if it is to be
subjected to vacuum dewatering;
however, experience from many sites
shows excellent results from vacuum
dewatering of pumped mixes.
JANAPRIYA ARCADIA • This method was used in ITC Chirala
Mix design: and Saket towers.
a) Cementitious Material – OPC+35%Fly Mix design:
Ash a) Grade designation ----M25
b) w/c ratio – 0.36 b) Type of cement - OPC 53 Grade
c) coarse aggregates – 28.05% (20mm- conforming IS 12269
60% & 10mm – 40%) c) Max. nominal size of aggregate-20mm
d) mortar – 71.95% d) Minimum cement content-300 kg/
e) sand in mortar – 46.1% m3 (IS 456:2000)
f) percentage of paste – 38.8% e) Maximum water-cement ratio -
g) Binder – 495 kg/m3 0.50 (Table 5 of IS 456:2000)
h) Cement – 321.75 kg/m3 f) Workability-100-120mm slump
i) Fly ash – 173.25 kg/m3 g) Maximum cement content :
j) Water – 178.2 L/m3 340 kg/m3
k) 20mm – 437.51kg/m3 We (SVPCL) have proposedVacuum
l) 10mm – 291.67kg/m3 Dewatering Demonstration method in
Concretein various projects like SAKETH
m) Sand – 862.46kg/m3
TOWERS and ITC CHIRALA to reduce
n) SP - 4.46L/m3 shrinkage and minimum water permeability
o) VMA – 0.99L/m3 and to have high wear resistance, high
5. VACUUMDEWATERING DEMON- compressive strength.
STRATION METHOD IN CONCRETE:
• Adopting the VD flooring method
facilitates use of concrete with better
workability than what is normally
possible.
• Through the vacuum treatment, it is
possible to reduce the water content
in the concrete by 15-25% which
greatly increase the compressive
strength.
SAKETH TOWERS
We (SVPCL) have used Precast concrete

inINDERAJIT METHA CONSTRUCTION
Pvt.Ltd., and NPCIL, 2BHK housing
dundigal Etc.,
Huge and large Compact Dwelling Units
Scattered & Spread over Thousands of sites
with
• Speed,
• Efficiency
ITC CHIRALA DEWATERING METHOD
• High Quality and
6. PRECAST CONCRETE
• Price is achieved using innovatively
• Precast concrete is a construction
crafted tailor-made house components,
product produced by casting concrete
in a reusable mould or form which is • factory-produced
then cured in a controlled
environment, transported to the
construction site and erected into
place.
• The use of such technology helps in
up to to 64% of the time taken for
similar projects using normal
construction methods and technology.
• In other words, if normal brick and
mortar method takes one year to
complete a project, the precast method IJM, DUNDIGAL
takes about four months. 7. HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE
• Since precast is manufactured in a (HPC) FOR BRIDGES
controlled casting environment it is a) Specified design strengths. For
easier to control the mix, placement prestressed concrete girders range
and curing. from 8,000 psi to 14,700 psi (55 to 101
TYPE OF PRECAST SYSTEM Mpa).
• Depending on the load bearing b) Specified rapid chloride permeability
structure precast systems can be for bridges decks range from 1,000 to
divided into the following categories: 2,500 coulombs.
• (a) Large panel systems c) Specified compressive strength for
deck concrete range from 4,000 to
• (b) Frame systems 8,000 psi (28 to 55 Mpa).
• (c) Slab column systems with shear d) Required strength and/or durability
wall requirement was met or exceeded.
• (d) Mixed system e) Total cementitious materials contents
range from 765 to 1000 lb/cu. yd. (454 of environmental impact and improvement
to 593 kg/cu.m). of quality present. Selection of appropriate
f) Fly Ash content range from 200 to 316 concrete mix design,grade,admixtures and
lb/cu. yd (231 to 59 kg/cu.m). their quality assurance and control are
pivotal in projects involving concrete with
g) The water–cementitious materials blending, fibre reinforce, admixtures for
ratio ranges from 0.24 to 0.35 various applications.
8. SMART CONCRETE: REFERENCES
h) Smart concrete is a concrete that can • State–of–the–art Report on Fibre
take care of its own shortcomings or Reinforced Concrete, ACI Committee
that can act as a sensor to help 544, ACI journal, November 1973, pp-
detecting internal flaws in it. 729-743
i) It is produced by incorporating some • Neville, Adam, End, Proceeding:
changes in the ingredients of the RILEM Symposium on Fibre
concrete mix. Reinforced Cement Ltd.
j) Due to its high density, the high Lancaster(U.K.)
strength concrete does not permit • Parameswaran, V.S., and
water vapors to go out during fire, Krishnamoorthy, T.S., Eds.,
leading to spalling off concrete cover Proceedings Fibre Reinforced
and damage to concrete members. Concrete, Madras, December 16- 19-
Addition of 2kg polypropylene fibres 1987, Vol.11, Oxford TBH Publishing
per m3 of high strength concrete mix Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi(India)
increases fire resistance. At high
temperature during fire, these fibres • Shah, S.P., Ed., Proceedings:
melt and leave pores for water vapors Conference on new Materials in
to escape from the concrete surface, Concrete construction, University of
thus preventing spalling and damage. jingoist Chicago Circle, Chicago,
Iovino’s (U.S.A.), 15-17 December
k) Use of porous carbon aggregate, 1972
available in the form of coke at the steel
plant, in the concrete mix imparts good • Proceedings International Symposium
electrical conductivity which can help on Fibre Reinforced Concrete, ACI
in room heating, melting of ice on Special Publication, SP-44,American
concrete highway and runways by concrete Institute, Detroit (U.S.A.).
passing low voltage current. 1974.
IV. CONCLUSION • Swamy, R.N. Concrete Technology &

Design, Vol 1 :New Concrete Materials,
We SVPCL used Different types of concrete Vol.2: New Reinforced Concretes, Vol.
technologies, as described above, have been 3: Cement Replacement Materials,
developed from time to time, to meet the Vol.4: Ferro cement Current and
needs of the construction industry by potential Applications, Blackie and
Reduction of construction time, labor Sons Ltd. (Publishers). London (U.K.),
involvement, and number of both on-site 1988
workers and equipment as well as reduction
SEAMLESS FLOORS – ENHANCING PERFORMANCE

AND DURABILITY OF INDUSTRIAL AND WAREHOUSE
INFRASTRUCTURE
S. Ramakrishnan*
Seamless Floors
Theory
These are Floor systems where the entire
Traditionally, saw cut grade slabs have been
floor area (irrespective of the floor plate size
used for industrial flooring applications.
and length: width aspect ratio) are finished
However, with the recent advances in
without any saw-cut or expansion joints
flooring reinforcement and construction
whatsoever. These floor systems are
technologies, it has become possible to
reinforced typically with a top rebar mesh
completely eliminate saw cuts from flooring
in combination with Dramix® 4D steel
and achieve a floor with minimal or no
fibres and are designed for a particular
joints. One of the best approaches to floor
crack-width (typically = 0.2 mm)
construction without any saw-cut and
imperceptible to human eye and
expansion joints is by the way of
operationally superior to jointed floors.
construction of seamless floors explained
These floors find preference with
here.
• Chemical industries which cannot
Importance of Floors
allow pilferage of hazardous chemicals
Floors form the most important part of an into substrate
industry / warehouse infrastructure. They
• Food & Pharma industry where
offer the table for all operations in the
hygiene is of utmost importance
facility.
• Cold stores which are sensitive to
Any small repair / maintenance of the floor
energy losses through joints
will hamper the productivity of the facility.
• Any grade slab, sensitive to repair
Such repairs cause downtime and major
costs related to hamper in the operations • Any industry and warehouse floor
and all repair processes are time consuming which is designed to cost less on life
and never as good as the good quality floor cycle.
itself. Joints are the major deterrants when Advantages
it comes to floor performance on a long run.
• Maintenance free floors
It is the joints where a floor is found to be
most vulnerable on a long term and it would • Costs less on life cycle
serve the infrastructure well if there are no • No joints – hence better hygiene
joints on the floor whatsoever.
• Reduction of dust (emanating from the
joints)
*Bekaert
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON FLEXURAL

BEHAVIOUR OF NATURAL AND RECYCLED AGGREGATE
CONCRETE BEAMS USING RECRON 3-S FIBRES
Prof. V. Bhikshma1and Bantu Rakesh2
Abstract
The scope of this present work is to determine and compare the concrete by
using Recron 3-s fiber and fly ash as admixtures. An attempt is made in the
present work to investigate the influence of these admixtures on workability,
compressive strength, and moment curvature curve and load deflection curve.
Specimens were cast in the form of cubes and beams for testing. A total of 30
cubes and 10 beams were cast and curing was done for 28days.There were total
of five batches of concrete mixes for the grade M40 for natural and recycled
aggregate. Fly ash is used as admixture to replace cement by 25% by weight of
cement by adding the second admixture Recron3-s in proportion by 0.25%, 0.50%,
0.75% and 1%by weight of cement. The effect of fly ash and Recron 3-s fibers on
concrete improve the flexural strength as well as the compressive strength of
concrete, the most contribution Recron 3-s fibers behaves as reinforcement of
steel in the concrete. There were total of five batches of concrete mixes for grade
of M40. The first batch consists of six cubes and two beams with natural aggregate,
the second batch consists of six cubes and two beams with recycled aggregate
and 0.25% Recron 3-s fiber by weight of cement, the third batch consists of six
cubes and two beams with recycled aggregate and 0.50% of Recron 3-s fiber by
weight, the fourth batch consists of six cubes and two beams with recycled
aggregate and 0.75% of Recron 3-s fiber, the fifth batch consists of six cubes and
two beams with recycled aggregate and 1% of Recron 3-s fiber. 25% fly ash was
used for all the five batches by weight of cement. It was observed that moment
has decreased to 17.6% using recycled aggregate with Recron3-s fibres when
compared to natural aggregate
Keywords: Fly Ash, Natural Aggregate, Recycled Aggregate, Recron-3s Fiber
1. INTRODUCTION cement was invented by a mansion Joseph

Cement is a material that has cohesive and Aspin of England it is therefore, sometimes
adhesive in the properties in the presence referred as Portland cement.
of water. Natural cement is obtained by The two basic ingredients of cement are
burning and crushing the stones containing calcareous and argillaceous products
clay, carbonate of lime and some amount of usually containing Lime (6267%) and Silica
carbonate of magnesia. Natural cements (17-25%) Alumna (3-8%) Calcium Sulphate
resemble very closely hydraulic lime. It sets (3-4%) Iron Oxide (3-4%) Magnesia (0.1-3%)
very quickly after addition of water. It is Sculpture (1-3%) and Alkalis (0.3-2%)
not strong as artificial cement. The artificial
1
Professor of Civil Engg. Department, University College of Engg. (Autonomous), OU, Hyderabad, India.
2
Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engg., University College of Engineering Osmania University Hyderabad.
2. RECYCLED AGGREGATE Tensile Strength - 600 MPa

The applications of recycled aggregate in the Melting point—————— > 2500C
construction areas are wide and they had Dispersion———Excellent
been used long time ago. Recycled aggregate Acid resistance———Excellent
are comprised of crushed, graded in organic
particles processed from the materials that Alkali resistance————Good
have been used in the constructions and B. Applications
demolition debris. These materials are
Slabs, Beams, Industrial floors, Rigid
generally from building, roads, bridges and
pavements, Roads, Bridges, Airport
sometimes even from catastrophes, such as
runways.
wars and earthquakes. In the present study,
Recycled coarse aggregates of maximum size 5. PREVIOUS WORKS AND STUDIES
20mm, 10mm course aggregate were used Buck (1973) Recycled aggregate concrete
specific gravity, fineness modulus and water made with recycled coarse aggregates and
absorption were found to be 2.65, 7.456 and natural sand needs 5% more water than
0.826% respectively. conventional concrete in order to obtain the
3. FLY ASH same workability. If recycled aggregates are
employed in dry conditions concrete s
Admixtures are used to modify the
workability is greatly reduced due to their
properties of concrete in such a way as to
absorption capacity. Therefore the recycled
make it more suitable for the work at hand
aggregates should be saturated or have a
or for economy, or for the purposes such as
high humidity.
savings energy or increasing durability. In
some instances the use of an admixture is Mukai (1979) found an excellent relation
the only means of achieving the desired between the w/c ratio and the compressive
results. strength depending on the percentage of
recycled aggregates employed.
4. RECRON 3-S FIBRES
Hansen (1985) and other researches in order
Recron 3-s fibre was used in the present
to achieve the same compression strength
investigation. Recron 3-s fibre is a Polyester
as in conventional concrete it is necessary
synthetic fibre, manufactured by Reliance
to use more cement (5-9%) in concrete
Industries Limited. Recron 3-s fibres
made with 100% of recycled aggregates. The
contribute to crack control, permeability and
values depend on the quality of the
flexibility. This improves the durability of
aggregate. Therefore, in order to achieve the
concrete.
same workability and compressive strength
A. Specifications Of Recron 3-S as conventional concrete it will be necessary
Diameter——30-40micron to add more cement in concrete made with
100% of recycled aggregate.Fresh concrete
Cut length -6mm, 12 mm.... 24 mm made with 100% of recycled aggregates have
higher and more varied natural air contents emphasis is more on better performance
than conventional fresh concrete. rather than higher strength. The focus of the
Kokubu (2004) fibre reinforced concrete is study is to generate more serviceable
relatively new constructional material concrete.
developed through extensive research and 1. To study workability aspects with
development work during the last three recycled aggregate concrete using
decades. The fibres are randomly oriented, Recron 3-s fibres.
discrete, discontinuous elements made from 2. To determine the Compressive strength
steel, glass or organic polymers (synthetic of recycled aggregate concrete using
Fibres). The Fibres are introduced in the Recron 3-s fibres.
matrix as „ micro reinforcement so as to
improve the tensile strength by delaying the 3. To evaluate and investigate load versus
growth of cracks, and to increase the deflection parameters of recycled
toughness by transmitting stress across a aggregate concrete using Recron 3-s
cracked section so that much larger fibres.
deformation is possible beyond the peak 4. To obtain moment curvature
stress. The idea of combining two or more relationship of recycled aggregate
materials to obtain a new composite is not concrete using Recron 3-s fibres.
new to the civil engineer.
8. EQUATIONS
6. PURPOSE OF WORK
C. Mix Design
1. In the present experimental progra-
The concrete mix design has been done; as
mme M40 grade of concrete was used.
per the Indian standard code IS: 10262-2009
2. To review and research the parameters
M40: Degree of control = good
of recycled and natural aggregate
concrete using Recron 3-s fibres. 1. Target mean strength fck1 = fck + t.s
Where fck = compressive strength of
3. To cast concrete specimens of thirty
concrete
cubes (150mmX150mmX150mm) and
ten beams (1.5mX 0.23mX0.15m) by S= standard deviation
using recycled and natural aggregate T = standard value depending upon
with a partial replacement of cement the accepted proportion of low results
with fly ash (25%) and using different and the number of tests.
percentage of Recron-3s fibre (0.25%,
Value of S = for good degree of control
0.50%, 0.75%, 1%).
=5
7. CONTRIBUTION OF THE PAPER
T = 1.65
The project entitled investigations on high
2. Selection of water cement ratio
performance of concrete is extremely
relevant on the current scenario. The From the graph of relation between free
water cement ratio and concrete Effective depth = 0.23-0.03 = 0.20 m

strength of IS code 10262-2009 Water Mu (Limit) = 0.138 fck bd2 = (0.138)
cement ratio = 0.4 (40) (150) (200)2
3. Water content and fine to total = 33.12 kNm
aggregate ratio Water = 186 kg/cu. m
(from code 10262-2009) Assume; M u = 28 KNm (as under
reinforced section)
Final water cement ratio = 197 kg/cu.
m Mu = 0.87 fy.Ast X d 1- fy Ast fck bd
Cementious material (cement + fly 28x106 = (0.87) (415) Ast (200) 1 – 415
ash) content Ast (40) (150) (200)
=492.5kg/cu.m Ast= 461 mm2
9.0As per requirement add 25% of fly Π(d)2 = Π(16)2 = 201 mm2
ash = 123 kg/cu.m 4 4
Final cement content = 492.5 – 123 = So provide 2 number s of 16 mm dia

369.5 kg/cu.m bar 2x201 = 402 mm2
Proportion of volume of course Π (d)2 = Π(12)2

aggregate for water cement ratio of 0.4 4 4
= 0.62 =113mm2
Volume of course aggregate = 0.62 x 1 So provide 1 number s of 12 mm dia
= 0.62 Volume of fine aggregate = 1 – bar, So, Ast (taken) = 515mm2
0.62 = 0.38
Mu= 28x106 N/mm2
D. Mix Calculation
WL = M
3
Volume of concrete = 1 m 6
Volume of cement = 0.117 m3 W = (28x106) (8)
Volume of fly ash = 0.123 m3 (1500)2
Volume of water = 0.197 m3 Volume W = 112 kN

of all aggregates =0.563m3 Mass of Dead Load
coarse aggregate = 956 kg
Wd = 25x0.15x0.23 =1 KN/M
Mass of fine aggregate = 586 kg
WL = 99 – 1 =98 kN/M
E. Beam design
Shear Force = 2.4 N/mm2
Depth = 0.23m
Pt ( provided) = (100) (Ast)
Breadth = 0.15m (b) (d)
Length = 1.5m = (100) (515) = 1.72
(150) (200) fiber content, strength increased by 24%

Pt (Limit) = 41.3 x 40 x 0.48 when compared to natural aggregate
415 concrete.
Pt (Limit) = 1.91% In the present experimental procedure

recycled aggregate concrete with fibre
So we needto provide Pt less than Pt content in increasing proportion (0.25%,
(Limit) i.e. 1.72 0.50%, 0.75%, & 1%) has increased to13.3%
Through interpolation (from IS 456 – in load deflection when compared to natural
2000) τc = 0.834 N/mm2 Shear force aggregate concrete.
required: - Use 2 legged 8 mm dia bar Recycled aggregate contenting fibres in
Asv = Π/4* (8) = 50 mm x2 = 100.5
2 increasing proportion (0.25%, 0.50%,
mm2 0.75%, & 1%) decreased in moment
curvature by 17.6% when compared to
Vus = Vu- τc(b)(d) = 47.98 KN
natural aggregate
SV=(0.87*415*100.5*200)\47980 =
Flexural strength of 100% recycled aggregate
172mm c/c Provide 2 no s of 16mm dia.
increased to 24.7% with fibre when
& 1 no s of 12mm dia.
compared to natural aggregate.
Main Reinforcement
REFERENCES
Bottom: 2 no s of 16mm dia. & 1no s of
Journal Papers:
12mm dia. Top: 2 no s of 8 mm dia.
[1] Mandal (2004) Factors Influencing the
X. CONCLUSIONS
Workability of Fibre Reinforced
This study was set out to represent the Concrete Part-1, Indian Concrete
conclusion of this project. Some Journal, pp.184188..
investigations and studies were also
[2] Nagaraj T S, Zahida Banu, “Efficient
recommended after the conclusion, to
utilization of rock dust and pebbles as
further investigate the strength
aggregates in Portland cement
characteristics of recycled and natural
concrete”, The Indian Concrete
aggregate concrete for the application in
Journal, January 1996.
concrete. all the test results are presented
in Tables 1-18. [3] Nagaraj T S, Zahida Banu, “Efficient
utilization of rock dust and pebbles as
Workability and compaction value for
aggregates in Portland cement
recycled aggregate concrete with fiber
concrete”, The Indian Concrete
content has decreased to 33.3% and 10.2%
Journal, January 1996.
with increasing percentage of fibres when
compared to natural aggregate concrete. [4] Swamy R.N. and Stavridcs II.,
“Influence of Fiber Reinforcement on
Compressive strength for M40 grade of
Restrained Shrinkage and Cracking”,
concrete with 100% recycled aggregate with
Journal Proceedings Vo176, No.3 pp [2] Neville. A.M., “Properties of concrete”,

443-460 March 1, 1979. 4th Edition, Pitman Publishing Limited,
[5] Andrew Nealen, Impact Resistancel London 1997.
Fibre Reinforced Concrete, Indian Theses:
Concrete Journal, pp. 257-262. [1] Sudhir Kumar V. Barai and Major
[6] Buck, Properties of steel fibre Rakshvir, “Studies on recycled
reinforced concrete subjected to aggregate based concrete”, Dept. of
impact loading, ACI journal, pp. 117- Civil Engg, IIT Kharagpur, 2004.
126. Proceedings Papers:
Books: [1] Rohi M. Salem, Edwin G. Burdette,
rd
[1] M.S.Shetty “concrete technology”, 3 N.Mike Jackson, “Interrelationship of
Edition, S. Chand & Company Limited, physical properties of concrete made
Delhi, 1992. with recycled aggregates” 2001.
*Specifications of Recron3-s
Diameter 30-40micron
Cut length 6mm, 12 mm.... 24 mm
Tensile Strength -600MPa
Melting point >2500C
Dispersion Excellent
Acid resistance Excellent
Alkali resistance Good
Table 17 Load Deflection Test Results for
Natural 33 150 5.38

S.No Load(kN) Deflection(mm) 34 155 5.82
1 2 0.115 35 160 6.4
2 4 0.185 36 165 6.98
3 6 0.22 37 170 7.765
4 8 0.285 38 175 9.035
5 10 0.335 39 180 11.3
6 15 0.445
7 20 0.54 Table 18 with Recron 3S Aggregate Beam
without Recron3-s Fibers
8 25 0.62
9 30 0.69 S.No Load(kN) Deflection(mm)
10 35 0.775 1 2 0.08
11 40 0.845 2 4 0.125
12 45 0.96 3 6 0.215
13 50 1.07 4 8 0.26
14 55 1.23 5 10 0.365
15 60 1.365 6 15 0.495
16 65 1.565 7 20 0.62
17 70 1.705 8 25 0.74
18 75 1.88 9 30 0.835
19 80 2.065 10 35 0.89
20 85 2.235 11 40 1
21 90 2.385 12 45 1.1
22 95 2.57 13 50 1.17
23 100 2.735 14 55 1.265
24 105 2.865 15 60 1.35
25 110 3.055 16 65 1.455
26 115 3.665 17 70 1.585
27 120 3.855 18 75 1.7
28 125 3.98 19 80 1.855
29 130 4.15 20 85 1.99
30 135 4.3 21 90 2.15
31 140 4.495 22 95 2.315
32 145 5.155 23 100 2.46
24 105 2.58
25 110 2.75
26 115 2.96
27 120 3.08
28 125 3.22
29 130 3.365
30 135 3.54
31 140 3.705
32 145 3.865
33 150 4.025
34 155 4.175
35 160 4.39
36 165 4.61
37 170 5.24
38 175 5.44
39 180 6.1
40 185 7.085
OPTIONS FOR THE SUSTAINABILITY OF CEMENT AND

CONCRETE COMPOSITES
Prof. K. Ganesh Babu*
INTRODUCTION ultra-high strength high-performance

There have been several different concrete concretes including those that are self-
composites containing cementitious compacting through locally available
materials of various combinations over the materials, one needs to have a very clear
millennia, maybe from times even as early understanding of the fundamental aspects
as about 10,000 BC. The era of the present related to the characteristics of the cement
day concrete can however be stated to start along with the associated concrete mix
at the time when Joseph Aspdin, an English design for conventional concretes. At this
cement manufacturer, obtained the patent stage maybe it is important add that it is easy
forPortland cement on 21 October 1824. to feel that such a simple aspect of
Over the last about 200 years from this point conventional concretes, at least within the
on, cement has changed and morphed in realm of normal strengths utilized in
several ways, depending upon the demands practice, is fully understood by one and all.
of the industry coupled with the ingenuity In practice there appears to be a large gap
of the scientific as well as engineering between such an understanding, if indeed
research and development communities. true, and the actual practice in the industry.
The reasons for this are very simple to One can even go ahead and say that such
understand, and to put it simply, it is the observations can be made with reference to
necessity of having ensure that the various the cement as well.
materials containing these cements have to ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABILITY
sustain both the imposed and environmental The need for sustainability is certainly
loads in the ever expanding horizon of their nothing that can never be over emphasized.
proposed use. It is indeed surprising that However, while discussing sustainability
we still have no acceptable and time-tested aspects one should recognize the complete
proof that we understand, even remotely, the picture regarding the materials, manpower
various machinations of its intriguing and the application industry scenario in full.
behaviour in the various forms of Maybe at this stage it is important to point
modulations, yet have successfully out that there are almost about one lakh civil
adoptedit to satisfactorily address the ever engineering graduates and post graduates
changing and aggressively demanding needs coming out of the various colleges in the
of the present construction scenario. country, many of them with a reasonable
In addressing the different aspects of the knowledge of concrete and its applications.
advancements in cement and concrete The feeling in the industry that trained
composites, particularly in relation to the manpower is not available is probably not
*Former Director, CSIR-CBRI, Roorkee, and Professor, Indian Institute of Technology Madras)
kgbabu18@yahoo.com, Tel: 91775 12996.
well placed. Essentially one should make a THE AVENUES FOR SUSTAINABILITY
distinction that the engineering institutes With increasing strain on natural resources
train students only for professional particularly in the construction scenario,
competence in the area of engineering, and which utilizes the locally available
the so-called on job skill development in materials, the need for ensuring
practice is the responsibility of the industry sustainability assumes paramount
to impart. In addition, one should clearly importance. The transport costs of the
distinguish the skill development in the voluminous aggregate proportions in
support structure of artisans and various concretes have been a matter of concern
craftsmen required is altogether a separate apart from the non-availability of the same
stream, which is also of equal importance. inadequate quantity and quality, specifically
These observations are being made in in the urban setting. One of the simplest
particular to stress the need for an alternatives for addressing these limitations
appropriate understanding of the role of could be the use of secondary materials like
each of these streams, and to ensure that urban and industrial wastes. The utility of
they are addressed separately with a distinct the industrial wastes like fly ash and slag as
focus. Having said that, one has to also supplementary cementitious materials has
recognize that with so many professionals been in vogue for a long time and also
studying the various facets of cement and attracted the attention of research workers
concrete composites in the various since. Also, though a lot of data has been
professional institutes (almost 50,000 man generated on the use of such supplementary
years over the last say 30 years totaling a cementitious materials due to their
staggering 1;5million man-years in which ubiquitous presence, its use still remains to
time there have been significant be a part of the engineers ingenuity and
advancements), it is indeed surprising that knowledge. There are, however, specific
theapplication of these advancements in the limitations on the amounts that can be
concrete industry have not been very incorporated into the cementitious
significant. This is not to say that we are composites by the various national bodies.
not building big and challenging structures The need for aggregates in large quantities
but the fact that the quality and even the has also forced engineers to look for
aesthetics of concrete construction often construction and demolition wastes as
requires a significant level of cosmetic possible alternatives.
corrections to make it look good even in
projects involving significant investments, A review of all these is certainly not within
of several hundred crores. Letus now look the scope of a brief paper like this. However,
at a few of the basic parameters that we need as the occasion demands some of the most
to address to ensure an appropriate glaring and obviously pertinent aspects that
utilization and sustainability of both need to be rectified immediately in the
materials and manpower in the present present scenario are being highlighted
Indian context. hereunder. In specific the need for a better
understanding and utilization of the most guidelines for the industrial community
expensive material, the cement, is of have always followed the fundamental
paramount importance in the present Indian approach suggested earlier. This is a no way
context. May be a good starting point for a reflection of the other alternative
such an understanding is to look at the procedures look at by researchers, and as a
provisions of all the constituents of concrete matter of fact ensures that neither side loses
and the concrete mix design itself. It is only comprehension of the final outcome that is
appropriate to say that these provisions of primary importance. In brief, the paper
should also be compared appropriately with tries to discuss as comprehensively as
the presently available international possible the various parameters that bring
standards, to ensure that we are in line with focus to the sustainability aspects in terms
the norms that are followed the world over. of not only the utilization supplementary
Once the primary factors governing the cementitious materials and construction
design of normal concretes is clear, it is and industrial wastes, but also protect the
possible to look for the required need for effective use of each of the
modifications to arrive at regulations to constituents.
produce the several different modifications • In this effort, what is often forgotten is
of concrete – like HPC, UHPC, SCC, RCC or that the upgradation of the cement
concretes incorporating fibers or other quality has less the minimization of its
construction demolition wastes.It has been quantity in the cementitious
the experience of the author that such an composites will lead to the highest
approach to extend the fundamental savings in cost, cement being the most
understanding of the constituents of expensive constituent of the
concrete and the mixture design procedures composite.
to address the intricacies of how to • The next aspect that is in line with the
incorporate substitutes for the cementitious above thinking is to ensure the
and finer materials, without compromising maximization as well as the most
the basic factors of strength and durability efficient utilization of the various
is the most viable and appropriate. The supplementary cementitious
methodologies that look at defining them materials.
otherwise through mathematical
formulations based on complex analytical • Having addressed the need for the
tools like neural networks etc., in particular effective management of the
adopting the data from very limited cementitious materials in the system,
experimental investigations have always the final outlook should be to look for
had limited success and have remained in appropriate utilization of the locally
published literature largely. The National available materials for aggregates,
and International bodies charged with the through efforts that ensure the
responsibility of having to present adoption of local materials including
urban wastes without sacrificing the
durability of concrete for the specific from the well-accepted international norms.
application.
These generic aspects that are outlined in There are several different methods
the earlier lines are discussed briefly on the proposed over the years for the design of
following subheads, though each of them concrete mixtures, starting from the oldest
could buy themselves be a major topic of empirical methods to the purportedly highly
discussion. A sophisticated methods that utilize the latest
• Improvements in cement and concrete theoretical concepts of neural networks and
production artificial intelligence. However, on a more
• Methods of interpreting sober note, it can be seen that the ACI (ACI
supplementary cementitious materials 211.1, 19, the British DOE (Neville,2005)
and the DIN (DIN 1045, 1999) methods have
• Aspects related to the alternative found acceptability in one form or the other
aggregate possibilities. throughout the world. Incidentally, the
IMPROVEMENTS IN CEMENT AND Indian scenario appears to be rather
CONCRETE PRODUCTION confused with the different versions of the
Indian standard for concrete mix design over
The primary parameters in the design of
the years (IS 10262, 1982, 2009 and the draft
concrete composites are the compressive
of 2017). In particular,the latest proposed
strength and the factors that influence its
draft that came out recently has gone back
durability in the proposed environment. In
to some earlier philosophy and there have
principle, the strength of concretes is
been extensive discussions about it in the
defined in terms of the water cement ratio
country. It is thus most appropriate to
of the water cementitious materials ratio.
discuss the proposed draft revisions of
The durability parameter is also in a way
Indian standards (Draft IS 10262 –
related to strength through the porosity,
2017)comprehensively to start with to have
which inherently is the effect of water
an understanding of the Indian scenario.
cement ratio, apart from the minimum
cement content and the cover to Table 1 containsa brief summary of some of
reinforcement. The strength to water cement the thoughts on a few of theprovisions that
ratio relationships are generally discussed need a relook along with the necessary
either in terms of the strength of cement (as justification. Broadly, the table presents the
in the case of EN and DIN) or alternatively following points for consideration while the
in terms of the age of concrete (as in the later part of this paper gives the background
case of the British DOE method). In the and methodology for appropriately
Indian context, the code presents these addressing the same.
relations in terms of strength of cement, • The present method of arriving at the
though there is a significant variation in the target strength for any specific design
method of defining the strength of cement strength is probably in order and the
X factor that isproposed as alternative superplasticizer contents sometimes

could be dropped. reported in literature is in effect a direct
• The water cement ratio strength consequence of not having the minimum
relationships presented shows the water content. In any case for the calculation
Indian cements in very poor light of water cement ratio the quantity of liquid
compared to the international superplasticizer content can be directly
standards like EN, while referring to considered as a part of the water in the mix
the three cement grades of 33, 43 and as proposed in the American
53. It is highly desirable if not essential recommendations (ACI 211.1, 1999).
to ensure that they conform to the euro At this stage, it is only appropriate to say
international norms by assessing that the strength to water cement ratio
strength of cement at a water cement relationship is probably the most common
ratio of 0.5 and not relating it to aspects amongst all the recommendations,
consistency as in BIS today. This even if there are significant variations
aspect is discussed in detail separately amongst the actual relationships itself.
in the next part hereunder. Figure 1 presents an overview of the
• The air contents proposed are very low proposed relationship is according to the
and have to be revised. ACI, British and DIN provisions in
comparison to the that proposed by the
• The superplasticiser contents latest draft revision of the IS 10262. It is clear
primarily depend on the actual water from the figure that the BIS relationships
content and cementitious materials proposed for 32.5, 42.5 and 52.5 grade
contents apart from the type of cements are far below even the 32.5 grade
superplasticiser itself. For general- cement of the Euro standards. It can also be
purpose applications the quantity of seen that even the ACI normal concrete
superplasticiser could be generally strength to water cement ratio relationship
limited to 2% of the cementitious (corrected for the cylinder to cube strength
materials in the mix. for compatibility) is well above the 52.5
STRENGTH TO WATER CEMENT RATIO grade cement of the recently proposed draft
RELATIONSHIPS BIS recommendations for IS 10262-2017.
Incidentally the revision of the
The hardened concrete property, strength is
originalIS10262 – 1982 in 2009 does not
directly related to the water cement ratio
project any such relationship, other than
while the consistency and compatibility are
saying that “the relationship between
function of the water content. It is to be
strength andfree water-cement ratio should
remembered that modulation of consistency
preferably be established for the materials
through superplasticizers is most advisable
actually to be used”, obviously referring to
only after ensuring a minimum water
the several pozzolanic combinations that
content for an effective utilization of the
can be users along with cements. One can
superplasticizer capability. The large
clearly seethat it is only appropriate to different grades of cement 32.5, 42.5 and
define such a relationship for the various 52.5 are established as roll curves by Walz
concrete strength grades as is the practice (DIN 1045) considering the fact that the
in international norms that recognize and strengths established at a water cement ratio
approve cements of different strength of 0.5 for both cement is an concrete are
grades. nearly equal. It can also be said that the
effects of the variations in the mortar
proportions in the different
recommendations may not alter the
strengths significantly and any comparison
of the cement strength should be related to
the strength of cement at the water cement
ratio of 0.5.
Apart from this it is obvious that the
manufacturing technology of cements an
India, particularly given the fact that most
of the cement companies in one way or the
other are governed or otherwise have
participation of the best international
players in cements, can certainly produce
cements confirming to international
Figure 1 Water cement ratio strength standards. It is also a fact that the wishes
relationships of different national bodies. and utilised in the production is also the
In figure 1, the water cement ratio to strength same and most of the technology behind this
relationship as proposed in the British DOE is from players that manufacture cement all
method was not intentionally presented to over the world. The fact that these be
limit the number of curves for clarity. In fact exported also should make it essential to
the British method presents a series of comply with international norms existing.
curves emanating out of the several earlier The proposed draft recommendations in IS
concepts that are presented such 10262, 2017 lead to an enormous amount
relationships at the various ages. A typical of wastage of cement because the very low
28 day strength relationship from cements strengths proposedat the different
experience will be fairly close to the EN 42.5 water cement ratios as can be seen.
relationship, which is also well above the Moreover,if the consumer asks the industry,
three relationships proposed by Indians for particularly the RMCs, to show the
the cements of strengths 33,43 and 53. recommended contents there could be a
In fact the water cement ratio strength serious problem. Apart from this
relations for the different cements used in international waste and knowing the fact
the present Euro norms adopting the that the carbon footprint is the highest for
the manufacture of cement it is certain that industrial waste like fly ash by the cements
significant and far-reaching changes are confirming to the Euro norms will be
needed in the present code to ensure both significantly higher than the ones resulting
economy and prudence. While it is not from the proposed draft BIS norms, which
necessary to reiterate these facts ad will be discussed in the next part.
nauseam, it is very clear to see that the EFFICACY OF SUPPLEMENTARY
improvement in the strength characteristics CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS
of cement and thus the lower water cement
ratio required for a given strength, The utilization of volcanic ash from the
ultimately leading to a significant reduction infamous Mount Vesuvius near Naples in
in the cement content. In real terms Italy that spews out the powdery ash (unlike
considering 43 grade cements as per the the molten lava in the other type of
draft IS 10262 and the corresponding.Euro volcanos) is a well-known secret of the
norms, at an appropriate water content of structures like the Pantheon in Rome that
180 kg/m3 (average of the normal 160 to 200 lasted almost 2000 years. The name
kg/m3 with or without of plasticisers in the pozzolan incidentally was derived from the
various codes for slump of around 100 mm) fact that this ash from a village called Pozzoli
the resulting cement contents for a 50 MPa is one of the materials that was first utilized.
concrete will be about 530 and 350kg/m3 for The recent discoveries in the archaeological
the expected water cement ratios of 0.51 and sites that date back to over 10,000 years in
0.33 respectively. This amounts to almost Israel, also point out to the utilisation of
35% reduction in the cement content at the such clays available in the region. Apart
strength level and should translate to almost from these volcanic ashes (which are also
30% saving the total costs of the concrete known as volcanic Tufts in Germany) there
itself. There is no other method not even a have been other types of clays that exhibit
remote prospect of achieving the level of such cementitious characteristics, known as
economy and saving in cost of the concrete the pozzolanic reaction. The pozzolanic
by any other means. Notwithstanding all reaction is essentially a secondary reaction
this function also recognised that this will that involves the amorphous silica in these
result in a 30% lowering of the carbon materials reacting with huge quantities of
footprint that the construction makes which calcium hydroxide arising out of the
is not being considered at this point of time hydration reactions of cement which needs
as a part of the economy. The compounded no explanation. Apart from these materials
effect of both these factors alone can be an in more recent years the industrial waste bi-
excellent justification for the marginal effort products, particularly fly ash and ground
required to produce the cements of granulated blast furnace slag called GGBS,
International strength grades as proposed by rice husk ash have all been utilised to take
the Euro norms. Another factor that is not advantage of the amorphous silica present
being adequately protected in this part is in them through the pozzolanic reaction. All
the fact that the absorption capacity as an this type of materials are generally termed
as supplementary cementitious materials, choose what is most liked by them.

and depending upon their reactivity levels However, it is only appropriate to suggest
they can be utilised at the different that replacing cement through appropriate
replacement levels. cementitious strength efficiency concepts
Now coming to the basic question of how will ensure that the strength to water cement
much to replace and what to expect is an ratio relationships established for concretes
enigma that many tried to look at. This without pozzolanic additions can be
actually depends on several factors but the appropriately adopted even for the design
one that is never addressed or even thought of these cementitious compositions. It is also
of is the strength of cement itself. It is almost possible that instead of the cementitious
impossible to address this completely in the strength efficiency, one can establish an
present paper, particularly sufficient to say appropriate efficiency for any durability
that cements of higher strength as proposed factor that may be of interest for the design
earlier (confirming to the International or for utilization in a specific environmental
norms) will go a long way in ensuring a scenario.
much higher and more appropriate POTENTIAL OR NEED FOR ALTERNATIVE
replacement providing greater durability. AGGREGATES
The concept or the assumption that utilizing After a relook at the various options possible
Portland pozzolanic cements, are just for improving the cementitious components
replacing or adding a small quantity of in the concrete matrix, it is only left to see
pozzolanic to the concrete mix the concrete the various ways required for attending to
green and that it should be considered for the needs of the aggregate fractions. The fact
green certification is indeed a misnomer and that the available sand from the river beds
should be seriously addressed in an of the various perennial rivers in this context
appropriate forum. There is a need to clearly is a matter of concern that is facing the
define the different levels of modulations nation today. Even the availability of
in the cementitious composites for reasonable quality of coarse aggregates is
consideration in the green building or also a matter of concern in many parts of
carbon credit concepts. the nation, particularly in the urban
The second aspect is that given the good construction scenario.
cement a reasonably acceptable strength, the The use of manufactured sand and assured
reactivity in terms of the cementitious aggregates is often suggested, though the
efficiency of these materials have all been difficulties associated with their use, or
established earlier to a reasonable degree of modulations required in the concrete mix
accuracy by the author and several others design for an effective utilization of these
to date (Ganesh Babu, 1995, 1996 2000). materials is neither fully understood not
These methods of addition, direct addressed the country today. They certainly
replacement or through efficiency factors need for a relook at some of these aspects
have all got their proponents and one can with a clear and unbiased frame of mind to
ensure the required quality and the that could be incorporated into concrete
cementitious composites utilizing them. In using it as an effective sink, if and only if
this context the use of construction and no other alternativeutilisation possibilities
demolition wastes of various kinds in the with higher economic returns are to be seen.
construction industry itself probably is one REFERENCES
of the best prospects. Even in this particular
case the effect of cementitious materials 1. ACI 211.1-91, Standard practice for
adhering to the aggregates appear to pose selecting proportions for normal,
problems both in terms of the strength heavyweight and mass concrete, ACI
realized and also the water contents Manual of concrete practice, 1991, pp
required for ensuring the required 38.
consistency, which is certainly far different 2. ACI 211.4R-93, Guide for selecting
from that are associated with normal proportions for high-strength concrete
concrete mix design. These aspects have the with Portland cement and fly ash, ACI
specific addressed through appropriate Manual of concrete practice, 1993, pp
agencies and the corresponding suppliers of 38
these construction and demolition wastes.
3. DIN 1045, “Beton und Stahlbeton”,
SUMMARY Beton Verlag GMBH, Koln, 1988.
In conclusion, if it is required to state the 4. EN 197-1, cement - Part 1:
primary option for the sustainability of Composition, specifications and
cement and concrete composites, one conformity criteria for common
cannot but ascertain the fact that there is an cements, 2000, pp. 1-29.
urgent and paramount needed for
5. Ganesh Babu, K, and Siva
understanding of the cementitious materials
NageswaraRao, G, Efficiency of Fly ash
in the present-day context. Needless to say
in Concrete with age, Cement and
that they should be made available
Concrete Research Journal,.26, 3, 1996,
confirming to the relevant international
465-474.
Euro norms not to ensure compatibility with
the other nation bodies but to ensure an 6. Ganesh Babu, K, and Sree Rama
effective utilisation of the scarce materials Kumar, V. “Efficiency of GGBS in
that the nation gives up in their production Concrete” Cement and Concrete
presently. Research Journal, Vol.30, No7, pp.
1031-1036. (2000)
Equally important is the fact that the use of
supplementary cementitious materials be 7. Ganesh Babu, K, and Surya Prakash,
properly incorporated into the cementitious P.V. “Efficiency of Silica Fume in
matrix to ensure the highest levels of Concretes”, Cement and Concrete
strength, economy and durability all at once. Research Journal, Vol.25, No.6, pp.
1273-1283, (1995)
Lastly, there are several other urban wastes
8. Ganesh Babu, K, Rao, G.S.N, and 12. IS 456 1978, Code of Practice for Plain
Prakash, P.V.S, Efficiency of pozzolans and Reinforced Concrete, Bureau of
in cement composites, Concrete 2000, Indian standards, New Delhi 1979.
Dundee, U.K., 1993, Vol 1, 497-509. 13. Neville. A.M, “Properties of Concrete”,
9. IS 10262 1989, Recommended Longman Scientific & Technical,
guidelines for concrete mix design, Harlow (1987).
Bureau of Indian Standards, New 14. Okamura, H, Self-compacting high-
Delhi. performance concrete, Concrete
10. IS 10262 2009, Concrete mix International, July 1997, pp 50 – 54.
proportioning; Recommended - 15. Walz, K, Herstellung von beton nach
Guidelines, Bureau of Indian DIN 1045, Betontechnologische
Standards, New Delhi. arbeitsunterlagen, Beton - Verlag
11. IS 10262 2017, Draft Concrete mix GmbH, Dusseldorf, 1971, p. 89.
proportioning; Recommended -
Guidelines, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT AND THE CHLORIDE

DURABILITY OF FLY ASH CONCRETE
K. Balaji Rao*
Development of strength in fly ash concrete content) is given by s mean

[1] and, equations for 95%
Towards promoting the use of higher confidence limits of ‘s’ value (i.e., lower 5%
percentage of fly ash in concrete to reduce significance level of ‘s’), for obtaining
the carbon footprint a simple model for conservative estimation of mean
predicting mean compressive strength compressive strength development are given
development with age in both ordinary by;
Portland cement (OPC) concrete and fly ash
concrete had been proposed. The model is
applicable for concrete containing 0-75%
Class-F fly ash, Type-I cement, normal The model is applicable for concrete
weight aggregates and having 28 day average mixtures containing 0-75% Class-F fly ash,
compressive strength up to 65 MPa. The Type-I cement and normal weight aggregate
model is developed based on a two stage
with range of parameters; 0.19 d” W/B d”
regression analysis of the experimental data
0.6, 9.8 MPa d” fcm, 28 d” 65 MPa, 300 Kg/m3
of 512 concrete mixtures collected from
d” B d” 593 Kg/m3 and 3 days d” t d” 365
literature. The predictions made using the
days.
model are found to be in good agreement
with the results of experimental
investigations carried out at CSIR-SERC and
additional experimental data collected from
literature. From comparison with a reaction
kinetics based strength development model
available in literature, it is noted that the
proposed model is able to reflect the reaction
kinetic processes involved in strength
development in both OPC- and fly ash-
concrete.
The proposed model is given by [1],
Fig. 1. Comparison of proposed model

predictions with experimental results,
where mean value of ‘s’ for different which are not considered for development
proportions of fly ash (up to 75% fly ash of model [1]
*Chief Scientist and Advisor [M], CSIR-SERC, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, email: balaji@serc.res.in
Durability Based Service Life Design of RC structure, binders (viz, PFA, SF, GGBFS) are
Structures - Chloride-induced Corrosion [2] added, mostly, as a replacement to cement.
One of the important mechanisms limiting It is observed, both from laboratory
the service life of reinforced concrete investigations and field performance of RC
structures is chloride induced corrosion of structures, that the improvement in pore
reinforcement. The severe form of this type structure either due to good workmanship
of corrosion is pitting corrosion. In this type or due to addition of binders or both results
of corrosion, the corrosion propagation time in higher corrosion initiation time.Recent
would be a fraction of corrosion initiation research has shown that the diffusion of ions
time. Hence, the prediction of corrosion through a porous media, even if it is
initiation time is important. Often, the assumed that the medium is not reacting
chloride ion diffusion into cover concrete with ions, need to be modelled as a Fickian
is modelled by Fick's 2nd law of diffusion. equation with fractional time and space
The approximate solution of the diffusion derivatives. Thus, the fractional diffusion
equation gives the following solution for equation, that would account for large
corrosion initiation time. variations observed in corrosion initiation
time is given by,
If α=1 and β=2, Equationn (2) reduces to

where classical Fick's 2nd law of diffusion.
c is the clear cover thickness; ? is the In this study, an attempt would be made to
modelling error associated with prediction first critically review the theory behind
of diffusion coefficient at any time 't'; D(t_m solution of Equation (2) and apply it to
) is the diffusion coefficient at the reference concrete structures to determine the
time t_m (taken as 8 years as given in distribution of initiation time.
Bamforth); n is an exponent involved in
prediction of diffusion coefficient The following are the features of this
present study
c_s and c_crare respectively the surface and
critical chloride concentration; erf--1 is the • The reduction in chloride ingress with
inverse error function time, due to the development of denser
concrete pore structure due to the
It is known from the probabilistic analyses formation of hydration products is
that the corrosion initiation time exhibits modelled as a sub-diffusion process.
large variations and is very sensitive to the
quality of workmanship. The quality of
workmanship affects the pore structure of
cover concrete affecting directly the ingress • The analytical solution of this equation
of chlorides. In order to improve the pore with the boundary condition
c(0,t)=c_s andc(x>>clear • The detailed results with reference to

cover,t)=0is not available, therefore, Fly ash concrete would be included
the numerical solution of this equation during presentation of the paper.
is obtained using explicit finite References:
difference scheme.
1. VijayaBhaskara, G. S., BalajiRao, K.
• The parameters a and Da are found by and Anoop, M. B., "Model for
data fitting performed using compressive strength development of
optimization technique in MATLAB. It OPC concrete and fly ash concretewith
was found that, for this problem, time", Magazine of Concrete Research,
Genetic algorithm worked better than Vol. 70, No. 11, 2018, pp. 541 - 557.
gradient method.
2. Yogalakshmi, N. J., BalajiRao, K. and
• Chloride concentration profiles Anoop, M. B., "Durability Based
reported by Bamforth for OPC and Service Life Design of RC Structures -
Michael for concrete core samples Chloride-induced Corrosion", Abstract
from a Jetty is used for fitting the accepted for presentation at 4th
parameters. (Fig) International Conference on
• It was found that the mean square error Reliability, Safety and Hazard
of Normal diffusion and Sub-diffusion (Advances in Risk-Based Technology),
models are almost the same and ICRESH - 2019.
Normal-diffusion process is sufficient The results presented in this paper are
enough to model chloride ingress at based on the recent studies reported in the
lower ages (Figure 2a). Refs. [1,2].
• However for higher ages (Figure 2b) it
can be seen that sub-diffusion model
performs well.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CONCRETE COMPOSITES

EUROPEAN NORMS AND PRACTICES
K. Krishna Murty*
Abstract
Present Day construction requires Concretes of Higher Strength, Workability
and Consistency to facilitate ease in Transportation, Pumping, Levelling,
Compaction etc. They shall also satisfy the requirements as laid down by the
codes for Durability and special requirements like Dynamic Loading, Fatigue,
Resistance to Chemical Action, Abrasion, Wear &Tear etc.
Keywords -Concrete, High Strength, Workability, Consistency, Durability,
Dynamic Loading, Fatigue, Abrasion, Ware and Tear etc.
I. INTRODUCTION The proportions are as follows:

The ordinary Portland cement, which has CODE Type Content
been in use for over a century in
IS 1489 1991 Fly Ash 10 – 25%
construction, could serve the requirements,
(Part-1), PPC- Fly of PPC
but only in a limited way. Since the demand
Ash Based Fineness 300 m3/kg
of higher strength (up to 60-70 N/mm2) or
more entered all types of construction IS 455:1989, Slag 25 – 65%
i.e.,Residential, Commercial, Industrial and Portland Slag of PPC
Infrastructure etc., simultaneously meeting Cement Fineness 225 m3/kg
strength and performance requirements, Apart from the above, lot of control and skill
improved methods of making concrete with in use of the composites along with chemical
additions of admixtures is necessitude. admixtures and fibers in concrete making
Suitable modified cements are are required. There is a large difference in
manufactured which were developed the range of admixture contents of fly ash
through research over the last four decades. or slag and data in respect of performance
II. ADMIXTURES – USE, types requirements is available in a limited
way.Hence, it may be good to know the
These admixtures are available mostly as
norms and practices from other countries
industrial by-products as minerals (fly ash,
for a safer and more efficient use of the
slags, silica fume etc.,), chemicals and fibers
composite cements.
of steel, glass, polymers and many others.
As an attempt in this direction, the European
For the manufacture of cement composites
norms and practices as available in the
(cement with admixtures) codes are
Engineer’s Year Book (BETON KALENDER
formulated duly specifying the content of
VOLS I & II) 2016, published in German,
admixture in a cement composite with other
are presented for enhanced knowledge and
requirements.
practice.
*M.TECH (I.I.T Kharagpur) F.I.E, F.I.V
III. COMPOSITE CEMENTS -

CLASSIFICATION
The composite cements are classified for
specific designation and easy identification
as cements I to V, as per DINEN 197-1.The
ordinary cement and admixture contents in
each of the cement varieties are tabulated.
The recommended range of each of the
admixture in any composite cement is in
the range of 21-35% i.e., a variation of 14%
only. This variation as perIS codes is very
high (40%) in the case of slag cement.
IV. WORKABILITY AND CONSISTANCY
FATIGUE:
Regarding workability and consistency, the
mixes are classified into eight categories Under fatigue, fly ash content @ 25% and
from very stiff to self-compacting, fibers @ 1% are found to the most preferable
necessitating prescription of consistency as for resisting tensile stresses as per the graphs
required by the designer. The classification shown below.
also shows the relative compaction energy
requirements.
V. SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE
For self-compacting concrete, the
requirements of tests for flowability are
prescribed both for mortar and concrete. In
addition to slump flow test, sedimentation
test is also prescribed to ensure that no
segregation takes place along the height of For ecological concrete, use of mineral
filling. admixtures and recycled aggregates are most
VI. FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE AND essential to reduce the carbon foot print and
FATIGUE effective disposal of industrial wastes.
Further an efficient design to reduce the
Fibers in limited quantity (up to 2%) have a
volume of concrete in a structure,
substantial influence on the bond when the
particularly in slabs and beams with also
cross section of the fibreis triangular instead
help.
of circular. Refer to the graph below.
VII. CONCLUSION & Advice

In the light of large volumes of construction
in the housing, infrastructure etc., cement
composites and recycled aggregates shall be
mandatorily used along with effective use
of construction chemicals, particularly
encouraging Pre-Cast construction.
The normal concrete with basic materials
(cement, aggregates and water) will be
having further additions of admixtures
(mineral, chemical,fibers) which require
careful selection, dosage, mixing and other
related activities.Skill Development at all
Stages Necessary.
VIII. REFERENCES
1. BetonKalender Volume-1 and 2 of year
2016.
2. IS 1489: 1991 (Part-1), Portland
Pozzolana Cement – Fly Ash Based.
3. IS 455:1989, Portland Slag Cement
4. IS 456: 2000, Plane and reinforced
Concrete – Code of Practice.
USE OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF FIBRES AND MINERAL

ADMIXTURES TO MAKE COMPOSITE CONCRTETE
V.R.Kowshika*
Abstract;
New materials specially different fibers , different kinds of Fiber reinforced
Polymer Rods are coming to the market opening a new chapter in Composite
concrete. There are also very huge leaps in the usage of mineral admixtures in
conjunction with Ordinary Portland cement ,which is also making better
composite concrete systems. We can not neglect the contribution of
Hyperplasticisers and the innovations in that field too which have also made
recent advances in concrete composites
Key Words: Fibers, Composite Concrete, Mineral Admixtures, Hyperplasticisers
Different materials and their contribution ,which improves many properties and
to Composite concrete hence durability.
There are two kinds of common short-cut
fibers: one is the fiber with high elastic In fiber reinforced concrete, fibers’ mixing
modulus, such as steel fiber, glass fiber, and amount, aspect ratio, distribution and alkali
carbon fiber; the other one is the fiber with resistance greatly influence its properties.
low elastic modulus, such as nylon fiber, Take steel fiber for example, theoretically,
polyethylene fiber and polypropylene fiber. both the bending strength and the tensile
The low modulus fiber can improve strength will rise with the increase of fiber-
toughness but rarely affects the tensile content ratio. The better aspect ratio of steel
strength; the high modulus fiber can fiber is 60 ~ 100. It is usually in straight
significantly increase the tensile strength. shape, wave shape, and with hooks on the
The popular fibers in India ,which are used two ends. In application, it would be better
are Polypropylene and Polyester fibers, to choose the shape easy to bond the basal
which in a reasonable way reduces the body. The steel fiber used in concrete can
possibilities of plastic shrinkage cracks etc. generally increase the tensile strength by
They also are highly beneficial in enhancing about 2 times, the bending strength by
shatter resistance, abrasion resistance, 1.5 ~ 2.5 times, the impact strength by
impact resistance and can increase more than 5 times or even 20 times, the
durability of industrial floors ,airport ductility by 4 times, and durability by 100
runways and many military applications. times above.
Engineers have also started using this to The main disadvantage with steel fibers is
avoid shrinkage cracks while making good quantities of this material does not
plasters,mortars. Many ready to use plasters make concrete easily pumpable, it may
and repair materials are made with fibers
*Director Marketing & Technical, ECMAS Construction Chemicals Pvt Ltd

choke pipelines ,hence a very good mix Composites, but the commercial availability
design with proper slump is top priority of such fibers is very limited.
before we use steel fiber reinforced 1. Bendable Concrete
concrete.
There are some novel Fibers which infact
have started challenging the steel fibers.
RUREDIL X FIBER 54 (RXF 54) is a
structural synthetic fiber, designed to
improve the durability and mechanical
properties of concrete. RXF 54 is a hybrid
fiber, consisting of a non-fibrillated
monofilament based on a special mixture
of polyolefin polymers and a fibrillated fiber
of polypropylene, capable of reducing, and Some scientists in USA along with many
in some cases completely eliminating, other laboratories around the world, has
plastic shrinkage. RXF 54 increases shown it is possible to make concrete more
ductility, fatigue resistance and durability ductile – that is, bendable without
of concrete. fracturing. Bendable concrete makes
Unlike metal fibers, RXF 54 does not infrastructure safer, extends its service life
corrode, is not magnetic, is 100% resistant and reduces maintenance costs and resource
to acids, bases and in general to all use.
aggressive agents, being chemically inert. Civil infrastructure very rarely fails because
The concrete packaged with RXF 54 has a it lacks compressive strength – the ability
durability and mechanical performance to bear loads that push it together, as when
significantly higher than a concrete columns support the weight of a building.
packaged with equal dosage (in volume) of Most failures occur because structures do
metal fiber, smooth or hooked. RXF 54 not have enough capacity to carry tensile
replaces the electro-welded mesh in all load – the ability to deform or stretch
applications. without rupturing – even though steel
reinforcements often are added to concrete
Due to its chemical inertness, RXF 54 can
to prevent catastrophic structural failure.
be used advantageously in the packaging of
concrete for highly aggressive environments Many serious concerns about the
such as the marine and chemical industry, woeful state of U.S. infrastructure can be
where the use of concrete with metal fibers traced back to concrete’s brittleness. Cracks
is not recommended for known corrosion in concrete can reduce a structure’s usable
problems. life. They also weaken it and make it less
resilient against natural forces, such as
Lot of scientists have also worked on Steel
earthquakes or tornadoes, or man-made
Micro fibers to improve the Concrete
forces, such as bomb blasts in terrorist Other ingredients like SCM s can be added.
attacks. Making concrete bendable addresses several
Engineered cementitious composite(ECC) or of conventional concrete’s key flaws. First,
strain-hardening cementitious composite. It suppressing brittle fracture prevents the
can deform up to 3 to 5 percent in tension formation of wide cracks that allow water
before it fails, which gives it 300 to 500 times and other aggressive agents like road salt to
more tensile strain capacity than normal penetrate easily into concrete structures and
concrete. This allows a slab of it to undergo attack their reinforcing steel.
a lot of bending without fracturing into Experimental evidence and theoretical
pieces, earning it the nickname of flexible calculations show that it is possible to
or bendable concrete. extend the time it takes for chloride from
The material ingredients which make up road salt on a bridge deck surface to reach
ECC are similar to FRCs that is it contains and corrode reinforcing steel from years to
cement, sand, water, and admixtures. tens of years. A number of projects, ranging
However, coarse aggregates are not used in from patch repair to link slabs on bridge
ECCs (hence it is a mortar rather than decks that dramatically extend service life,
concrete). Additionally, ECC uses low have taken advantage of this fracture
amounts, typically 2% by volume, of short, suppressing ability.
discontinuous fibers. ECC incorporates
super fine (100 microns in diameter) silica
sand and tiny Polyvinyl Alcohol-fibers
covered with a very thin (nanometer thick),
slick coating. This surface coating allows the
fiber to begin slipping when they are over
loaded so they are not fracturing. It prevents
the fiber from rupturing which would lead
to large cracking. Thus an ECC deforms
much more than a normal concrete but
without fracturing. The different ingredients
of ECC work together to share the applied 2. Concrete Canvas(foldable concrete)
load.
This is foldable cement fiber composite
ECC has OPC+ Microsilica+ PVA fibers + which can be used to protect canals etc
low w/c ratio + sand , another way is just
Uses for industrial, commercial and
mix of
domestic.
Engineered cementitious composite is
As a fiberglass sandwich with cement
composed of • Cement (53 grade of OPC) •
between two layers of fiberglass, the
Sand • Water • Super plasticizer • PVA fibre
fiberglass is impregnated with water
(length is 12mm and diameter is 40μm).
activated resin.
When in position just add water then leave and test methods for composite reinforcing
to set. Uses. Ditch & foundation linings. materials, many of which are accepted and
Waterproofing and flood prevention.Plastic well-established today in concrete
and ceramic pipe repair.Casting.Medium to construction.
long term concrete repair. Avoid land Engineers who are very much bothered
erosion. The uses are only limited by your about corrosion related durability issues go
own imagination. This is a very cost for Fiber Reinforced Polymer rods instead
effective product, waterproof, fire resistant of steel reinforcing bars as the former surely
& long lasting. improves overall durability of RCC/
Ideal for fast and long lasting building and Composite concrete.
repair. Basalt fiber bonded with epoxy resin/vinyl
ester or Proprietory resinous compounds
and Fiber Glass , Carbon fiber blended with
other fibers bound by different kinds of
resins are replacing structural steel .
The composite concrete with such
alternative reinforcements are said to push
the durability boundaries to next level in
the coming decades.
Carbon fiber grid where carbon fibers are
bound bind proprietory expoxy resins are
as replacement of secondary steel
reinforcement in Precast tilt up
construction. This will also open new
chapters in precast construction
technologies.
4. Fibre reinforced cementitious matrix
Polyparaphenylene Benzobis Oxazole
(PBO) fabric is used by Ruredil Spa to create
Fiber reinforced Plastic rods for better
a new way of restoration using an innovative
Composite concrete structures.
Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites (FRCM) composite system for the repair and
long have been envisioned as an enabling strengthening of concrete structures. It
material for improved concrete comprises of the reinforcing
performance. The American Concrete Polyparaphenylene Benzobis Oxazole (PBO)
Institute (ACI) and other groups, such as the (RUREDIL X MESH GOLD)fabric that works
Japan Society for Civil Engineers, have been as a continuous reinforcement and
instrumental in developing specifications
RUREDIL X MORTAR 750 cement-based many Concrete Composite are made with
adhesive that anchors the PBO fabric to not only with OPC but in addition with
concrete substrate. PBO is a high strength, Flyash or GGBS or Microsilica Or
unidirectional fabric with primary direction Metakaolin based on the strength
of fiber oriented in the 0º direction. requirements and other properties expected
RUREDIL X MORTAR 750 is a cement-based of the Composite. The new kids on the bloc
adhesive that must be mixed with water in are Ultra fine Slag(UFS) , Ultra fine FLYASH,
the job site. Use Provides additional flexural, Highly ground Rice husk ASH . Some of
shear or compressive strength to concrete these are used in Combinations to get what
structural elements; Supplements cross is called as High strength Fibre reinforced
sectional loss of corroded reinforcing steel; concrete Composite( HSFRCC). They are
Seismic retrofit . incorporated with high end Hyper
The FRCM system is a hit as Once applied plasticisers too.
the system does not alter the response to Conclusions
fire of reinforced concrete and therefore fire In the last decade huge improvements have
protection is not required, even for indoor happened in Fibres to make concrete
applications. ; Durable in conditions in composite with better durability.
conditions of high environmental
temperature since the system is not Use of many modern/modified pozzolonic
characterized by glass transition materials have added new chapters to
temperature limitations Concrete composite applications.
In the coming decade the HSFRCC and other
concrete composites are going to play a huge
role in construction industry.
References
1. Fibre reinforced concrete , notes from
Raj Pillai, MD, STAR WORTH
PURVANKARA.
2. Letters from Bill Fores,
NORUSTREBAR, USA
3. Training notes from ECMAS+
The role of SCMs are very important and RUREDIL SPA, ITALY on FRCM.
REPAIR EFFICIENCY OF SEVERELY DAMAGED

REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS USING HYBRID
FRP COMPOSITES UNDER ECCENTRIC LOADING
M.Chellapandian1, S.Suriya Prakash2
Abstract
Reinforced concrete (RC) columnsgenerally are subjected to a combination of
axial compression and bending loads. In this study, a repair procedure forrestoring
the original capacity of severely damaged RC columns under combined axial
compression and bending is presented. In total, six RC columns were cast and
tested under eccentric compression at an eccentricity (e) to depth ratio (h) of
0.63. The columns were initially subjected to severe damage corresponding to a
concrete compressive strain (åc) of 0.0035.Damaged columns had yielding of
longitudinal reinforcement and concrete crushing. After severe damage, the
columns were repaired with three different techniques using (i) quick set cement
mortar , (ii) near surface mounting (NSM) of CFRP laminates and (iii) hybrid
FRP technique using a combination of NSM and external bonding (EB) of CFRP
fabric. Experimental results revealed that hybrid FRP technique was
highlyeffective in completely restoring the original strength under combined
axial compressionand bending loads.
Keywords: Damaged Column; Eccentric Compression; Hybrid FRP Technique;
Rapid Repair; RC Column.
1. INTRODUCTION columns, which includes Near Surface

Reinforced concrete (RC) columns typically Mounting, external bonding and their
undergo severe damages after a major hybrid combinations [3-4]. However,
earthquake or fire accidents [1]. Immediate selecting a particular repair technique
occupancy after earthquakes is essential for depends on the type of loading expected to
certain important buildings such as schools, occur so that the member capacity can be
hospitals, and bridges, etc. Hence, it is restored in a short span of time. It is worth
essential to quickly restore the original mentioning that only limited studies have
capacity of these columns in important focused on assessing the efficiency of
structures to make it functional even after different repair techniques under combined
post seismic activities [2-3]. The repair axial compression and bending loads. Ilki
technique adopted can be considered and Kumbasar [5] investigated the effect of
successfulif the members can be brought to cyclic preloads on the compressive behavior
service in a short time after being subjected of FRP jacketed RC columns. They
to severe damage. Different FRP techniques concluded that the damaged columns
have been used in the past for improving repaired using FRP confinement fully
the bending, shear and axial capacity of restored the strength and ductility. Wu and
1
Research Associate, Dept. of Civil Engg., IIT Hyderabad, India.Email: ce15resch11005@iith.ac.in.
2
Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engg., IIT Hyderabad, India. E-mail: suriyap@iith.ac.in.
Pantilides [6] studied the efficiency of rapid

repair technique using FRP confinement on
the earthquake-damaged bridge columns.
They concluded that the applied technique
could restore the lateral force and
displacement capacity with the ability to
relocate the plastic hinges.However, the
repair efficiency of hybrid FRP technique
in restoring the performance of the damaged (i) Cross sectional details
columns under different combinations of
bending and compression is yet to be
investigated. The objective of this research
work is to establish the effectiveness of the
different repair techniques for improving the
axial compression – bending interaction
diagram.
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
2.1 Specimen details
The test specimens were square in cross-
section (230 x 230 mm) as shown in Fig. 1. (ii) Experiemntal setup
Concrete mix was designed for a target cubic
Fig. 1: Cross-sectional details of test
compressive strength of 40 MPa. The
specimen
columns had eight longitudinal
reinforcements of 12 mm diameter with the 2.2 Initial Damage Mechanism
tie reinforcements of 10 mm diameter The columns were tested using a servo
provided @ 100 mm spacing. The controlled compression testing machine
specimens were tested under uniaxial (CTM) of 3000 kN capacity.The columns
eccentric compression with an eccentricity were tested in a displacement control mode
(e) to depth (h) ratio of 0.63. Four series of at a rate of 0.03 mm/sec. The bottom support
specimens were tested which includes: (i) of the column was movable and the top
original column tested until complete failure support was fixed (Fig.1).Two linear variable
(RCC), (ii) damaged specimens repaired displacement transducers (LVDTs) of 20 mm
using high strength cement grout (RCC-R- stroke were used for measuring the axial
QS), (iii) damaged specimens repaired using displacements and strains. In addition, two
NSM technique (RCC-R-NSM) and (iv) LVDTs of 20 mm stroke were used on the
damaged specimens repaired using hybrid tension and compression face of the
FRP technique (RCC-R-HYB). specimens to measure the strain
gradient.Two LVDTs of 50 mm stroke were (KI), strength index (SI) and displacement
used to measure lateral deflection due to P- index (DI) which can be found in detail from
d effect. First, the columns were damaged other papers [8-9].
to failure till the load drops by more than 3.1 Load – Displacement Behavior:
20% in the post-peak regime.
The initial stiffness of columnswas
2.3 Repair using FRP Composites completely restored for all the series of
All the damaged specimens were initially specimen (Fig. 2). The stiffness of damaged
repaired using quick set cement grout column was fully restored as the damage in
mortar (QS). Thereafter, two damaged the columnwas localized due to strain
columns were repaired with NSM technique gradienteffect undereccentric compression.
(RCC-R-NSM) and the remaining two with Due to severe damage, the strength was
hybrid FRP technique (RCC-R- reduced by 26% when compared to original
HYB).Damaged cover concrete portions column (RCC-145). The axial displacement
were chipped off and poured with cement of QS repaired specimen reduced drastically
mortar possessing high strength and good by 59% when compared to original column
bonding capacity. The repaired specimens (RCC-145).NSM repaired technique was
were water cured for a minimum period of able to completely restore the strength of
three days. Then, the specimens were first severely damaged columns under eccentric
repaired using NSM technique as per ACI compression (102%). However, the
440.2R provisions [7] followed by lateral displacement ductility reduced by more
CFRP confinement for hybrid FRP than 50%. For hybrid repaired specimen, the
technique. stiffness was completely restored (156% of
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS original column) due to effective
contribution of NSM laminates in crack
The axial displacement measured from the arresting on the tension side.The peak load
specimens were used for comparing the load capacity of columns was completely
– displacement behavior under eccentric restored (125%).Also, the failure
loading (Table 1).The effectiveness of displacement wascompletely restored.
different repair techniques wasevaluatedin
terms of three indices namely stiffness index
Table 1: Experimentalresults of RC columns under eccentric compression
Loading Series ID Yield Yield Stiffness Peak Strength Displ.

Type Load (kN) Disp. (mm) Index Load (kN) Index Index
Eccentric RCC-145 676 0.22 1.00 760 1.00 1.00
Compression RCC-R-QS-145 552 0.18 0.99 564 0.74 0.41
(e/h=0.63) RCC-R-NSM-145 591 0.14 1.41 771 1.02 0.42
RCC-R-HYB-145 700 0.15 1.56 951 1.25 1.84
Fig.2: Behavior of severely damaged columns under eccentric compression
3.2 Load –Strain Behavior and Failure had failure due to severe concrete crushing
Modes: in the compression face. Hybrid specimens
Yield load is defined by the load at which had failure due to FRP rupture in the
the strain in the steel reinforcement reaches compression face.
a value of 2500 μm/m. The column repaired
using quick set cement mortar had yielding
of longitudinal rebar in the tension face
followed by the compression rebar yielding
(Fig.3). NSM technique reduced the overall
strain in the tension/compression steel
reinforcement due to additional
contribution of CFRP laminates. Strain in
the longitudinal reinforcement was reduced
further when the NSM CFRP laminates were
prevented from de-bonding because of
lateral confinement from EB CFRP fabric in Fig.3: Load – steel strain behavior of severely
the hybrid repair scheme. damaged columns
The columns repaired using QS technique 4. Conclusions

had initial cracking in the tension face. In this study, six columns were severely
Then,a sudden drop in the behavior was damagedandrepaired using different
observed due to the severe crushing in the techniques under eccentric compression.
compression face. NSM repaired specimens
Fig.4: Failure Mode of severely damaged columns under eccentric compression
The following major conclusions can be Development (MHRD), India for their
drawn from this work. financial support in performing
• Presence of additional bending experimental work.
moment due to eccentric loading References:
significantly reduced the axial strength 1) Lehman DE, Gookin SJ, Nacamuli AM,
and stiffness of the repaired columns. Moehle JP. Repair of earthquake-
• Repair of columns using hybrid FRP damaged bridge columns. ACI J.
technique was found to be the most Struct. 2001; 98(2): 233–42.
effective and it completely restored the 2) Fakharifar M, Chen G, Wu C,
overall performance in terms of initial Shamsabadi A, Elgawady MA,
and post cracking stiffness, peak Dalvand A. Rapid repair of earthquake-
strength and failure displacement. damaged RC columns with prestressed
• Failure of hybrid specimens occurred steel jackets. J Bridge Eng
due to rupture of externally bonded 2016;21(4):4015075.
fabric in the compression face.. 3) Barros JAO, Varma RK, Sena-Cruz, J
• Repair using NSM technique and Azevedo AFM. Near-surface
completely restored the peak strength mounted FRP strips for the flexural
under eccentric loading (e/d=0.63). strengthening of RC columns -
Acknowledgement experimental and numerical research
Engineering Structures 2008; 30(12):
The authors would like to acknowledge 3412-3425.
FAST - Centre of Excellence (COE) in
sustainable development at IIT Hyderabad 4) Chellapandian M, Prakash SS, Sharma
funded by Ministry of Human Resource A. Strength and ductility of innovative
hybrid NSM reinforced and FRP FRP system for strengthening concrete
confined short reinforced concrete structures. ACI committee 440., 2017:
columns under axial compression. J. 45.
Compos.Struct., 2017; 176: 205-216. 8) Chellapandian M, Prakash SS. Rapid
5) Ilki A, Kumbasar N. Compressive repair of severely damaged reinforced
behavior of carbon fibre composite concrete columns under combined
jacketed concrete with a circular and axial compression and flexure: An
non-circular cross-section. Journal of experimental study. J. Constr. Build.
Earthquake Engineering 2008; Mater., 2018; 173: 368-380.
7(3):381-406. 9) Jain S, Chellapandian M and Prakash
6) Wu RY, Pantelides CP. Rapid seismic SS. Emergency repair of severely
repair of reinforced concrete bridge damaged reinforced concrete column
columns. ACI J. Struct. 2017; 114(5): elements under axial compression: an
1339-1350. experimental study. J. Constr. Build.
7) ACI 440.2R-17. Guide for the design Mater.,2017; 155: 751-761.
and construction of externally bonded
RETROFITTING OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS USING

NON-METALLIC COMPOSITE
Dr. Mangesh V. Joshi*
Abstract
This paper will present the state-of-the-art of the different ways for strengthening
of existing reinforced concrete structures including both traditional and advanced
strengthening techniques. Concrete, steel and FRP composites are the most
commonly used materials in strengthening, repair, and retrofitting and
rehabilitation processes of existing concrete structures. Traditional techniques
for flexural, shear and compression strengthening, externally bonded FRP, near
surface mounting reinforcement, sprayed FRP, textile reinforced concrete as well
as FRP prestressing techniques for retrofitting existing structures will be
discussed.
Keywords: Strengthening techniques, reinforced concrete structures, traditional
techniques, advanced techniques, FRP strengthening, near surface mounted,
sprayed FRP.
1. INTRODUCTION should also be noted that not only the failure

Structural strengthening, repair or upgrade mode of the strengthened member is
of reinforced concrete (RC) structures is an important. If a critical member in a structure
art that has evolved into a complex science. is strengthened, another member can
It includes the use of conventional cement- become the critical one. Because of stiffness
based materials, as well as new materials change in an undetermined structural
that involve advanced composites. system, the whole structure must be
Regardless of the experience and investigated. The strengthening should also
experimental knowledge we have gained in be designed with consideration to minimize
more than a hundred years of reinforced the maintenance and repair needs. When a
concrete construction, concrete still strengthening is designed, the consequences
deteriorates due to natural causes and man- from loss of strengthening effectiveness by
made errors. The strengthening / repair fire, vandalism, collision, etc. must in
assessment and design and the resulting addition be considered.
design of the solution are typically more 2. REPAIR AND RETROFITTING
complex than new construction. When TECHNIQUES
strengthening is going to be undertaken, all Except for cases where new structural
failure modes must be evaluated. members are installed to share the load with
Strengthening a structure for flexure may existing members, most strengthening
lead to shear failure instead of giving the systems are composed of a composite
desired increased load bearing capacity. It strengthening system. The composite
*Managing Director and CEO, Sanrachana Structural Strengthening Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India, Email:
mangesh@sanrachana.in
strengthening could be achieved by section existing structural member to achieve the

enlargement, external post tensioning, desired section properties and performance.
externally bonded steel elements, advanced The main disadvantages of such system are
fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites, the increase in the concrete member size
textile reinforced concrete (TRC), near- obtained after the jacket is constructed and
surface mounted (NSM) system, or a the need to construct a new formwork. With
combination of these techniques. It should section enlargement members can be
be tailored to serve the intended use for the enlarged to increase their load-carrying
designed service life of the structure without capacity or stiffness.
interfering with its functionality. The stages in applying this method can be
3. TRADITIONAL METHODS described as it follows: removal of the
Strengthening solutions of reinforced deteriorated concrete, corrosion removal
concrete members can range from repair of from the exposed reinforcement, surfaces
damaged members so that their original cleaning and preparation to ensure bonding
load-carrying capacity is restored, to adding with the repair material, replacement or
elements to increase their strength. All addition of the supplementary
solutions are project specific to a certain reinforcement, reinforcement protection (in
application but some general approaches are some cases), applying of the repair material.
commonly utilized. The most traditional This method is considered to be a traditional
techniques for strengthening reinforced strengthening method. The material costs
concrete structures are as follows: are relatively low but the cost and
consumption of the labor is rather high.
• Section enlargement by increasing the
reinforced concrete cross-section. External Plate Bonding
• Add external prestressing (post- This method consists bonding steel plates
tension). or steel flat bars to the structural elements
and it is widely appear in strengthening of
• Use steel plate bonding to enhance bridge structures. The bonding of the steel
tensile reinforcement of reinforced plates or steel flat bars to the concrete
concrete elements. members is ensured by the use of epoxy
• Use Ferro-cement covering or Cement adhesives and in some cases, additional
grout. fastening is provided by means of dowels
or bolts glued to the holes drilled in the
• Use sprayed concrete (Shotcrete).
concrete members. One of the disadvantages
Section Enlargement of this method is that it can be applied only
Section enlargement is one of the methods to the relatively sound structures. In case of
used in retrofitting concrete members. severe concrete deterioration and major
Enlargement consists of the placement of cracks of the RC member other methods
reinforced concrete jacket around the should be considered.
External Post Tensioning and therefore was more compatible with

This strengthening method is considered to existing constructions.
be a classic method that has been used since Ferro cement Covers
the 1950s. It is very effective in increasing Ferro cement can be described as a type of
the flexural and shear capacity of concrete thin composite material made of cement
members. It can be applied to reinforced and mortar reinforced with wire meshes. The
prestressed concrete members. The wire meshes are uniformly distributed in
technique is applied to reinforced concrete continuous layers with relatively small
members to correct the excessive deflections diameters. The Ferro cement is used, in
and cracking. The repair system general, to replace the damaged concrete
supplements minimal additional load to the and reinforcement (if also damaged).
structure thus being an effective economical Strengthening with Ferro cement improves
strengthening technique. The post- cracking resistance, flexural stiffness and
tensioning forces are delivered by means of the ultimate loads compared to the original
standard prestressing tendons or high- unstrengthened element. These
strength steel rods, usually located outside improvements depend on the full composite
the original section. The tendons are action between the Ferro cement layers.
connected to the structure at anchor points,
typically located at the ends of the member. 4. APPLICATIONS ON TRADITIONAL
End-anchors can be made of steel fixtures METHODS
bolted to the structural member, or Slabs
reinforced concrete blocks that are cast in
Figures illustrate some of the traditional
situ. The desired uplift force is provided by
techniques for strengthening reinforcing
deviation blocks, fastened at the high or low
concrete slab. Figure (1) is illustrating
points of the structural element .Before the
strengthening using section enlargement
strengthening technique can be applied
.Figure (1-a)shows strengthening of
necessary repairs to the structural members
reinforced concrete slab by removing the
must be performed. The existing cracks
concrete cover and applying new bottom
must be repaired by means of epoxy
steel rods to flexural zones of slab to
injecting or other known methods. If there
enhance its positive flexural capacity. Figure
are existing spalls patching must be done,
(1-b) shows applying new top steel rods to
because this repairs must ensure that the
flexural zones of cantilever slab to enhance
prestressing forces are distributed uniformly
its negative flexural capacity. While Figure
across the section of the member. This
(1-c) shows strengthening of reinforced
method has been effectively applied in
concrete slab using Ferrocement
bridge rehabilitation, and in all the cases it
strengthening technique by adding wired
has chosen because of its advantages, being
steel mesh and then cover with concrete
economical and requiring less time to
mortar.
complete. The system provides active forces
a b c
a) Adding new steel bars to RC slab using section enlargement technique from bottom
b) Adding new steel bars to RC slab using section enlargement technique from top
(c) Ferrocement strengthening technique by adding wired steel mesh to RC slab
Figure 1: applications of traditional methods on slabs
Beams Columns
Reinforced concrete beams need Strengthening of reinforced concrete
strengthening when the existing steel columns may arise when the load carried
reinforcement or cross section in the beam by the column is increased due to either
is unsafe or insufficient or when the loads increasing in floors number or due to design
applied to the beam are increased due to mistakes; also if compressive strength of
the reasons mentioned before. concrete or percent /type of reinforcement
Strengthening strategy depend on the aim are not according to the codes
of it. Do we need it to enhance flexural or requirements . Strengthening may be also
shear capacity of beams section?; in such needed when column inclination is more
cases, there are different solutions that could than allowable or if foundation settlement
be followed as use of steel plate bonding in is more than allowable. There are two major
flexural zones ,add new steel rods /stirrups traditional techniques for strengthening
without section enlargement ,add new steel reinforced concrete columns as following:
and section enlargement ,use Ferrocement
technology or even use post tension.
a b
(a) Strengthening procedure of RC beam by adding new steel bars to the bottom of the
beam (b) Strengthening of RC beam by using steel plates
Figure 2: applications of traditional methods on beams
Reinforced concrete Jacketing

Jacketing process depend on the structural
analysis that was made to the column. In
some cases, before this technique is carried
out, we need to reduce or even eliminate
temporarily the loads applied to the column
Strengthening shown in figure (3-a)
procedure of RC beam by adding new steel
bars to the bottom of the beam Figure (3-b):
Strengthening of RC beam by using steel
plates 8 mechanical jacks between floors.
Figures (3-c) show section enlargement
process of strengthening for concrete
column in residential building Figure 4: Steel plate bonding on columns
External steel plate bonding Steel Jacketing
Applying external steel bonding to concrete This technique is chosen when increasing
columns surface may be appear in using the cross sectional area of the column is not
steel plates added all over the surface of permitted. Steel jacketing has been proven
concrete column to make the required to be an effective technique to enhance the
confinement, and this process known as seismic performance of old bridge columns.
jacketing which can be used for both circular The steel jacket is manufactured in two shell
or rectangular columns . Figure (4) shows pieces and welded in the field around the
strengthening process for concrete column column. However, this method requires
using external steel plate bonding. difficult welding work and, in a long term,
a b c
a) Beams supporting with metallic supports during column strengthening

b) installation of new steel cage around concrete column
c)the concrete column after strengthening process
Figure 3: jacketing on columns
the potential problem of corrosion remains have been enormous. One of today s
unsolved. This procedure is illustrated in state-of-the-art techniques is the use of
figure (5). fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites,
which are currently viewed by structural
engineers as “new” and highly promising
materials in the construction industry
These materials hold great promise for the
future of construction industry. Using FRP
reinforcement in repair is a highly practical
strengthening system, because of ease and
speed of installation, less labour intensity,
efficiency of structural repair and corrosion
resistance of the materials, in addition to
being quick and easy to handle on site the
application of FRP poses minimal
Figure 5:steel jacketing on columns modification to the geometry, aesthetics and
utility of the structure. In some situations,
These strengthening techniques have been
FRP composites are the only plausible
developed in the past and used with some
material that could be used for
popularity. Although these techniques can
strengthening, especially in places where
effectively increase the elements load
heavy machinery cannot gain access or
carrying capacity, they are often susceptible
closure of the use is not practical. The
to corrosion damage which results in failure
overall cost of the whole strengthening job
of the strengthening system. Consequently,
using FRP materials can be as competitive
noncorrosive innovative strengthening
as using conventional materials, although
systems that have the potential for extending
the material cost of carbon FRPs was several
service lives of RC structures and reducing
times more than that of steel plates.
maintenance costs are required to replace
old strengthening systems. Some of these 6. FRP STRENGTHENING
techniques are mentioned in the next TECHNIQUES
sections. FRP techniques for strengthening /
5. ADVANCED STRENGTHENING upgrading may be noted as following:
TECHNIQUES • Externally bonded FRP (EBR).
FRP composite materials have been - FRP plate bonding.
successfully used in the construction of new
- FRP Confining or jacketing.
structures and in rehabilitation and
• Sprayed fiber reinforced polymers.
strengthening of existing structures. Recent
developments related to materials, methods • Near Surface Mounted with FRP.
and techniques for structural strengthening • Prestressed FRP.
Strengthening using externally bonded FRP Flexural strengthening of beams

The most imperative characteristic of The need for methods of repair and
externally bonded FRP systems in repair/ strengthening of RC beams and girders has
strengthening applications is the speed and been imposed by: degradation due to
ease of installation. FRP may be bonded to corrosion of steel reinforcement, cracking
the tension side of concrete beams, girders of concrete due to excessive carbonation,
and slabs to provide additional flexural freeze-thaw action, spalling of concrete
strength, and/or on the sides of beams and cover, effects of alkali-silica reactions and
girders to provide additional shear strength. changing in loading patterns . In case of
For seismic zones, FRP may also be used to bridges the need for increasing their load
wrap columns to enhance the ductility due carrying capacities requires the adoption of
to the induced confinement of the concrete. a cost-effective technology that will not
FRP material selection should be based on distress the traffic significantly. In buildings
strength, stiffness and durability required the materials deterioration and changing
for a specific application. Resins are selected needs for building occupancy imposes, in
based on the environment to which the FRP many cases, the strengthening of existing
will be exposed, as well as the method by beams.
which the FRP is manufactured .Externally Composites fabricated either through wet
bonded FRP systems come in a variety of processes on-site or prefabricated in plates
forms, including wet lay-up systems and in this application, FRP materials are
pre-cured systems. Wet lay-up FRP systems bonded to the tension and/or side faces of a
consist of dry unidirectional or concrete beam to provide additional tensile
multidirectional fibre sheets or fabrics reinforcement and to increase the strength
impregnated with a saturating resin on-site. of the member in bending as shown in figure
Pre-cured FRP systems consist of a wide (6) .The fibers are oriented along the
variety of composite shapes manufactured longitudinal axis of the beam. The efficiency
off-site. Typically, an adhesive along with of the method depends mainly on the
the primer and putty are normally used to appropriate selection of the composite
bond the pre-cured shapes to the concrete material and on the efficiency and integrity
surface. The primer is used to penetrate the of the bond between the composite and the
surface of the concrete, providing an concrete surface. Sometimes anchor bolts
improved adhesive bond for the saturating are added to ends of FRP plates to prevent
resin or adhesive. The putty is used to fill debonding and end peeling.
small surface voids in the substrate and to
provide a smooth surface to which the FRP
can bond. Pre- cured FRP systems include
unidirectional laminates, multi-directional
grid and pre-cured shells.
Typical flexural strengthening of a Flexural strengthening of reinforced

reinforced concrete T-beam using externally concrete girders of a cement manufacturing
bonded FRP reinforcement building in Poland using externally bonded
CFRP strips
Figure 6: Flexural strengthening of beams
Shear strengthening of beams the shear strength of the beam. Various

When a reinforced concrete beam is bonding schemes of FRP strips have been
deficient in shear, or when its shear capacity utilized to improve the shear capacity of
is less than the flexural capacity after reinforced concrete beams. The shear effect
flexural strengthening, the shear of FRP external reinforcement is maximized
strengthening of the respective beam has to when the fibre direction coincides to that
be considered. It has been realized that the of maximum principal tensile stress.
FRP bonded to the soffit of a reinforced Strengthening of RC slabs
concrete beam does not modify significantly When the reinforced concrete slabs are
the shear behavior from that of the un- simply supported the one-way slabs are
strengthened beams; therefore, the influence strengthened by bonding FRP strips to the
of FRP strips bonded to the soffit for flexural soffit along the required direction as shown
strengthening may be ignored in predicting
Shear strengthening scheme with FRP Typical shear strengthening of a reinforced

composites a)-FRP bonded to the web sides concrete T-beam using externally bonded
only; b)-U jacketing; c)-complete wrapping FRP reinforcement
Figure 7: Shear strengthening of beams

in Figure. For two-way slabs strengthening Strengthening of RC columns

must be applied for both directions, by The strengthening of existing RC columns
bonding FRP strips in both directions as using steel or FRP jacketing is based on a
shown in Figure. The possible collapse well-established fact that lateral
mechanism of a two-way slab suggests that confinement of concrete can substantially
the strengthening of such a slab can be enhance its axial compressive strength and
concentrated in the center. The FRP strips ductility. The most common form of FRP
can be terminated far away from the edges. column strengthening involves the external
Figure shows strengthening of concrete slab wrapping of FRP straps. The use of FRP
using CFRP strips on the top and underside composites provides a means for
of the slab. confinement without the increase in
stiffness (when only hoop reinforcing fibers
are utilized), enables rapid fabrication of
cost effective and durable jackets, with little
or no traffic disruption in most cases. In FRP-
confined concrete subjected to axial
compression, the FRP jackets are loaded
Figure 8: strengthening of one way slab mainly in hoop tension while the concrete
is subjected to tri-axial compression, so that
both materials are used to their best
advantages. As a result of the confinement,
both the strength and the ultimate strain of
concrete can be enhanced, while the tensile
strength of FRP can be effectively utilized.
Figure 9: strengthening of two way slab
Figure 10: Strengthening of concrete slab of a building using CFRP strips on the top and
underside of the slab
Methods of FRP strengthening for RC : Installation of FRP wrap

columns :a-wrapping of fabric ; b-partially
wrapping with strips ; c-prefabricated
jackets ;d-spiral rings; eautomated winding
;f- resin infusion
Figure 11: strengthening of columns
6. PRESTRESSED COMPOSITE SYSTEM will reduce traffic management and traffic

An economical alternative to conventional delay costs. Prestressing the strips prior to
prestressing methods used in new bonding has the following advantages: delay
construction is prestressing of composite crack formation in the shear, closes cracks
strips prior to the bonding procedure results in structures with pre-existing cracks,
in a more economical use of materials but improves serviceability and durability, and
requires special clamping devices. It can be improves the shear and flexural resistance
concluded that the strengthening methods of section. The technique has also some
with prestressed FRP are not so well disadvantages: it is more expensive than
established yet. It will take more normal strip bonding and the operation also
development work before they are suitable takes somewhat longer.
for practical applications since the pre-
stressing methods are still complicated to
use and installation techniques, both
manual and automatic, have yet to be
perfected. These include surface
preparation, prestressing, placing and
bonding, forming end anchorages and
vacuum bonding. Automatic application
methods will offer advantages in hazardous Strengthening with prestressed FRP strips
areas, where there is danger from traffic and
REFERENCES
1. Seismic retrofitting manual for
highway structures: part 1- Bridges.
2. Elisha D. Sotelino, Ming-Hung teng,
joint transportation research program.
Strengthening of Deteriorating decks
of highway bridges in Indiana using
FRPC
3. Indian Road Congress (IRC), Special
Publications (SP), 40. Guidelines for
Strengthening process of a bridge box girder
techniques for strengthening and
using prestressed CFRP strips with steel end
rehabilitation of bridges.
anchorage
4. Abhijit Mukherjee, Amit R. Kalyani
Figure 12: strengthening with prestressed
and Mangesh V. Joshi. Up gradation of
composite system
RC frames with FRC, Part I: Design of
7. CONCLUSIONS elements, Indian Concrete Journal (ICJ)
It is evident from the above discussion that 5. Abhijit Mukherjee, Amit R. Kalyani
FRP material can be successfully used in and Mangesh V. Joshi. Up gradation of
strengthening, rehabilitation and RC frames with FRC, Part II: Design of
retrofitting. It also appears, from the results elements, Indian Concrete Journal (ICJ)
of this study that the use of FRP is likely to
6. Abhijit Mukherjee and Mangesh Joshi,
continue and potentially become a
Recent advances in repair and
mainstream material in the near future.
rehabilitation of RCC structures with
Their main advantages over conventional
non-metallic fibers Journal notes from
civil engineering materials, such as steel and
Prof. Dept. of Civil, IIT, Bombay, India.
concrete, are their lightweight, corrosion
and chemical resistance, and high strength.
TECHNOLOGY LIFECYCLE OF CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS – A CASE

STUDY ON CONCRETE COMPOSITES & SELECTION AND EVALUATION
FOR USAGE IN REPAIR & REHABILITATION OF STRUCTURES
P. Srinivasa Reddy*
Abstract
Construction Chemicals and Composites are increasingly being used to repair
concrete structures, including onsite-impregnated composite fabrics and pre-
cured reinforcement strips to add load capacity and strength to concrete floors
and beams. Steel-reinforced concrete damaged commonly compromised by
temperature-induced contraction and expansion, yet times due to seismic events.
Cracks in concrete, permit moisture invasion, thus corrosion of re-bars and
spalling of cover concrete occurs, thereby premature decay starts. Eventually,
concrete structural failure happens. Composite materials invariably provide
practical solutions for concrete repairs for internal and external applications, to
ensure structural integrity and also to increase loads beyond the structures
designed capacity. Even, concrete composites, offer “cost-effective” and “durable”
remedies to distresses structures and also strengthen existing r.c. elements. Hence,
investigations for selection and evaluation of composite materials for concrete
structures, became an evolving topic in civil engineering fraternity.
Key Words: Binders; Brittle; Corrosion; Cracks; Damage tolerance; Ductility;
Durability; Energy absorbers; Fiber reinforced concrete (FRC); Glass fiber; Grouts;
Laminates; Metal matrix composites; polymers; Polypropylene fiber; retrofit;
Seismic; Spalling; Wraps;
INTRODUCTION: and protective coatings is receiving more

There is a growing national concern about and more attention among civil engineers
premature deterioration of our concrete in the recent past. This paper highlights the
infrastructure projects such as bridges, aqua various factors governing the selection and
ducts etc. requiring early repair and/or evaluation of various composite materials
replacement. Repair and restoration is the as repair products and protective laminates
fastest growing segment of the concrete for concrete strengthening & protection.
industry. This aspect, not only drains the Er. P. Srinivasa Reddy, possess
coffers of the nation, it also affects the time Specialization in Cement Chemistry,
frames of the new projects, thereby Concrete Technology, Construction
jeopardizing the progress of the country. Chemicals Applications, Repair &
Across the globe, billions of dollars are spent Rehabilitation of Engineering Structures and
annually in repair and restoration of also involved in Techno-commercial
distressed concrete structures. Thus litigation of all aspects. Has an in-depth
selection and evaluation of repair materials understanding of construction contracts,
*B.Tech, M.B.A, L.L.M, Research Scholar, Rayalaseema University, Kurnool, Chairman, Indian Concrete Institute
– Hyderabad Center
project management, remedying Significance of Selection:

construction defects and preparing and Concrete as a major construction material
negotiating large orders. has stood up for centuries, but the
Technology Life-cycle (in short “TLC”) is a performance of materials in the field of
powerful management tool to study the concrete repair and rehabilitation certainly
growth of a material considering the does not reflect well on the achievements
investment into research and development of the profession. This can be attributed to
and the returns through its applications in the lack of knowledge and understanding
industry in long term. TLC is a scientific about the performance of repair materials,
analysis of materials from ideation to especially composites. Hence the
development to launch to its maturity and significance of the selection and evaluation
subsequent decline. Literature indicates is gaining importance for various reasons
TLC can be categorized into four distinct like:
stages, i.e research & development, ascent, To raise confidence in repair technology.
maturity and decline. TLC study here was
specific to factors like Selection & To avoid hit-or-miss methods, often used in
Evaluation for effective adoption on large repair projects.
scale. Demographics include five categories To avoid premature failure of repair
namely innovators, early adopters, early schemes.
majority, late majority and laggards. While
To achieve longevity of repaired structures.
competitive edge places company above
competition in a given market. Ultimately, To assess the suitability for a given situation.
business is all about foresight and accurate Need for selection & Evaluation:
anticipation of future by visionary
A concrete composite repair material is
leadership. Construction chemicals are
made from two or more constituent
complex and complicated business, as these
materials with significantly different
are primarily ingredient to raw materials of
physical or chemical properties that, when
civil engineering projects, such as concrete.
combined, produce a material with
In general construction chemicals are
characteristics different from the individual
categorized into product groups and
components, and with significantly different
traditionally Product Management is
physical and chemical properties. In fact,
practiced. Thus Product life-cycle (short
Concrete itself is composite material,
“PLC”) is popular among construction
typically consists of cement, fine and course
chemical manufacturers worldwide. Here,
aggregate with water and other additives,
this paper, author attempts to bring distinct
admixtures etc mixed. These fundamental
advantages of TLC also makes its usage
materials are “ingredients of concrete” and
benefits. In selection and evaluation of
while others are referred to as “Composites”
construction chemicals – A case study on
as are made up of individual materials,
concrete composites.
hence known as constituent materials.
These composites categorized broadly into The suitability of right repair materials
“binders” and “reinforcement”. Popular depends on various factors like:
binders are Polymers, extensive used • Type of structure.
typically as polymer-based composite
materials for concrete repair mortars and • Amount of deterioration.
resins as matrices, especially used for fibre • Location of distress within the
reinforced plastics for retrofitting. structure.
Reinforcement usually adds rigidity and
• Temperature, RH, wind etc.,
greatly impedes crack propagation. Fiber-
reinforced composite materials can be • Situation of structure(under water,
divided into two main categories normally moist, raising dampness).
referred to as short fibre-reinforced • Environmental conditions.
materials and continuous fiber-reinforced
• Functional requirement.
materials. Continuous reinforced materials
will often constitute a layered or laminated • Service conditions (Chemical
structure. Repair materials like fiber- spillages, exposure to heat, UV rays,
reinforced cement composites, polymer Abrasion, Impact, wear & tear, freeze
cement composites, polymer impregnated & Thawee etc)
composites, ferrocement, cement • Time & Budget constrains
composites containing special aggregate etc
• Placement & Application methods.
are in use.
• Availability of material, men and
Each of the broad categories of composites
machinery.
as repair material has a wide variation of
properties within it so that there are no • Space & accessibility provisions.
representative materials. Realistic Evaluation of Repair materials:
performance testing requires representative
Needs good understanding of the
repairs to be exposed to a real – world
relationship among Composition of
environment for realistic durations.
materials, Microstructure, Physical
Selection of Repair material: properties, Long term behaviour of
In general, repair material selection is not materials, Codel provisions, Testing
simple & easy. This requires a holistic procedures and Performance requirements.
approach and appreciation of various cross Composite materials for concrete repair:
functional fields related to repair project
• Composite Concrete
like:
• Chemical & Mineral admixtures
Prognoses, Design, Material Science,
Specifications, Evaluation/Q C tests, • Curing compounds
Equipment, Skilled manpower and • Expanding/shrinkage compensating
Execution. additives
• Anti wash out additives • A proprietary concrete repair material

• Low viscosity epoxy grouts that once worked well might perform
poorly under a separate but similar
• Rapid set plugging materials application.
• Additives for short Crete/ guniting • Some times, the performance of a
• Fibers ( PP/Steel/Carbon/Glass) material can dramatically improved
after reformulation of repair material
• Bonding agents ( Epoxy, Acrylic, SBR,
PVA) Need for Composite Protective laminates /
overlays:
• Pre packed specialty repair products.
Corrosion of embedded steel in concrete is
• Anti- Corrosive primers such as Zinc
one of the major design concerns in
rich, cement slurry, polymer/epoxy
structures exposed to hostile environments
based coatings
in general and concrete bridges in coastal
• Protective laminates areas in particular. Usually, the problem
• Sealants (polysulphide, pitch PU, becomes real when the designers of concrete
epoxy tar, silicon, moisture /UW epoxy structures in coastal areas, ignore or lack of
sealants) understanding of Carbon dioxide, chloride
ion penetration into concrete and the
• Warping sheets/plates.
corrosion process. Thus the longevity and
Pre-packed Composite Repair Materials: durability of these structures are
• Fiber Cement Mortars compromised. Often the repairs are equally
faulty due to the same lack of understanding
• Polymer modified mortars
of the process by maintenance engineer of
• Micro concrete these concrete structures.
• Polymer and fiber based mortars Worldwide awareness about the use of
• Epoxy mortars / Concrete physical barriers i.e., surface protective
laminates , overlays, coatings is growing to
• Polyester resin mortars / concrete
keep carbon dioxide, chloride ions and other
• Polymer concrete aggressive harmful agents out of the
Reasons for evaluation of pre-packed concrete. This triggered the development of
systems: speciality composite protective systems to
protect bridges and other atmospherically
• Several sources of pre-packed specialty
exposed reinforced concrete structures from
materials.
attack by acidic gases, chloride ions, carbon
• Many materials are in the market for dioxide, sulphates, oxygen, water etc.
only a short period of time.
Factors governing the selection of
• Few keep their trade name, but are Composite Protective laminates / overlays:
extensively reformulated.
There are several factors which govern the
selection of material to be used as protective Government of India.

systems for concrete structures. Some of 2) IS 456 – 2000: Code of practice for
the key points to be looked at are : reinforced concrete structures.
• Compatibility with concrete 3) Specifications of NHAI for
• Chloride ion resistance strengthening & widening of
• Carbon dioxide diffusion resistance Highways.
• Resistance to moisture 4) Bridge Inspector’s Reference Manual:

IRC: SP52-1999.
• Resistance to acidic gases and vapour
5) Guide for Concrete Inspection: Act
• Resistance to liquid driven 311.4R – 95.
mechanisms
6) Nondestructive Test Method for
• Breathability Evaluation of Concrete in Structure:
• UV Resistance ACI 228.2R – 98.
• Aesthetics 7) Cause, Evaluation and Repair of Cracks
in Concrete Structures : ACI 228.1R -
• User friendly or easy application
93
• Flexibility
8) Indian Railways Bridge Manual, 1998.
• Economy
9) Non Destructive testing of Bridges,
• Long life and durability June 2005, IRICE, Pune.
• Environment friendly 10) Underwater Inspection of Bridges,
• Alkali resistant June, 2005, IRICE, Pune.
CONCLUSIONS: 11) Inspection and Maintenance of Steel
Girders, Indian Railways Manual.
The selection and evaluation of concrete
composites as repair material and protective 12) Proceeding of International event on
laminates / overlays save enormous time and “Inspection, Assessment, Condition
money by reducing the frequent repair costs Survey, Repair, Rehabilitation,
of already repaired concrete structure. Now Retrofitting and Protection of Concrete
as a part of the gaining concept of repair and Bridges and Buildings” 11 – 12 March
protection as a long term strategy towards 2005.
the concrete repairs, a suitable protective 13) Guide for making a condition survey
systems need to be applied, also to be of concrete in service: ACI 201.1R-92.
assessed.
14) Technical Report on Assessment of
References: Concrete Bridges of M/s Rehab
1) Specifications for Roads & Bridges, Technologies.
Ministry of Surface Transport, 15) Inspection and Maintenance of
Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete 25) Non destructive testing and Inspection
Strucutres. Federation International de manual, Central Railway, prepared by
Precontrainte (FIP), Thomas Telford Ramboll.
Ltd, London,1986. 26) Colla, C., (1997), NDT of masonry arch
16) Appraisal of existing structures. bridges, PhD Thesis, The University of
Institution of Structural Engineers, Edinburgh, Dept. Civil and
London, 1980. Environmental Engineering,
17) BS 1881, Part 201, Guide to the use of Edinburgh, 242 pp.
non-distructive methods of test for 27) Heiland, C.A., (1968), Geophysical
hardened concrete. British Standards exploration, New York, Hafner
Institution, London. Publishing Co.
18) BS 6089, Guide to Assessment of 28) Kearey, P., Brooks, M., (1991), An
concrete strength in existing Introduction to Geophysical
structures. British Standards Exploration, Oxford.
Institution, London. 29) Keller, G.V., Frischknecht, F.C., (1966),
19) Concrete core testing for strength. Electrical methods in geophysical
Technical Report. 11, Concrete Society, prospecting, Ch. 1. Pergamon Press,
London, 1987. N.Y.
20) ASTM C 805, Rebound number of 30) Mair, A. J., (1994) A new UK design
hardened concrete. American Society standard for unreinforced arch bridges,
for Testing and Materials, Unpublished Report, 10p.
Philadelphia. 31) Proceedings of International
21) BS 1881: Part 203 Recommentations Symposium (NDT-CE 2003) Non-
for measurement of velocity of Destructive Testing in Civil
ultrasonic pulses in concrete. British Engineering 2003.
Standards Institution, London. 32) Role of New Generation Chemicals in
22) ASTM C 597 Standard test method for Effective Rehabilitation of distressed
pulse velocity through concrete. Bridges: P. Srinivasa Reddy etc at “4th
American Society for Testing and International Seminar on Bridges &
Materials, Philadelphia. Aqueducts 2000”
23) The testing of Concrete in Structures. 33) Role of Construction Chemicals for
J H Bungey, Surrey University Press, Preventive Maintenance of Bridge
New York. repairs: P. Srinivasa Reddy
24) State of the art review on Repair of “International conference on Cable
concrete bridges: G P Mallett, Thomas stayed, supported and suspended
Telford. bridges” 19-21 Nov 1999.
34) Materials & Methodologies for 40) Cracks in Concrete – Causes,

Concrete Repair & Protection: P. Prevention and Remedies: P. Srinivasa
Srinivasa Reddy “ 7 th International Reddy publishes in “Construction
conference on Inspection Appraisal, World”
Assessment, Repair and Maintenance 41) Seepage’s & Leakage’s in concrete
of Building & Structures” 15 –17 Dec structures: P. Srinivasa Reddy,
1999, Melbourne, Australia. published in “ New Building Materials
35) Sacrificial Anodes for sustaining & Construction World”.
localized Concrete Repairs: P. Srinivasa 42) Specialty Coatings for Concrete
Reddy” Global Corrosion Meet” Protection: P. Srinivasa Reddy, “ Our
CORCON 2000, NACE, 20 – 23 World in Concrete & Structures”, 22-
November 2000. 24 August 2001, Singapore.
36) Concrete Bridge protection Systems: 43) Re-alkalization and Desalination –
Case studies: P. Srinivasa Reddy “Our Changing the face of concrete repairs
World of Concrete” 20 – 25th August in the new millennium: P. Srinivasa
2000, Singapore. Reddy at National Seminar on
37) Modern methods for corrosion “Industrial Structures in new
mitigation: P. Srinivasa Reddy, Millennium”.
published in Civil Engineering & 44) Intensive care repairs for rail and road
Construction Review, January 2001. bridges – Case Study: P Srinivasa
38) Selection and Evaluation of repair Reddy, “New Building Materials and
materials and protective coatings: P. Construction World”, February 2007.
Srinivasa Reddy published in New 45) Concrete Repairs – Current Scenario,
Building Materials and Construction Challenges and Future Trends: P
World. Srinivasa Reddy, “The Master Builder”,
39) Materials and Techniques for February 2007.
underwater repairs: P. Srinivasa Reddy,
published in Civil Engineering &
Construction Review.
LOW VISCOSITY CONCRETE, ADVANCEMENTS IN

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
Nilotpolkar*
Abstract
A higher demand for high-rise buildings worldwide, relatively recent advances
in concrete technology and developments in construction methods has led to an
increasing number of reinforced concrete supertall and mega tall high-rise
buildings being constructed. Special attention is required when making use of
concrete in these buildings. Concrete pumping for construction purposes is
directly related to two major factors, concrete composition and the mechanical
characteristics of the pumping equipment. Concrete mix composition affects the
properties of fresh concrete such as bleeding, segregation, viscosity, cohesion
and compactness. These properties have a significant impact on the pumpability
of the concrete. High viscosity of fresh concrete has a big impact on its pump-
ability, place-ability and surface finishing. Low viscosity concrete with appropriate
rheological properties that help save placing time and labor costs and therefore
highly relevant for the construction industry. The workability of fresh concrete
is usually characterized by its slump and slump flow values. However, workers
often notice significant differences when handling concrete prepared as per
different recipes, even if they exhibit very similar workability. Especially concretes
with high SCM content that are treated with MasterEase are less sticky and can
be placed with low effort. This behavior is quantified by comparing yield values,
plastic viscosity and thixotropic and is characterized by using V-funnel and
rheometer tests. This paper discusses state-of-the-art solutions to problems and
successful examples of implementationin selected areas: concrete composition
and the mechanical characteristics of the pumping equipment for high rise
construction.
Key words: yield values, low viscosity concrete, thixotropy, rheology
*Business Director (BASF India Ltd – South Asia) Nilotpol.kar@basf.com

USE OF PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS FOR NON-

DESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION AND MONITORING IN
CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Dr. Akshay S. K. Naidu*
Abstract
One of the potential and emerging technology is the use of piezoelectric ceramic
chips for non-destructive evaluation and monitoring applications in concrete.
The piezoelectric materials undergo mechanical strains on application of
electrical potential across its polarized ends and conversely, inducing mechanical
strains to the piezoelectric material produces electric change. This dual property
of piezoelectric materials enables their use both as actuators and sensors.
Alternating voltage/current appliedto the piezoelectric ceramics such as lead-
Zirconate-Titanate (PZT) causes it to vibrate mechanically inducing high
ultrasonic frequencies of actuation. The prominent methods using Piezoelectric
ceramic chips are (a) Electromechanical Impedance method using a single chip
for both actuating and sensing and (b) Wave propagation based methods using
two PZTs, one as an actuator and other as a sensor. This paper reviews the recent
developments in these two methods in their applications to monitoring of concrete
curing/hydration, detection of delamination of FRP laminates for retrofitted
concrete structures, monitoring the integrity of pre-stressed systems and several
damage detection applications.
Keywords – Structural Health Monotiring (SHM), Electromechanical impedance
(EMI) method, Ultrasonic wave propagation method, Piezoelectric ceramic
transducers, Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT), Non-destructive testing (NDT)
I. INTRODUCTION inspection. These require some idea of

With India emerging as a global economic damage location based on technical
and technically powerful country, there is a knowledge and inferential insight, even
great need in quantitative and qualitative before testing. Further, the application of
development in Civil Infrastructure. This NDT methods may require the portion of
also necessitates the development of proper the structure to be isolated and unused
maintenance, monitoring and retrofitting during the period of evaluation.
technologies. There are many existing non- Unlike the conventional NDT methods, the
destructive evaluation (NDE) and non- philosophy of Structural Health Monitoring
destructive testing (NDT) methods, each one (SHM) aims at continuous monitoring and
having a specific and confined scope of evaluation of the structural integrity using
application[1], [2]. NDE and NDT methods information from sensors, surface bonded
are applied for evaluation of the structural or embedded within the structure. The
systems at the scheduled periods of SHM methods do not require knowledge of
*Department of Civil Engineering,, Methodist College of Engineering and Technology (OU), Hyderabad, INDIA
e-mail: akshaynaidu@methodist.edu.in
the damage location a priori to the the path of the lamb wave the characteristics
evaluation and can be applied even during of the receptive signals change, and thus
the service period of the buildings, bridges serves as a damage indicator [6], [10].
or other infrastructure[3]. This paper primarily focuses on the various
Smart Piezoelectric ceramic chips, such as applications of SHM in concrete structures
Lead-Zirconate-Titanate (PZT), exhibit made using the electro-mechanical
unique properties of converting AC impedance (EMI) method and the wave
electrical signal to mechanical vibrations propagation (WP) method.
and vice-versa. Due to this dual property, II. THE ELECTROMECHANICAL
the piezoelectric ceramic chips can be used IMPEDANCE METHOD
both as actuators and sensors. These have
been extensively investigated in the last two A. Damage Identification Methodology
decades for NDE and SHM applications in Piezoelectric materials are a popular class
structures[4]–[6]. There are three methods of smart materials, usually obtained in the
that are used in NDE and monitoring using form of Lead ZirconateTitanate (PZT)
piezoelectrics. First, is the acoustic emission ceramics or Polyvinylideneflouride (PVDF)
technique in which the defect or damage polymer films. Piezoelectric materials
creates a stress wave that in turn produces deform (strain) when an electric field is
a vibration in the PZT in near vicinity of applied across their polarized ends and
the damage, which is reflected as the charge/ conversely produce voltage across their
current across the PZT electrodes [7], [8]. poles when subjected to mechanical strain,
This falls in the category of passive SHM as shown in Figure 1. This bifunctional
methods, where the PZT acts only as property makes the piezoelectrics be used
sensors, and diagnostic signal is generated both as actuators and sensors.
only upon damage, whenever that happens.
Second, is the electromechanical impedance
(EMI) technology which utilizes a single
PZT, which acts as simultaneous actuator
and sensor, and extracts the impedance
frequency response as its diagnostic signal.
These EMI signatures change upon
occurrence of a damage and thus changed
pattern indicates a damage[5], [9]. Another
variant using of NDT/SHM technique is the
use of two PZTs, where one PZT serves as
the actuator by generating a ultrasonic lamb
wave over the surface of the structure and
Figure 1: PZT transducer response to Voltage
the second PZT serves a sensor at a distance
to capture the signal. If damage exists in
The E/M impedance method exploits Precision LCR meter, Wayne Kerr Precision
this feature of the PZT ceramic transducers impedance analyzer[9], [11]. An image of
by subjecting them to alternating voltage such equipment is shown below in Figure
source, which induces high frequency 3. The commonly used electrical
vibration to the PZT. The PZT, which is conducting wires are used to connect the
surface-bonded onto or embedded within PZT transducer and the impedance
the structural element, induces actuation in analyzer. One end of the two wires is
the structure, locally. The conductance soldered to the two opposite electrodes of
signature, that is the real part of the electrical the PZT transducer. The other ends of the
admittance (Y) of the PZT as a function of wires are connected to the terminals of the
the excitation frequency, is extracted using impedance measuring equipment.
impedance analyzers or LCR meters.
Damage in a structure alters the mass,
stiffness and damping characteristics, which
alters the mechanical impedance of the host
structure locally. As there exists a coupling
between mechanical impedances of the PZT
and the host structure, changes in the
mechanical impedance of the structure,
reflects in the changes in the
electricalconductance (Re Y) of the PZT.
This serves as the damage indicator, the
sample of which is shown in figure 2. Figure 3: Image of the Impedance Measuring
Equipment
Power requirement: The impedance
analyzer imposes an alternating voltage
signal of 1 volts rms (root mean square) to
the bonded PZT transducer over the user
specified preset frequency range. It has been
observed that higher excitation voltage has
no influence on the conductance signature,
Figure 2. Real admittance signatures for but might only be helpful in amplifying
damaged and undamaged states (in siemens) weak structural modes[12].
B. Technical Aspects of the EMI method Adhesive: The adhesives usually used to
bond the PZT transducer chips on to the
Equipment requirement: The admittance structure are epoxy resins. The adhesive has
signature of the PZT transducer is usually to transfer the high frequency mechanical
acquired using commercially available actuation of the PZT to the structure.
impedance analyzers, such as HP 4192A Adhesive layer must also be a transparent
impedance analyzer,Agilent E4980A
via medium to allow coupling of the host frequency range (<70 kHz) covers a large
structure with the PZT. Thus, epoxy used sensing area.
must be of high shear modulus after Damage Metrics: The prominent effects of
hardening and must be of smallest possible structural damages on the conductance
thickness for achieving uniform bonding. signature are the appearance of new peaks
The effect of the adhesive layer on the in the signature and lateral and vertical
quality of admittance signatures, both real shifting of the peaks, which are the main
part - conductance and the imaginary part damage indicators. Many pattern
– susceptance, have been extensively recognition techniques to quantify these
studied[13]. variations have been reported in the
Size and shapes of PZT: Annamdas and literature, such as the root mean square
Soh[14], [15] showed that the decrease in deviation (RMSD), waveform chain code
thickness for the same ‘length and width’ (WCC) technique, the signature assurance
resulted an increase of amplitudefor first criteria (SAC), the adaptive template
major peak in admittance signature, and matching (ATM), relative deviation (RD),
vice-versa. Increase in ‘length and width’ for mean absolute percent deviation (MAPD),
the same thicknessresulted a horizontal shift Coefficient of correlation (CC) and
of first major peak towards left, and vice- Covariance (Cov)[11], [12], [16]. These are
versa. all non-parametric and purely statistical
Sensing region:The sensing radius of a damage metrics. Naidu and Soh[18], [19]
typical PZT transducer might vary demonstrated that purely statistical damage
anywhere from 0.4m on composite materials metrics do not capture the very important
structures to about 2m on metallic effects on structural dynamic parameters,
beams[11], [16]. such as the natural frequency, due to
structural damages. The parametric metrics
Frequency Range:The conductance try to capture changes in natural frequency
signature of the PZT is acquired over a high and modal parameters, and give better
frequency range in the pristine or ‘healthy’ insight in identifying location as well as the
state of the structure. Later, whenever severity of the damage.
desired to assess the structural health, the
signature is extracted again and compared Temperature corrections: The conductance
with the pristine signature. For effective signatures of the PZT transducers are
detection of the changes in signatures temperature sensitive. Thus, the effects on
appropriate frequency range may be chosen. the signature due to damage and due to
Park and co-workers[17] recommended a temperature exist simultaneously. This
frequency range from 30 kHz to 400 kHz for necessitates a method to decouple the two.
obtaining the admittance signatures of the Over a small frequency band, the overall
PZT transducers 5 to 15mm in size. A higher effect of temperature has been observed to
frequency range (>200 kHz) is favourable be a superposition of uniform horizontal and
in localizing the sensing range, while a lower vertical translations of the signature[12].
This is absolutely different from the bridges. This is because the operating
signature deviation resulting from any frequency range in EMI technique is in the
damages, which cause an abrupt and local ultrasonic range (> 20 kHz), which the
variation. Thus, the effect due to mechanical noise have much lower
temperature can be compensated with frequencies, usually.
suitable corrections to the admittance The EMI technique has been used along
signatures before going ahead for damage with a damage prognosis model based on
assessment [20]. linear elastic fracture mechanics concept to
III. STRUCTURAL MONITORING estimate the remaining useful life of
APPLICATIONS structure subjected to fatigue [29].
There have been numerous reports on The EMI technique has also been used to
successful proof-of-the-concept tests for monitor the axial and flexural stresses in
damage identification in structures with the beams to distinguish them from damage
EMI technique [4], [9], [17]. induced changes in the conductance
The most prominent applications in signatures [30]–[33].
localized damage identification have been The EMI technique has been applied for
reported on lab-sized truss structure, large monitoring initial hydration of concrete[34],
scale prototype truss joint, steel bridge joints [35] and strength gain during curing period
and pipe joints [21]–[23], RC Bridge of 5m [36], [37]. Extending the application of the
span subjected to destructive flexural load method, the EMI technique has been
test[24], in plain concrete structures[25], successfully tested as a potential method for
steel andaluminium plates [26] and aircraft corrosion assessment of RC structures,
panels and components [27], [28]. In all of which is a critical factor for its durability.
these applications, it was shown that for the Previous works on corrosion detection using
PZT sensor that was in a closer vicinity to EMI have also been reported in the
the induced damage, the damage metrics work[38].
estimating the changes in PZT conductance Even in the field of retrofitting and
signatures were higher compared to the strengthening of structures, the EMI method
values for those PZTs that were far away has been applied for monitoring the
from the location of the damage. Thus, by debonding of CFRP laminates and FRP
using an array of PZT transducers in rebars[39], [40].Use of embedded PZT
different critical locations of the structure transducer as smart aggregate for concrete
will enable in localizing the damage strength and health monitoring is also
occurrences for long term monitoring of reported [41]–[44].
structures. It has also been observed in some
of the these works that the EMI conductance IV. WAVE PROPAGATION METHOD
signatures are not affected by the A. The Methodology
mechanical noise due to random impacts or
The WP technique employs built-in PZT
motions such as vehicular motions on
patches as transmitters and receivers to [47].

generate and receive diagnostic stress waves During the curing process, concrete
along the host structures. It requires two or gradually sets and hardens with time.
more PZT transducers. Making use of the Mechanical properties such as damping
converse piezoelectric effect, one PZT patch ratio, modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio
is used as an actuator to generate a high and density can be qualitatively or
frequency transient signal, usually in the quantitatively characterized through
form of a sinusoidal tone burst. With the observing and analyzing the amplitude, time
patch mechanically attached to the host of flight (TOF) and transmission energy of
structure, an elastic solid wave (high the sensor’s electrical signatures[6]. Based
frequency guided ultrasonic waves) will be on similar principle, damage monitoring of
generated which travels radially from the concrete structures has also been
piezoelectric actuator across the medium. extensively studied. Similar to the EMI
Fig. 3 depicts the 2-D elastic wave generated technique, application of the PZT chips in
by a surface bonded PZT transducer under the WP technique can be either embedded
excitation. When the mechanical wave into or surface bonded onto the concrete
reaches the piezoelectric sensor, it is then structure[48], [49].
converted back to an electrical wave (output
voltage) through the direct piezoelectric V. CONCLUSIONS
effect. In this brief review paper, the
electromechanical impedance (EMI) and the
Wave Propagation (WP) method that utilizes
the electromechanical characteristics of the
PZT for structural health monitoring (SHM)
is presented. The fundamental concept of
the EMI and the WP methods and their
applications in SHM are briefly highlighted.
Figure 3. Mechanical waves emitted by PZT The presentation is to give a brief exposure
chip to the topic. For detailed study the readers
would have to go through the references
B. Applications to Concrete Structures
cited in this paper.
One of the first exploration of piezoelectric
REFERENCES
materials for damage detection was the use
of PZT generated Lamb waves for [1] J. HO£A and K. SCHABOWICZ, “State-
delamination detection[45]. Crack detection of-the-art non-destructive methods for
and localization capability of the WP diagnostic testing of building
technique has also been extensively studied structures–anticipated development
[46].Modelling and tuning of Lamb waves trends,” Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng., vol. 3,
for effective damage monitoring in thin no. 10, pp. 5–18, 2010.
metallic structures has also been studied
[2] IAEA, Guidebook on non-destructive [9] V. G. M. Annamdas and C. K. Soh,

testing of concrete structures. “Application of electromechanical
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY impedance technique for engineering
AGENCY, VIENNA., 2002. structures: review and future issues,”
[3] D. Balageas, C.-P. Fritzen, and A. J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct., vol. 21,
Güemes, Structural health monitoring, no. 1, pp. 41–59, 2010.
vol. 493. Wiley Online Library, 2006. [10] V. Giurgiutiu, “Lamb wave generation
[4] V. G. Annamdas and M. A. Radhika, with piezoelectric wafer active sensors
“Electromechanical impedance of for structural health monitoring,”
piezoelectric transducers for Smart Struct. Mater. 2003, vol. 5056,
monitoring metallic and non-metallic pp. 111–122, 2003.
structures: A review of wired, wireless [11] K. K. Tseng and A. S. K. Naidu, “Non-
and energy-harvesting methods,” J. parametric damage detection and
Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct., vol. 24, no. characterization using smart
9, pp. 1021–1042, 2013. piezoceramic material,” Smart Mater.
[5] W. S. Na and J. Baek, “A Review of the Struct., vol. 11, no. 3, p. 317, 2002.
Piezoelectric Electromechanical [12] F. P. Sun, Z. A. Chaudhry, C. A. Rogers,
Impedance Based Structural Health M. Majmundar, and C. Liang,
Monitoring Technique for Engineering “Automated real-time structure health
Structures,” Sensors, vol. 18, no. 5, p. monitoring via signature pattern
1307, 2018. recognition,” in Smart Structures &
[6] Y. Y. Lim, S. T. Smith, and C. K. Soh, Materials’ 95, 1995, pp. 236–247.
Wave propagation based monitoring of [13] S. Bhalla and S. Moharana, “A refined
concrete curing using piezoelectric shear lag model for adhesively bonded
materials: Review and path forward. piezo-impedance transducers,” J.
Elsevier, 2018. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct., vol. 24, no.
[7] C. Ouyang, E. Landis, and S. P. Shah, 1, pp. 33–48, 2013.
“Damage assessment in concrete using [14] V. G. M. Annamdas and C. K. Soh,
quantitative acoustic emission,” J. Eng. “ T h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l
Mech., vol. 117, no. 11, pp. 2681–2698, electromechanical impedance model.
1991. I: Formulation of directional sum
[8] W. Li, Q. Kong, S. C. M. Ho, Y. L. Mo, impedance,” J. Aerosp. Eng., vol. 20,
and G. Song, “Feasibility study of using no. 1, pp. 53–62, 2007.
smart aggregates as embedded acoustic [15] V. G. M. Annamdas and C. K. Soh,
emission sensors for health monitoring “Three-dimensional electro-
of concrete structures,” Smart Mater. mechanical impedance model. II:
Struct., vol. 25, no. 11, p. 115031, Damage analysis and PZT
2016. characterization,” J. Aerosp. Eng., vol.
20, no. 1, pp. 63–71, 2007. “Impedance-based health monitoring

[16] S. Bhalla, “A mechanical impedance of civil structural components,” J.
approach for structural identification, Infrastruct. Syst., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 153–
health monitoring and non-destructive 160, 2000.
evaluation using piezo-impedance [23] G. Park, H. H. Cudney, and D. J. Inman,
transducers.,” PhD Thesis, Nanyang “Feasibility of using impedance-based
Technological University, Singapore, damage assessment for pipeline
2004. structures,” Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn.,
[17] G. Park, H. Sohn, C. R. Farrar, and D. J. vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 1463–1474, 2001.
Inman, “Overview of piezoelectric [24] C. Soh, K. K. H. Tseng, S. Bhalla, and
impedance-based health monitoring A. Gupta, “Performance of smart
and path forward,” Shock Vib. Dig., piezoceramic patches in health
vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 451–464, 2003. monitoring of a RC bridge,” Smart
[18] A. S. K. Naidu and C. K. Soh, Mater. Struct., vol. 9, no. 4, p. 533,
“Identifying damage location with 2000.
admittance signatures of smart piezo- [25] A. S. Naidu and S. Bhalla, “Damage
transducers,” J. Intell. Mater. Syst. detection in concrete structures with
Struct., vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 627–642, smart piezoceramic transducers,” in
2004. Smart Materials, Structures, and
[19] A. S. K. Naidu and C. K. Soh, “Damage Systems, 2003, pp. 684–690.
severity and propagation [26] A. S. K. Naidu, “Structural damage
characterization with admittance identification with admittance
signatures of piezo transducers,” Smart signatures of smart PZT transducers.,”
Mater. Struct., vol. 13, no. 2, p. 393, PhD Thesis, Nanyang Technological
2004. University, Singapore, 2004.
[20] G. Park, K. Kabeya, H. H. Cudney, and [27] V. Giurgiutiu and A. Zagrai, “Damage
D. J. Inman, “Impedance-based detection in simulated aging-aircraft
structural health monitoring for panels using the electro-mechanical
temperature varying applications,” impedance technique,” ASME-Publ.-
JSME Int. J. Ser. Solid Mech. Mater. AD, vol. 60, pp. 349–358, 2000.
Eng., vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 249–258, 1999. [28] V. Giurgiutiu, A. Zagrai, and J. Bao,
[21] J. W. Ayres, F. Lalande, Z. Chaudhry, “Embedded Active Sensors for In-situ
and C. A. Rogers, “Qualitative Structural Health Monitoring of Aging
impedance-based health monitoring of Aircraft Structures,” Proc. 7th ASME
civil infrastructures,” Smart Mater. NDE Top. Conf., vol. 20, 2001.
Struct., vol. 7, no. 5, p. 599, 1998. [29] Y. Y. Lim and C. K. Soh, “Fatigue life
[22] G. Park, H. H. Cudney, and D. J. Inman, estimation of a 1D aluminum beam
under mode-I loading using the reinforced concrete structures using

electromechanical impedance structural parameters identified by
technique,” Smart Mater. Struct., vol. piezo sensors via electromechanical
20, no. 12, p. 125001, 2011. impedance technique,” Mech. Syst.
[30] M. Abe, G. Park, and D. J. Inman, Signal Process., vol. 99, pp. 129–141,
“Impedance-based monitoring of stress 2018.
in thin structural members,” UNIT [36] S. Bhalla, A. S. Naidu, C. W. Ong, and
45002 APO AP 96337-5002, p. 285, C.-K. Soh, “Practical issues in the
2001. implementation of electro-mechanical
[31] C.-W. Ong, Y. Yang, A. S. Naidu, Y. Lu, impedance technique for NDE,” in
and C. K. Soh, “Application of the SPIE’s International Symposium on
electro-mechanical impedance Smart Materials, Nano-, and Micro-
method for the identification of in-situ Smart Systems, 2002, pp. 484–494.
stress in structures,” in SPIE’s [37] V. G. M. Annamdas, Y. Yang, and C. K.
International Symposium on Smart Soh, “Impedance based concrete
Materials, Nano-, and Micro-Smart monitoring using embedded PZT
Systems, 2002, pp. 503–514. sensors,” Int. J. Civ. Struct. Eng., vol.
[32] V. G. M. Annamdas, Y. Yang, and C. K. 1, no. 3, pp. 414–424, 2010.
Soh, “Influence of loading on the [38] V. Talakokula and S. Bhalla,
electromechanical admittance of “Reinforcement corrosion assessment
piezoceramic transducers,” Smart capability of surface bonded and
Mater. Struct., vol. 16, no. 5, p. 1888, embedded piezo sensors for reinforced
2007. concrete structures,” J. Intell. Mater.
[33] Y. Y. Lim and C. K. Soh, “Effect of Syst. Struct., p. 1045389X14554133,
varying axial load under fixed 2014.
boundary condition on admittance [39] S. Park, J.-W. Kim, C. Lee, and S.-K.
signatures of electromechanical Park, “Impedance-based wireless
impedance technique,” J. Intell. Mater. debonding condition monitoring of
Syst. Struct., p. 1045389X12437888, CFRP laminated concrete structures,”
2012. NDT E Int., vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 232–238,
[34] Y. Yang, B. S. Divsholi, and C. K. Soh, 2011.
“A reusable PZT transducer for [40] W. Li, S. Fan, S. C. M. Ho, J. Wu, and
monitoring initial hydration and G. Song, “Interfacial debonding
structural health of concrete,” Sensors, detection in fiber-reinforced polymer
vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 5193–5208, 2010. rebar–reinforced concrete using
[35] V. Talakokula, S. Bhalla, and A. Gupta, electro-mechanical impedance
“Monitoring early hydration of technique,” Struct. Health Monit., p.
1475921717703053, 2017.
[41] G. Song, H. Gu, and Y.-L. Mo, “Smart composite beams using built-in
aggregates: multi-functional sensors piezoelectrics: part I—experiments
for concrete structures—a tutorial and and analysis,” J. Intell. Mater. Syst.
a review,” Smart Mater. Struct., vol. 17, Struct., vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 649–663,
no. 3, p. 33001, 2008. 1995.
[42] G. Song, H. Gu, Y. L. Mo, T. T. C. Hsu, [46] J.-B. Ihn and F.-K. Chang, “Detection
and H. Dhonde, “Concrete structural and monitoring of hidden fatigue crack
health monitoring using embedded growth using a built-in piezoelectric
piezoceramic transducers,” Smart sensor/actuator network: I.
Mater. Struct., vol. 16, no. 4, p. 959, Diagnostics,” Smart Mater. Struct., vol.
2007. 13, no. 3, p. 609, 2004.
[43] S. Jain, S. S. Prakash, and K. V. L. [47] V. Giurgiutiu, “Tuned Lamb wave
Subramaniam, “Monitoring of excitation and detection with
Concrete Cylinders With and Without piezoelectric wafer active sensors for
Steel Fibers Under Compression Using structural health monitoring,” J. Intell.
Piezo-Ceramic Smart Aggregates,” J. Mater. Syst. Struct., vol. 16, no. 4, pp.
Nondestruct. Eval., vol. 35, no. 4, p. 291–305, 2005.
59, 2016. [48] Y. Lu, J. Li, L. Ye, and D. Wang, “Guided
[44] A. Narayanan and K. V. Subramaniam, waves for damage detection in rebar-
“Experimental evaluation of load- reinforced concrete beams,” Constr.
induced damage in concrete from Build. Mater., vol. 47, pp. 370–378,
distributed microcracks to localized 2013.
cracking on electro-mechanical [49] B. S. Divsholi and Y. Yang, “Combined
impedance response of bonded PZT,” embedded and surface-bonded
Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 105, pp. piezoelectric transducers for
536–544, 2016. monitoring of concrete structures,”
[45] C. H. Keilers Jr and F.-K. Chang, NDT E Int., vol. 65, pp. 28–34, 2014.
“Identifying delamination in
LOAD DEFLECTION CHARACTERISTICS OF FIBROUS

TRIPLE BLENDED SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE
S.Vijaya Kumar1, B.Dean kumar2 and B.L.P. Swami3
Abstract
The present experimental investigation is carried out on the load deflection
variation of fibrous triple blended SCC with different ages. Fly ash and condensed
silica fume (CSF) are both employed as replacement to cement at various
percentages to give triple blending. By doing this kind of triple blending it is
expected to derive the beneficial properties of both the mineral admixtures.
Concrete mix M40 grade is designed and tried for the SCC. Steel fibres of constant
aspect ratio 20 are tried in the present investigation. SCC mixtures with various
combinations were tested for workability, load deflection behaviour and
compressive strength at different ages. Based on the experimental investigations
carried out important and practically useful conclusions are drawn.
Key words:Triple blending, VMA, Super plasticizer, fibre, workability , flexural
strength , aspect ratio.
I. INTRODUCTION structure and, due to its high-fluidity and

1.1 Development of self compacting resistance to segregation it can be pumped
concrete: over longer distances.
Development of self-compacting concrete 1.2 Necessity For Development of Self-

(SCC) is a desirable achievement in the Compacting:
construction industry in order to overcome The motives for development of Self-
problems associated with east-in place compacting concrete were the social
concrete. Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is problem on durability of concrete structures
an innovative concrete. It does not require that arose around 1983 in Japan. Due to a
vibration for placing and compaction and it gradual reduction in the number of skilled
is able to flow under its own weight workers in Japan’s construction industry, a
completely filling form work and achieving similar reduction in the quality of
full compaction even in the presence of construction work took place. One solution
congested reinforcement. The hardened for the achievement of durable concrete
concrete is dense, homogeneous and has the structures independent of the quality of
same engineering properties and durability construction work was the employment of
as traditional vibrated concrete.Self- Self-compacting concrete, which could be
compacting concrete is not affected by the compacted into every corner of a formwork,
skills of workers, the shape and amount of purely by means of its own weight.
reinforcing bars or the arrangement of a
1
Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engg., Vasavi College of Engineering, Hyderabad, vijayakumar74@gmail.com
2
Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNTU, Hyderabad ; bdeamkumar@gmail.com
3
Professor, Dept. of Civil Engg., Methodist College of Engg. and Technology, blpswami@yahoo.com
1.3. Self Compacting High Performance production of SCC can be compensated by

Concrete: the saving in labour cost being spent for
During their studies, they found that the compaction and vibration.
main cause of the poor durability 1.5 Brief Review of Previous work:
performances of Japanese concrete in Narayana,R (5) studied the workability
structures was the inadequate consolidation characteristics of steel fibers reinforced
of the concrete in casting operation. By concrete(SFRC) and concluded that
developing concrete that self-consolidates, workability is decreased with increase in
they eliminated the main cause for the poor fiber reinforcement. A new form of concrete
durability performance of the concrete. By which can be compacted into every corner
1988, the concept was developed and ready of form work purely by means of its own
for the first real-scale tests and at the same weight was proposed by Okamura (7).
time firstprototype of Self-compacting Okamura and Ouchi(9) developed SCC by
concrete was completed using materials using chemical admixtures like
available already in the market. The (9)
superplasticizers.Ozava studied the
prototype performed satisfactorily with durability requirements of High
regard to drying and hardening, shrinkage, performance concrete(HPC).
heat of hydration, and denseness after
hardening, and other properties and was 1.6 Objective of the Present Investigation:
named -High Performance concrete”. At In the present experimental investigation,
almost the same time “High Performance SCC is produced replacing cement with two
concrete- was defined as a concrete with mineral admixtures (fly ash and condensed
durability due to low water to cement ratio silica fume (CSF)) at optimum percentages.
by professor Aitcin (Ouchi et al., 1996). Further, steel fibers with a constant aspect
Since then the term high performance ratio of 20 were added to the SCC mix at
concrete has been used around the world to percentages varying from 0.1 to 0.40. In
refer to high durability concrete. Therefore, addition to strength results, the flexural
Okamura ( i.e.997) has changed the term for characteristics are studied.
the proposed concrete to -Self-compacting
CONCLUSIONS:
High Performance concrete”.
Based on the experimental investigation
1.4 Requirements of SCC:
carried out the following conclusions are
The most important quality of SCC is its drawn:
flowability. It should remain flowable for
1. Workability requirements can be
considerable time and initially and if
satisfied in the case of SCC with steel
necessary it should be pumpable. Sufficient
fibre by judiciously limiting the
strength should be obtained at 28 days as
percentage and aspect ratio.
well as the early ages.SCC is cost effective.
The cost of chemicals used in the 2. 0.4 % of steel fibers with an aspect ratio
of 20 can be considered as optimum
TABLE 1: Strength results of fibrous SCC at different ages:
so as not to cause interference with the 7. A total of 30% mineral

smooth flow of SCC. admixtures(20% fly ash + 10 % CSF)
3. Due to the presence of steel fibers, the with 0.4% steel fiber having of an
respective strengths of SCC have aspect ratio of 20 gives an optimum
increased. There is nearly 45% M40 SCC possessing alround
increase in the tensile and flexural properties.
strength with 0.4 % fibers at the age of ACKNOWLEDGEMENET:
28 days. The authors acknowledge gratefully the help
4. Steel fibrous have not only increased and encouragement received from the
the flexural strength of SCC but also authorities of Vasavi College of Engineering,
contributed towards better ductility Hyderabad.
and crack resistance. REFERENCE
5. A percentage of 0.4 of steel fibrous 1. ACI 544, IR-96, State of the report on
with an aspect ratio of 20 is found to fibre reinforced concrete, Farmington
be optimum in the case of fibrous SCC. Hills, Michigan: American concrete
Beyond this percentage and aspect institute, 1996 .IS 10262:2009-Cncrete
ratio the flow requirements of SCC mix proportioning - guidelines bureau
cannot be satisfied. of Indian Standards ,new Delhi.
6. Use of mineral admixture at an 2. American Concrete Institute , and
optimum dosage helps in better flow, international symposium : Fibre
better strength and other beneficial reinforced concrete Detroit :ACI,1974
properties. (ACI Special publication SP-44).
American Concrete Institute ,ACI 5. Narayana,R.Kareem-Plajian A.S,”

Convention seminar for design with Factors influencing the workability of
fibre reinforced concrete Detroit: steel fibre reinforced concrete”,
ACI,1985(ACIU SCM-10). concrete part 1: vol 16,No.10,
3. Concrete Society, Fibre reinforced 1 9 8 2 , p p . 4 5 - 4 8 , p a r t
Cement Composites, London: The 2:Vol.17,no.2,1982,pp.43-44.
Society, 1973.(Technical report 6. Neville,A.M.,”Properties of Concrete”,
51.067). Third Edition,Longman Scientific &
4. EFNARC,”Specifications and Technical,UK(1993).
Guidelines for Self-Consolidating 7. Okamura,H,”Self Compacting High
Concrete,” February 2002. Performance Concrete”, Concrete
International, pp.50-54(1997).
DEVELOPMENTS IN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

TECHNOLOGY
Rama Seshu.D1 and Sumanth Kumar.B2
Abstract
The rise in Infrastructural activity created enormous pressure on resources
particularly on construction materials. Current housing design is highly resource
intensive, which makes sustainable development challenging. In this connection
there is a need to think about using innovative construction materials that offer
the same levels of strength and stability without putting natural resources under
threat. This has given a scope for new and innovative construction materials to
emerge. In the development of such new age construction materials the key factors
are ‘Sustainability’ and ‘Energy efficiency’. The long-term view is to reduce the
impact of unwanted industrial by-products by lowering the rate of material
consumption. This paper highlights some of the developments in construction
materials and technologies.
Keywords:Construction, Materials, Sustainability, Technology
1. INTRODUCTION advent of new age construction materials.

The world population was estimated to have New materials and techniques usually
reached 7.6 billion as of December 2017. designed for maximum performance, faster
The United Nations estimates it will further execution and low cost. These materials
increase to 11.8 billion by the year 2100. As should be light, strong and resist high
the population increases the pressure rises temperatures and strong like metals and
for more housing. The current housing resist corrosion like plastics.Also these
practice favors low-cost, easily assembled, materials and techniques help in reducing
and highly replicable construction the carbon footprint i.e., harmless tothe
materials. In the recent years there has been environment and reusable. The new
a massive shift towards sustainable energy materials and technologies are being chosen
sources.The mission of housing for all which based on the following key parameters:
was passed recently has led to increase in • Reduced embodied energy and fuel
usage of affordable yet strong construction consumption hence reduced carbon
material. As the ingredients of materials emissions
used in construction are going through a
change, one should be aware of innovative • Reduced environmental damage
approaches and new products that are through optimal resource use and
emerging in the field of construction. Indeed waste utilization
a new age that is high on innovative • Better Thermal efficiency and comfort
transformation of homes has begun with the
• Resistant to natural disasters
1
Professor of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India; drseshu@nitw.ac.in)
2
Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India
• Aligned to local production in terms M80 are now being used for high-rise
of material and skill availability buildings in India. However, due to rise
keeping in view the sustainability in the repair and replacement costs,
• Cost efficiency more care is now being paid to
durability issues.A holistic vision
A sustainable material will have several needs to be taken about concrete
attributes: 1) Minimal environmental impact durability. In this context, following
2) Regulated raw material consumption 3) are the few materials available.
Socially responsible extraction practices
4)Proper resource management and • High Performance Concrete:High
protection 5)Replicable manufacturing performance concrete is a concrete
processes 6)Reduced waste generation 7) mixture, which possess high durability
Resilience to ecosystem shocks 8) and high strength. This concrete
Aesthetically pleasing 9)Affordability contains one or more of cementious
10)Accessibility 11)Reliability 12) materials such as fly ash, Silica fume
Functionality and 13) Scalability. or ground granulated blast furnace slag
and usually a super plasticizer.
The following are some of the developments
in construction materials and technologies • Self–compacting Concrete (SCC): SCC
that are being advocated in achieving was developed as a Quality Assurance
sustainability and energy efficiency in measure. SCC is in a semi-fluid state
construction [1]. and is placed into the formwork
without the use of vibrators. Due to its
2. MATERIALS fluidity,SCC is able to find its way into
There are several developments in materials the formwork and in between the
whichare cost effective and long lasting and reinforcement and gets self-compacted
which help to build eco-friendly and in the process. SCC isparticularly
sustainablehabitat. Traditional construction useful for components of structures
materials now have greener andsmarter which are heavily reinforced. In SCC
substitutes such as:Replacement of natural special new generation polymer based
sand with finely powdered crystalline silica admixtures are used toincrease the
madefrom rejected limestone. Replace clay fluidity of the concrete without
bricks with an eco-friendly, precisely increasing the water content.
superior,fly ash based composition [2,3]. • Geopolymer concrete (GPC):GPC is
The new developments in construction recently being developed as an
materials that are and can be used for alternative to the Ordinary Portland
building are: cement (OPC). GPC is obtained by
stimulating the source materials such
1. Durable Concrete: Concrete Design
as fly ash (FA), Ground granulated blast
and Construction Practices today are
furnace slag (GGBS) which are rich in
strength driven. Concrete grades up to
Silicon (Si) and Aluminum (Al) using
high alkaline liquids such as NaOH agents can lie dormant within the
and/or Na silicate solution. These concrete for up to 200 years. However,
alkaline liquids act as an activator and when a concrete structure is damaged
produce the binder required to and water starts to seep through the
manufacture the concrete with no cracks that appear in the concrete, the
cement.It is reported in literature that spores of the bacteria germinate on
better chemical, thermal resistances contact with the water and nutrients.
andmechanical properties are Having been activated, the bacteria
achieved at both atmospheric and start to feed on the calcium lactate. As
extreme conditions for GPC. the bacteria feeds oxygen is consumed
• Self-healing concrete (SHC): SHC and the soluble calcium lactate is
which has been under development at converted to insoluble limestone. The
the Civil Engineering and Geosciences limestone solidifies on the cracked
Faculty in Delft since 2006 could solve surface, thereby sealing it up as shown
the problem of concrete structures in Fig.2. It mimics the process by
deteriorating well before the end of which bone fractures in the human
their service life. Self-healing concrete body are naturally healed by osteoblast
is a product that will biologically cells that mineralise to re-form the
produce limestone to heal cracks that bone. The consumption of oxygen
appear on the surface of concrete during the bacterial conversion of
structures. Specially selected types of calcium lactate to limestone has an
the bacteria genus Bacillus, along with additional advantage. Oxygen is an
a calcium-based nutrient known as essential element in the process of
calcium lactate, and nitrogen and corrosion of steel and when the
phosphorus, are added to the bacterial activity has consumed it all
ingredients of the concrete when it is it increases the durability of steel
being mixed (Fig.1). These self-healing reinforced concrete construction.
Fig.1. Concept of Self Healing Concrete

Fig.2. Before and after pictures of surface of slab SHC. The crack visible on the left hand
image and on the right the white limestone has filled the gap.
• Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC): RPC eliminate run-off from roads and
is a high strength, ductile material prevent flooding and pollution (Fig.4).
formulated by combining Portland
cement, silica fume, quartz flour, fine
silica sand, high-range water reducer,
water, and steel or organic fibers. The
properties of RPC are: Compressive
strengths up to 200 MPa, Flexural
Strengths up to 50 MPa, Modulus of
Elasticity 45 to 50 GPa,Ductile and
Durable,Low capillary porosity (high
endurance), High resistance to deicing
salt, Greatly reduced permeability to Fig.3.Reactive Powder Concrete
moisture, chlorides and chemical
attack, Increased resistance to
abrasion, erosion and corrosion,
Speedy construction (Fig.3).
• Concrete with reduced environmental
impact can be produced by using
several technologies such as: Cement
replacements such as PFA or GGBS can
stop release of 850kg of CO2 for every
tonne of portland cement saved, No-
fines concrete is also known as
“pervious” concrete and can reduce or
Fig.4. Pervious Concrete
• Self–curing, Shrinkage-free concrete: the produce is necessarily the outcome

This produced by Italian researchers of grinding to the required particle size.
by the combined use of: 1) Water • Portland Slag Cement (PSC): PSC is
reducing admixture based on useful for ensuring durability of
polycarboxylate in order to reduce concrete structures. Due to the
both the mixing water and cement. 2) proximity to steel mills, PSC is
A shrinkage reducing admixture 3) An generally produced in locations close
expansive agent based on a special to steel plants.
calcium oxide. Due to the water
reduction caused by the PC based • Condensed Silica Fume (CSF): CSF is
super-plasticizer at a given w/c, there a by-product of Ferro-Silicon industry.
is a reduction in the volume of cement The particle size is about 100 times
paste and a corresponding increase in smaller than that of cement. It can
the amount of aggregates. Both are occupy the voids in between cement
responsible for significant reduction in particles in a concrete mix, reduce the
the drying shrinkage. water demand and thus contribute to
a very dense concrete of high
2. Use of Mineral Admixtures:The use of durability.
following admixtures reduces micro-
cracking from thermal shrinkage and • Rice Husk Ash Concrete: About 25%
drying shrinkage. of ash residual is formed during
burning of rice husk. The ash which
• Fly Ash: Fly ash is a byproduct is generated is known as Rice Husk
generated at power thermal stations. Ash. Normal concrete containing
Fly ash as a mineral admixture should calcium oxide weakens performances
conform to IS: 3812. of concrete, whereas using RHA, Silica
• High Volume Fly Ash Concrete mixed with calcium hydroxide as
(HVFA): The high volume fly ash admixture to improve solidity and
concrete (HVFA) represents a rising workability of the concrete. Rice Husk
technology for highly robust and Ash concrete is durable, affordable and
resource efficient concrete structures. reduces greenhouse emissions.
When used in large volume (typically • Corrosion Inhibiters for Reinforced
50 - 60% by mass of total cementitious Concrete: Calcium nitrate has been
materials content,) is able to impart proven to inhibit reinforcement
excellent workability in fresh concrete corrosion. About 3–4% calcium nitrate
at a water content that is 15 – 20% less of cement by weight is sufficient to
than without fly ash. protect the reinforcement steel against
• Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag corrosion
(GGBFS): The short comes of fly ash
do not exist in the case of GGBFS, as
3. Application of Nano-Technology:
Particle size of a material to nano–scale

often imparts new properties or
enhances existing ones. Nano silica,
alumina, CNTs and titanium oxide are
among the nano materials used in the
current research in developing
the nano based concrete [4].
4. Use of AAC Blocks:AAC (Autoclaved
Aerated Concrete) is a certified green
building material. These precast
concrete blocks are extremely
lightweight and widely used for Fig.6. Bamboo Corrugated Sheets
internal and external construction.
3. TECHNOLOGY
80% of the volume of an AAC block is
air (Fig.5). The blocks are easy to The construction industry is experiencing
install, nail, drill and cut for pipes and rapid changes with the induction of new
conduits. These blocks have excellent materials, building technology, software,
sound absorption thermal insulation digitization and artificial intelligence. These
property due to porous structure of are changing the way weconceptualize,
blocks. build, and use for buildings.The following
5. Bamboo Corrugated Sheets: Bamboo are some of the technologies that become
Corrugated Sheets is an industrial eminent as part of developments in
product created using bamboo wood ConstructionTechnologies.
and mainly good for roofing purposes.
1. Self-Climbing Formwork: The
These bamboo corrugated sheets
(Fig.6) are strong, eco friendly and fire construction of tall vertical structures
resistant. On the downside, these such as skyscrapers requires the use
sheets require great care and are prone of same formwork in identical sections.
to attacks from fungus or insects. The self-climbing formwork which
uses mechanical or hydraulic
machineries allows the pouring of
concrete to form large concrete
structures at once in a single pouring.
The patterned working system
optimizes material costs, enhances the
safety levels and builds seamless
structures with great efficiency.
2. Prefabricated Construction
Technology: A smart method which
Fig.5.Use of AAC blocks
does not require in situ concrete
pouring but uses highly durable
precast structures. It is produced in a enable buildings to use less energy,

controlled environment which makes which helps reduce greenhouse gas
it easy to control the quality of emissions [5]. Some of the
structures while simultaneously technologies that enhance the energy
reducing the consumption of steel, efficiency in buildings are:
labour and concrete. A wide range of • Building with Insulated Concrete
structures which are ready to use and Forms:A new trend is growing that has
just need to be installed can be made a layer of concrete in a wall, which
in a highly specific way to avoid provides the necessary structural
hardening of concrete too fast or too support for a building, sandwiched
slow. between two layers of material that has
3. Aluminium Formwork Technology: a much higher insulation value, such
With the feature to control the quality as fiberglass. This allows the structural
of concrete in any component of a integrity of the building to be
building, it removes the requirement maintained, as well as its comfort level.
of brick works in construction. It is Buildings that have been created out
environment friendly as it eliminates of insulated concrete forms reduce a
the use of traditional timber and building’s energy costs by up to 20%.
plywood formwork which are · Use of Fiber Glass: Fiberglass is able
unsuitable at high pressures. It takes to stop heat from leaving a building,
less the total time required for therefore reducing the amount of
construction. energy that needs to be spent to keep
4. Drywall Systems: Acoustically the house at a comfortable
insulated, less water consumption, temperature. It is increasingly
flexible, lightweight and speedy common to see fiberglass doors, rather
installations are a few of the many than wooden doors, because fiberglass
advantages that drywall construction doors are up to five times as energy
offers. It is an interior wall system efficient as the alternative materials.
which has a steel frame sheathed in • Cool Roofing: Another excellent way
gypsum plasterboard. It is also that new materials can be used to
reusable and hence is very counteract energy waste is to improve
environment friendly. the materials that are used for roofing.
5. Energy–Efficient Buildings: Energy In order to save on the costs of cooling
efficiency is the theme of this century a building, light-colored, “cool”
and the foreseeable future.The Energy roofing materials must be used. These
efficient buildings are the ones which materials have the ability to reflect the
uses the technologies such as heat back and keep the building’s
more efficient heating, air temperature from rising.
conditioning, and lighting
• LED lighting: LED lighting is a new,

heat-less methods of lighting are being
used.These lights are much more
energy efficient than incandescent
bulbs and will greatly reduce a home’s
energy footprint
6. 3D Printing Houses – The 3D printing
is poised to unveil the dawn of New
Age Construction.One can imagine a
house being constructed in less than Fig.7.First House printed by a WinSun Co
24 hours? While it may seem in 2014
unbelievable, it is possible through a
technology called Contour Crafting.
Contour Crafting (CC) is a construction
technology that potentially reduces
energy use and emissions by using a
rapid-prototype or 3-D printing process
to fabricate large components [6].
Comprised of robotic arms and
extrusion nozzles, a computer-
controlled gantry system moves the
nozzle back and forth.CC’s in Fig.8. 3D Printing of Building-Process
combination of conventional robotics 4. CONCLUDING REMARKS
and “age-old tools” creates a layered
With increasing public awareness of the
fabrication process where large-scale
needs and demands of sustainable
parts can be fabricated at remarkable
development and environmental
speeds. The process slashes the cost
conservation, the construction and building
of building a structure by minimizing
industry need to evolve the new practices
the man-hours needed to manufacture
to satisfy the needs of our current
it and also increases the speed at which
generation, without curtailing the resources
the house can be put on the market,
of future generations to meet theirs.
lowering the financing cost by
allowing it to turn a profit for the The new developments in Construction
builder more quickly. The process materials and Technologies which speed up
should also be much safer for construction, conserve time, reduce energy
construction workers than traditional consumption and reduce environmental
building techniques, which would pollutants as well. All of these advanced
lower the cost of insurance for building materials and technologies are essential for
companies (Fig.7 &8). an efficient renewal and maintenance of our
infrastructure. In future one can hope to see 4. M.S.Muhd Norhasri, M.S.Hamidah

several safe, non-hazardous and echo- and Mohd Fadzil, ‘Applications of
friendly construction material and using nano material in concrete: A
technologies in building Infrastructure. review’, Construction and Building
5. REFERENCES materials, Volume 133, 15 February
2017, Pp. 91-97
1. Pierre Roux and Alex Alexander,
“Sustainable Building materials” at the 5. Energy efficiency in buildings - UNIDO
U.S. Green Building Council in - https://www.unido.org/sites/default/
Chicago, November 8. 2007 files/2009-02/Module18_0.pdf.
2. Khanna P, Material and Technology – 6. Izabela Hager, Anna Golonka, Roman

An inventory of select materials and Putanowicz, ‘ 3D Printing of Building
technologies for building construction. componentsas the future of sustainable
Project report to CDKN, 2011. construction’, Int.Conf on Ecology and
New Building materials and
3. Balogh, Anne. “What Makes Concrete components-ICEBMP-2016, Procedia
a Sustainable Building Material.” Engineering 151 (2016) 292-299
Undated. 3/4/09.http://www.
concretenetwork.com/concrete/
greenbuildinginformation/
what_makes.html.
DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED AND

SECONDARY AGGREGATE (RSA) CONCRETES
Yerramala Amarnath, Ph.D.*
Abstract
For a long lasting natural construction even with natural materials like sand and
aggregate, due importance should be given to their quality in the construction
arena. It is a well-known fact that concrete is a hugely consumed material by
humans for construction activities and therefore, for an environmentally friendly
development it is necessary to make concrete a sustainable material. Although
concrete has enough flexibility to use a range of materials in its production,
understanding the performance of concrete with the wide variety of the different
and possible materials is important. In particular, the durability properties of
concrete assume importance, when alternatives like recycled and waste bi-
products are to be used in concrete production. In the past few years researchers
have been attempting to use recycled and secondary aggregates (RSA) in concrete
to make concrete a more sustainable material. However, use of RSA in concrete
production may create problems associated with its durability. The paper
discusses various durability issues when RSAs are used in concrete, while
attempting to summarize the key parameters to be considered to make concrete
a durable material when RSAs are used in concrete production.
Keywords: Concrete; Durability; Recycled Aggregates; Secondary Aggregates;
1.0 INTRODUCTION concrete production to minimize use of

Concrete is one of the materials used by the natural aggregates. On the other hand, there
humans hugely around the world for are many waste materials produced from
construction activities. It is expected that by different industries that can be used as
the year 2050, the demand for concrete will alternative materials for primary aggregate.
grow from 10 to 18 billion tons a year [1]. Consequently, over the past few decades the
Use of natural aggregates for production of researchers are using recycled and
concrete will lead to environmental impacts secondary aggregates (RSA) in concrete
like non-renewable raw materials production.
consumption, energy consumption and Aggregates derived from reprocessing
more importantly the reduction of the materials previously used in construction
biodiversity at the extraction sites. It was are called recycled aggregates, for example,
reported the production of natural recycled concrete from construction and
aggregates in 2008 in the UK and US were demolition waste material (CDW) and
approximately 5 to 8 tones per capita railway ballast [3]. By-products of other
respectively [2]. Therefore, there is a need industrial processes previously not used in
for alternative materials to be used in construction are called secondary aggregates
*Structural Engineering Research Centre, Srinivasa Ramanujan Institute of Technology (SRIT), Anantapuramu,
Andhrapradesh, India. y.amarnath@gmail.com
[3]. Secondary aggregates can be further durability problems associated to use RSA
sub-divided into manufactured and natural, in concrete; and measures to use RSA in
depending on their source. An example of concrete is reviewed.
manufactured secondary aggregates is 2.0 RSA MATERIALS USED IN CONCRETE
pulverised fuel ash and natural secondary
aggregates include china clay sand and slate Past few decades the researchers used
aggregate [3]. A number of recycled and different RSA materials in concrete
secondary aggregates (RSA) are available as production the following paragraphs
alternatives to primary aggregate. Some of illustrates different types of RSA materials
these RSA are shown in Table 1. used in concrete production, their physical
properties and quantities used in concrete
Although the use of RSA in concrete has production.
been studied for almost 50 years [4], today´s
concrete structures are still made with 2.1. Construction and Demolition Waste
primary aggregates. The reasons for that rely Waste arising from the demolition of
in their low cost, low deposition taxes and buildings and civil engineering
the lack of positive discrimination toward infrastructures such as airfield runways and
the use of RSA. Further, poor performance roads are called construction and demolition
in durability of RSA [5] has to be addressed. wastes (CDW) [7]. When compared to
The importance of durability in the context corresponding natural aggregate, density of
of eco-efficiency of construction and recycled aggregate is less and water
building materials has been rightly put by absorption is more, due to attached porous
Mora [6], he stated that increasing concrete cement paste [8,9]. Table 2 shows data on
durability from 50 to 500 years would mean density and water absorption of recycled
a reduction of its environmental impact by aggregate compiled from literature. If
a factor of 10. In this paper, alternative recycled aggregate to be used in concrete
aggregates used in place of natural production, the density and water
aggregates for concrete production;
Table 1 - Recycled and secondary aggregates [3]
RECYCLED AGGREGATES SECONDARY AGGREGATES

Recycled asphalt Incinerator bottom ash
Recycled concrete aggregate or China clay sand
Construction and demolition waste
Spent railway ballast Pulverised fuel ash
Recycled glass Foundry sand
Recycled tyres Furnace bottom ash
Recycled plastic Blast furnace slag
absorption need to be assessed, to consider increasing infrastructure development

these factors in concrete design. A typical coupled with an increasing supply of high
mix proportion of recycled aggregate quality IBA has led it to become a secondary
concrete is shown in Table 3. aggregate with both environmental and cost
2.2. Incinerator Bottom Ash benefits. IBA has high water absorption and
low specific gravity when compared to
Incineration of municipal solid waste can natural aggregate [14]. Table 4 shows typical
resolve tipping space problems, because it water absorption and density of IBA. A
results in 90% reduction in volume [12]. number of studies were executed to
After incineration, approximately 26-40% of understand characteristics of concrete made
combusted solid waste will remain as solid with IBA as a secondary aggregate [15,16].
residues [13]. Incinerator bottom ash (IBA) Table 5 shows typical mix proportions used
is the bulk of the ash collected at the first to develop concrete. IBA in concrete was
stage of the combustion process from the replaced both for fine and coarse aggregate
grate [13]. Although there are some [16,17]. Hasan A (2000) reported that
concerns on the health risks of IBA, workability of fresh concrete does not
influence the amount of IBA in the mix [17].
Table 2 - Water absorption and density of RA utilised to develop concrete mix
AUTHOR PARTICLE SIZE, mm WATER ABSORPTION, % DENSITY, kg/m3

Zaharieva, 2003 [9] 0-6 13 2200
2-20 6 2450
Lin et al, 2004, [10] 0-5 12 2250
5-20 7 2270
Table 3 - Typical mix proportions for RA concrete and corresponding compressive
strengths, Khatib, 2005 [11]
MIX CONSTITUENTS, kg/m3
Cement Water Sand Recycled Aggregate Natural

Concrete Brick Aggregate
325 162 649 0 0 1298
322 161 483 161 0 1288
320 159 320 320 0 1277
317 158 158 475 0 1267
315 157 0 629 0 1257
319 159 478 0 159 1275
314 156 314 0 314 1253
308 154 154 0 462 1232
303 151 0 0 606 1211
2.3 China Clay Sand bound materials, concrete, pipe bedding,

China clay or kaolin is formed by the hydraulically bound mixtures for sub-base
hydrothermal alteration and decomposition and base, unbound mixtures for sub-base,
of the feldspars within the parent granite chipping, embankments and fill [20]. Major
rock. High pressure water jetting is by-product of china clay extraction is china
employed to break the rock and kaolin is clay sand, which is stable and ideally graded
separated from the slurry [18]. China clay for concrete making for substituting natural
is mainly used in paper making, ceramics, sand [20].
paints, rubber and plastics. It can also be 2.4. Foundry Sand
found in leather, textiles, medicine and as Foundry sand is a by-product produced from
an anti-caking agent in fertilizers and foundries [3]. High quality sand is used to
insecticides [19]. form the outer shape of the mould cavity, to
China clay waste is becoming as a good retain the mould shape. Once the solidified
substitute material for many of the metal shape is obtained, castings are
construction applications, such as bitumen separated from the sand moulds. Ferrous,
Table 4 - Data of absorption and density characteristics of IBA derived from literature
SOURCE SIZE, mm ABSORPTION, % DENSITY, kg/m3

Chan, 2005 [14] 0-5 12.8 1.94
9.6 2
5-20 7.7 2.14
12.6 1.91
Table 5 - typical mix proportions of IBA concrete, Hasan A (2000) [17]
aluminium, copper, brass and bronze Table 6 - Foundry sand typical physical
foundries produce such foundry sand [21]. characteristics, [21]
Significant efforts have made to use this PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
waste foundry sand in civil engineering
Bulk relative density, kg/m3 2590
applications, such as highway bases and
retaining structures, landfill liners, concrete, Absorption, % 0.45
flowable fill and pavement bases [22]. Many studies have been conducted on the
Foundry sand is processed to obtain use of waste glass as cement replacement
acceptable grading for use as a secondary and as an aggregate replacement [25,26].
aggregate in concrete [23]. The physical Table 7 shows typical mix proportions used
characteristics of foundry sand depend on for concrete production with glass.
the type of casting process and the industry Powdered waste glass can react with cement
sector from which it originates (see Table 6) and can contribute to the strength
[21]. development of the concrete [27]. Waste
2.5. Glass Fines glass, if ground finer than 38μm, exhibits
pozzolanic behaviour. Some papers report
Basic raw materials of glass are quartz sand
that glass powder up to 20% gives almost
and sodium carbonate. However, depending
similar strength as that of normal concrete
on end use, the other material composition
[26].
varies [24]. Recycled glass can be used to
produce new glass wares, fibre glass, Apart from above mentioned materials there
aggregates, water filtration, abrasives fluxing are many other materials that can be used
agent for bricks, ceramics art/craft and in concrete like crumb rubber, steel slag,
export. mining and quarrying waste, and
conditioned fly ash.
Table 7 - Typical glass concrete mix proportions ([28] Shayan and Xu, 2006)
DESCRIPTION CEMENT GLPb CAc CSd FSe CGSf WATER SLUMP

kg/m3 mm
Reference 380 0 1019 576 192 0 185 70
20%GLP 304 76 1019 564 188 0 185 65
30%GLP 266 114 1019 558 18 0 185 60
20%GLP50%CGS 304 76 1019 282 94 355 185 80
30%GLP40%CGS 266 114 1019 355 112 281 185 50
30%GLP75%CGS 266 114 1019 141 47 523 185 50
100%Cem50%CGS30%GLP 380 114 1019 288 36 306 185 90
b - Glass powder (particle size <10μm), c - Coarse aggregate, d - Coarse sand, e- Fine
sand, f - Coarse glass
3.0 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH USE Increased water content; high porosity and
OF RSA IN CONCRETE low mechanical characteristics of recycled
Construction and demolition waste is aggregate concrete decreases durability of
generally collected from different sources the concrete [32]. The poor performance of
depending on the source the materials recycled aggregate concrete is further
contain different contaminants like asphalt, associated with cracks and fissures, which
cladding materials, soil and clay balls, wood, were formed in recycled aggregate during
glass, gypsum, asbestos, reinforcement and processing, thereby rendering the aggregate
metals, joint sealants, lightweight brick and having weaker and more susceptible to
concrete, plaster, plastics, rubber, tile, vinyl, permeation, diffusion and absorption of
paper and various roofing materials. fluids [33].
A study from [29] showed that organic There is contradictory information in the
matter can delay Portland cement hydration literature on recycled aggregate concrete
thus leading to lower mechanical and carbonation. Some authors [34-36] have
durability performance of the concrete. reported differences between conventional
Recycled aggregates contaminated with concrete and recycled aggregate concrete
gypsum particles is a risk factor for concrete regarding carbonation rates, while others
durability. Analysis of 35 mixed recycled [37] found that the carbonation depth
aggregates from 11 different CDW treatment decreases in concrete with high percentages
plants indicated 25.7% of aggregates having of recycled aggregate. Etxeberría et al. [30]
2% gypsum [Agrela et al. [29]]. It was report that the rate and extent of the
reported that recycled aggregates carbonation process depends on the relative
contaminated by chlorides does not values of permeability of the new mortar and
influence the mechanical performance. the recycled aggregate used: when the
However, concrete with contaminated recycled aggregate is more permeable than
recycled aggregates is much more prone to the new mortar, the former works as a focus
corrosion [30]. Therefore, precautions and of carbonation so the carbonation depth is
specific measurements need to be taken, higher than that observed in conventional
especially with aggregates from hazardous concrete with a similar strength. However,
or critical origin such as sewage water when the recycled aggregate permeability
plants, road infrastructures or buildings is equal to, or less than, that of the new
under marine environments. Recycled mortar, the carbonation rate will be similar
aggregate with even very low content can to that of the conventional concrete as the
cause degradation of concrete [31]. carbon dioxide penetrates mainly through
the new mortar.
Coarse surface texture, angularity and high
water absorption of recycled aggregate have Research by Shehata et al [40] reported that
a considerable influence on workability [32]. recycled aggregate from old concrete is as
Permeability of recycled aggregate concrete reactive as original siliceous limestone
is greater than natural aggregate concrete. aggregate used for the parent concrete. It was
reported that fine recycled aggregate is less variations in humidity occurring due to
reactive than the coarse aggregate as it evaporation of absorbed free water with
contain less of the reactive aggregate respect to temperature change during. It was
component [40]. PCA [35], reported that found that concrete with total replacement
ASR expansion in recycled aggregate of natural aggregates with recycled aggregate
concrete made from parent concrete is not as resistant to freeze-thaw cycles as
undergoing active ASR depends on the alkali that produced with only natural aggregates,
availability in the recycled aggregate even when recycled aggregate is pre-soaked.
concrete and not on the alkali present in the Like Construction and demolition fines
parent concrete. quality of IBA depends on source and the
Dina et al reported that [41] concrete concrete quality thus prepared depends on
containing coarse recycled aggregate the quality of IBA used. Contaminated IBA
possesses two interfacial transition zones; can lead to inferior concrete properties. It
one between original coarse aggregate and was reported by Andrade et al [17] that
the old attached mortar (old ITZ) and the capillary water absorption increases with
other one between recycled aggregate and IBA content. There is also a possibility of
new mortar matrix (new ITZ). This is leaching metals from the mix. This is more
probably due to the high water consumed if the fine fraction of IBA is more.
by recycled aggregate to compensate its high With mica and quartz in china clay the
absorption. This high water content may aggregate surface area increases and thus
cause internal bleeding under the aggregate increases water demand and subsequently
surface leading to the formation of voids in increases cement content for a given
the vicinity of recycled aggregate concrete concrete strength, when compared to
and thus porous ITZ. natural sand aggregate concrete [20].
Mandal and Chakraborty [42], reported that Generally foundry sand is too fine to use as
the durability of concrete containing coarse an aggregate to meet the specification, either
recycled aggregate concrete under sulfate fines are removed or blended it with coarser
attack is equal or slightly inferior to that of sands. Higher quantities of fine particles
natural aggregate concrete. Padmini et al. can lower the concrete strength and
[43] reported that concrete with recycled adversely affect durability. Foundry sand
aggregate for a given w/c ratio, permeability, is black. In some concretes, this may cause
rate of carbonation and risk of reinforcement the finished concrete to have a grayish/black
corrosion are higher. tint, which may not be desirable [21].
Freeze thaw concrete containing recycled Glass can have contaminants like sugar,
aggregate is weak and susceptible to tensile ceramic contaminations, and organic
stresses developed during drying as the contaminations. These contaminations can
damage due to wetting-drying is produced detrimentally affect the concrete when used
by two combined effects: thermal dilation as aggregate. Therefore. Proper treatment of
and contraction (i.e., shrinkage due to
glass is necessary to limit the contaminants Banjad Percur et al [47] reported that quality
before using as aggregate in concrete. of recycled aggregate directly depends on
Performance of the concrete decreases if the quality and composition of construction
glass content exceeds 20% [44]. One of the and demolition waste. Composition and
major problems regarding use of glass in quality of construction and demolition
concrete is alkali–silica reaction (ASR) [26]. waste can influence the quality of recycled
ASR can occur between glass particles and aggregate produced from waste. Most
cement paste. The particle size of glass is a studies recommend a limit of 30 % of
crucial factor; finely ground glass cullet was recycled aggregate. It was reported that both,
found to cause negligible ASR expansion recycled brick and recycled concrete can be
[45]. Pozzolanic reaction of glass powder successfully used for high-grade application
with cement enhances the binding of alkali, even in amount of 60 % of recycled
making it unavailable for reaction with aggregate. However, preliminary testing of
reactive aggregate [28]. Further, it was also the relevant concrete properties is necessary
found that, glass type also influences ASR, to make decision on optimum recycled
soda-lime glass require high alkali contents concrete amount [47]. About 50% recycled
in the mortar or concrete to enable it to react aggregate was found to be optimum
and cause expansion. A substantial work aggregate replacement [48].
on crushed and ground glass in concrete as Jiménez et al [49] adopted Equivalent
a replacement for cement and/or aggregates volume method (EMV) for recycled
found that the reactivity of glass with aggregate concrete. It was reported that
concrete increases with cement alkali and recycled aggregate concrete with EMV
presence of particle sizes above 1 mm. The method performed better in capillary
effects of glass colour were unclear and it absorption and water penetration properties
was felt that differences in reactivity for when compared with conventional method.
different colours was more related to Further, different mixing procedures were
crushing technique than glass chemistry. adopted to improve performance of recycled
4.0 MEASURES TO USE RSA IN aggregate concretes. Tam et al [5] proposed
CONCRETE a two stage mixing approach (TSMA) for
Performance of recycled aggregate concrete recycled aggregate concrete. This was
can be improved by adopting appropriate advocated to improve the quality of recycled
measures, such as: using good quality aggregate concrete. In another study [51] dry
recycled aggregates; specific mix design mixing of the recycled concrete aggregate
method which takes account of aggregate before adding the other ingredients resulted
properties; increasing cement content; in higher performance.
reducing w/c; adding filler materials such It was reported that normal strength
as PFA; and replacing optimum percentage concrete was not freeze-thaw resistant,
of recycled aggregate [46]. regardless the replacement rate of RA
aggregate replacement. The freeze-thaw
resistance was more affected by the w/c ratio 5.0 CONCLUSIONS

than by the type of aggregate used. Thus it • There many alternative aggregates that
is important to maintain suitable w/c ratio can be used in concrete in place of
to make recycled aggregate concrete natural aggregate.
resistant to freeze thaw. Further it was
reported that higher porosity of recycled • Inferior properties of recycled and
aggregate can be better contribute to the secondary aggregates can lead to poor
hydraulic pressure dissipation [52]. performance of concrete.
It is possible to improve performance of • Suitable measures can improve

recycled aggregate concrete with the performance of recycled and
addition of other materials like Air Cooled secondary aggregate concrete.
Slag (ACS) and silicafume. In a study [53] • Following various recycled and
performance of recycled aggregate concrete secondary aggregate standards can
with ACS was examined and it was reported help in wise utilization of RSA
that use of ACS in recycled aggregate materials.
concrete can lead to denser microstructure
• Geopolymer concrete can have
compared to concrete containing only
potential to use large quantities of RSA
recycled aggregate. Further improvement of
with improved performance over
RA concrete can be obtained with the
conventional concrete.
addition of silica fume use of 10% silicafume
significantly improves resistance to References
permeability when ACS used in recycled 1. Derek Chisholm, Alan Kirby, Jon
aggregate concrete. Use of 100% recycled Hambling, David Barnard, Jason Lowe,
aggregate, decreases concrete electrical Stuart Park, Allan Scott, and Greg
resistivity, increasing then the corrosion rate Slaughter “Best Practice Guide for the
of reinforcement. Fly ash and silica fume use of Recycled Aggregates in New
contribute significantly in increase the Concrete”, Cement & Concrete
concrete electrical resistivity, due to Association of New Zealand (CCANZ),
cementing matrix densification and pore October 2011,
refinement [52].
2. Gaimster, R and Kirby, A. (2008).
Furthermore, it was reported that adopting Recycled Waste Concrete - European
specified standards in use of recycled and and North American Practice and its
secondary aggregates can lead to good Applicability to New Zealand
performance of concrete and geopolymer (Technical Papers TR 40). New Zealand
concrete has potential to use large quantities Concrete Industries Conference.
of recycled and secondary aggregates with
3. JONES M R, McCARTHY A and DHIR
improved performance.
R.K. Recycled and secondary
aggregates in foamed concrete, WRAP,
2005, 67pp. aggregates, Cement and Concrete

4. Pacheco-Torgal F, Jalali S. Eco-efficient Research, Vol. 34, No. 2004, pp. 1373–
construction and building materials. 1380.
London (UK): Springer Verlag; 2011. 11. Khatib Z M. Properties of concrete
5. Tam V, Gao X, Tam C. Microstructural incorporating fine recycled aggregate,
analysis of recycled aggregate concrete Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.
produced from two-stage mixing 35, 2005, pp. 763– 769.
approach. Cem Concr Res 12. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH
2005;35:1195–203. LABORATORY, A review of the use of
6. Mora E. Life cycle, sustainability and waste materials and by-products in
the transcendent quality of building road construction, Contractor report
materials. Build Environ 2007; 358, 1994.
42:1329–34. 13. Abbott J, Coleman p, Howlett p,
7. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH Wheeler p. Environmental and Health
LABORATORY, A review of the use of Risks Associated with the Use of
waste materials and by-products in Processed Incinerator Bottom Ash in
road construction, Contractor report Road Construction, AEAT/ENV/R/
358, 1994. 0716, October 2003.
8. Müller and Winkler. Characteristics 14. Chan Y W and Chen Y S. Application

of Processed Concrete Rubble, of Combustion Bottom Ash in
Proceedings of the international Geotechnical Construction, Japan-
congress ‘use of recycled concrete Taiwan international workshop on
aggregate’ (Ed. Dhir R.K., Nail A. H. urban regeneration 2005 maintenance
and Limbachiya M.), University of and green material, November 23-27,
Dundee, Dundee, 11-12 November 2005, Taipei, Taiwan.
1998, pp. 109-120. 15. Filipponi, Polettini, Pomi R and Sirini.
9. Zaharieva Roumiana, Franc ois Buyle- Physical and mechanical properties of
Bodin, Fred eric Skoczylas and Eric cement-based products containing
Wirquin. Assessment of the surface incineration bottom ash, Waste
permeation properties of recycled Management, Vol. 23, 2003, pp. 145–
aggregate concrete, Cement and 156.
Concrete Composites, Vol. 25, 2003, 16. Andrade, Rocha and Cheriaf.
pp. 223–232. Evaluation of concrete incorporating
10. Yong-Huang Lin, Yaw-Yauan Tyan, Ta- bottom ash as a natural aggregates
Peng Chang and Ching-Yun Chang. An replacement, Waste Management, No.
assessment of optimal mixture for 27, 2007, pp. 1190–1199.
concrete made with recycled concrete 17. Hasan A A. Feasibility of using
incinerator bottom ash as aggregate in 25. DHIR R K, McCARTHY M J,

concrete, MSc dissertation, University CALISCAN S and ASHRAF M K.
of Dundee, 2000. Design formwork pressures for the
18. PARSONS B, SALTER L, COE T, range of new cement, superplasticized
MATHIAS M, RICHARDS R J and and self-compacting concretes, Final
JONES T P. Airborne particulate Report, DTI Contract 39/3/739,
matter (PM10) in the china clay area, Concrete Technology Unit, University
Cornwall, UK, Mineralogical of Dundee, February 2004.
Magazine, Vol. 67, No.2, April 2003, 26. Batayneh M, Marie I and Ibrahim A,
pp. 163–171. Use of selected waste materials in
19. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, concrete mixes, Waste Management,
United Kingdom Minerals Yearbook No. 27, 2007, pp. 1870–1876.
2006, 2007. 27. Byars EA and Morales B.
20. aggregain. China clay sand and stent, ConGlassCrete I&II Project Interim
March 2007, http://www.aggregain. Progress Report. www.wrap.org.uk/
org.uk/specifier/materials/ conglasscrete/cgc_reports.asp,
china_clay_sand.html. December 2003.
21. United States Department of 28. Shayan A and Xu A. Performance of

Transportation. Federal highway glass powder as pozzolanic materials
administration, Foundry sand facts for in concrete: A filed trail on concrete
civl engineers, May 2004. slabs, Cement and Concrete Research,
Vol. 36, 2006, pp. 457–68.
22. Mgangira. Laboratory assessment of
the influence of the proportion of 29. Agrela F, Sánchez de Juan M, Ayuso J,
waste foundry sand on the Geraldes VL, Jiménez JR. Limiting
geotechnical engineering properties of properties in the characterization of
clayey soils, Journal Of The South mixed recycled aggregates for use in
African Institution Of Civil the manufacture of concrete. Constr
Engineering, Vol. 48, No. 1, March Build Mater 2011;25:3950–5.
2006, pp. 2–7. 30. Debieb F, Courard L, Degeimbre R.
23. Aggregate information Service. The Mechanical and durability properties
use of processed incinerator bottom of concrete using contaminated
ash as aggregate - UK experience, recycled aggregates. Cement and
Digest No. 65, version 1.05, 31 July Concrete Composites 2010;32:421–6.
2002a. 31. Park W, Noguchi T. Influence of metal
24. CIRIA, The reclaimed and recycled impurity on recycled aggregate
construction materials handbook, concrete and inspection method for
China clay waste, ClRlA C 513, June aluminum impurity. Construction and
1999. Building Materials.
32. Zaharieva Roumiana, Franc ois Buyle- 40. Shehata et al. (2010). Reactivity of
Bodin, Fr ed eric Skoczylas and Eric reclaimed concrete aggregate produced
Wirquin. Assessment of the surface from concrete affected by alkali–silica
permeation properties of recycled reaction. Cement and Concrete
aggregate concrete, Cement and Research (40):575-582. Elsevier,
Concrete Composites, Vol. 25, 2003, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
pp. 223–232. 41. Dina M. Sadek and Mohamed M. El-
33. Kou S, Poon C. Enhancing the Attar, Development of High-
durability properties of concrete Performance Green Concrete using
prepared with coarse recycled Demolition and Industrial Wastes for
aggregate. Constr Build Mater Sustainable Construction, Journal of
2012;35:69–76. American Science, 2012;8(4)
34. New Zealand Demolition and Asbestos 42. Mandal S, Chakraborty S, Gupta A.
Association. (2011 March). The New (2002): Some Studies on Durability of
Zealand Guidelines for the Recycled Aggregate Concrete. Indian
Management and Removal of Asbestos. Concrete Journal;76(6):385-388.
New Zealand Demolition and Asbestos 43. Padmini AK, Ramamurthy K, Mathews
Association, Auckland, New Zealand. MS. Influence of parent concrete on
35. Rashwan, MS and Abourizh, S. (1997, the properties of recycled aggregate
July). The Properties of Recycled concrete. Constr.Build.Mater. 2009
Concrete. Concrete International: 56– 2;23 (2):829-36.
60. ACI, Farmington Hills, MI, USA. 44. Topcu IB and Canbaz M. Properties of
36. British Standards Institution. (2008). concrete containing waste glass,
BS EN 12620:2002 + A1:2008. Cement Concrete and Research, Vol.
Aggregates for Concrete. London, UK. 34, 2004, pp. 267–74.
37. British Standards Institution. (2006). 45. Karamberi A and Moutsatsou A.
BS 8500-2:2006. Concrete – Participation of coloured glass cullet
Complementary British Standards to in cementitious materials, Cement and
BS EN 206-1 – Part 2: Specification for Concrete Composites, Vol. 27, 2005,
constituent materials and concrete. pp. 319–327.
London, UK. 46. LIMBACHIYA M C, LEELAWAT T and
38. Standards New Zealand. NZS DHIR R K. RCA Concrete: A study of
3111:1986 Methods of Test for Water Properties in the Fresh State, Strength
and Aggregate for Concrete. Development and Durability,
Wellington, New Zealand. Proceedings of the international
39. M. Etxeberría, E. Vazquez and A. Mari, congress ‘use of recycled concrete
Magazine of Concrete Research, 58 aggregate’ (Ed. Dhir R.K., Nail A. H.
(2006) 683. and Limbachiya M.), University of
Dundee, Dundee, 11-12 November 50. Dina M. Sadek and Mohamed M. El-
1998, pp. 227-239. Attar. Development of High-
47. Banjad Pecur, N. Stirmer and B. Performance Green Concrete using
Milovanovic, Durability properties of Demolition and Industrial Wastes for
recycled aggregate concrete, http:// Sustainable Construction, Journal of
bib.irb.hr/datoteka/701420. American Science, 2012;8(4).
RILEM_PSC_2014_ Banjad_ Pecur_ 51. Mechanical Properties of Recycled
Stirmer_ Milovanovic_98.pdf, Acessed Aggregate Concrete - Recycling of
on 12 December 2016. Demolished Concrete and Masonry.
48. Poon C S, Z H Shui, L Lam, H Fok and (RILEM Report 6), (1992) Part 1.8.
S C Kou. Influence of moisture states RILEM Publications, Bagneaux,
of natural and recycled aggregates on France.
the slump and compressive strength 52. José Alexandre de Brito Aleixo Bogas
of concrete, Cement and Concrete and Jorge Manuel Caliço Lopes de Brito
Research, Vol. 34, 2004, pp. 31–36. Freeze-thaw resistance of concrete
49. C. Jiménez, M. Barra, S. Valls, D. produced with fine recycled,
Aponte, E. Vázquez. Durability of TECNICO LISBOA, March 2004.
recycled aggregate concrete designed 53. Olorunsogo F. T., Padayachee N.
with the Equivalent Mortar Volume (2002), “Performance of recycled
(EMV) method: Validation under the aggregate concrete monitored by
Spanish context and its adaptation to durability indexes”, Cement and
Bolomey methodology, Mater. Concrete Research, 32(2), 179-185.
Construcc. 64 [313], e006 http://
dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2014.00913.
GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
Prasanthi.P1 and Akshitha.CH 2
Abstract
The major problem the world is facing today is the environmental pollution. In
the construction industry mainly the production of Portland cement will causes
the emission of pollutants which results in environmental pollution. We can
reduce the pollution effect on environment, by increasing the usage of industrial
by-products in our construction industry.
The remedy for this case is replacement of Portland cement with geopolymer
concrete.portland cement is fully replaced with flyash and fine aggregate with
quarry dust and alkaline liquids are used for the binding of materials.
One of the reasons Portland cement generates so much CO2 is because its
production requires a very high temperatures during the firing process.
Geopolymer, on the other hand, doesn’t have to be fired and can be set in 1-3
days, while Portland cement can take up to 28 days.
INTRODUCTION to the atmosphere caused by cement and

GENERAL: aggregates industries by about 80% . And
also the proper usage of industrial wastes
These days for the construction of any can reduce the problem of disposing the
structure,concrete is the main material.Main waste products into the atmosphere.
ingredient to produce concrete is Portland
cement.On the other side usage of these GEOPOLYMER:
materials also creates pollution.Portland Geopolymer is a product of inorganic
cement, is incredibly energy intensive to polymerization. Geo-polymerization
make and can emit up to 1 ton of carbon process was first proposed by Davidovits in
dioxide for every 1 ton of of Portland cement 1978. He proposed that an alkaline liquid
product. Geopolymers on the other hand could be used to react with the silicon and
only emit 2 tons during its lifetime. the aluminium in a source material of
We know that cement is manufactured by geological origin or in byproduct materials
using the raw materials such as such as fly ash and rice husk ash to produce
limestone,clay and other binders. The polymerization process
materials.Quarrying of these materials also involves a substantially fast chemical
causes environmental degradation.To reaction under alkaline condition on Si-Al
overcome this problem,the Portland cement minerals, that results in a three dimensional
should be replaced with environmental polymeric chain and ring structure
friendly material.The geo-polymer consisting of Si- O-Al- O bonds. A
technology could reduce the CO2 emission geopolymer can take one of the three basic
forms as suggested by Davidovits:
1
Asst. Prof. of Civil Department; 2B.Tech,Civil Engineering. BVRIT,Narsapur,Medak
• Poly (sialate), which has [-Si-O-Al-O- The most common alkaline liquid used in
] as the repeating unit. the geopolymerisation is a combination of
• Poly (sialate-siloxo), which has [-Si-O- 1. Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate
Al-O-Si-O-] as the repeating unit. or
• Poly (sialate-disiloxo), which has [-Si- 2. Pottasium hydroxide and potassium
O-Al-O-Si-O-Si-O-] as the repeating silicate
unit. GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE:
Water expelled from the geopolymer matrix Geopolymer concrete is an innovative and
during the curing and further drying eco-friendly construction material and an
periods,leaves behind nano-pores in the alternative to Portland cement concrete. Use
matrix,which provide benefits to the of geopolymer reduces the demand of
performance of geopolymers.The water in Portland cement which is responsible for
low calcium fly ash-based geopolymer high CO2 emission.
mixture,therefore,plays no role in the
chemical reaction that takes place. Geopolymer cement concrete is made from
utilization of waste materials such as fly ash
CONSTITUENTS OF GEOPOLYMERS: and ground granulated blast furnace
There are two main constituents of slag(GGBS). Fly ash is the waste product
geopolymers, namely the source materials generated from thermal power plant and
and the alkaline liquids. The source GGBS is generated as waste material in steel
materials for geopolymers based on plant.Both fly ash and GGBS are processed
alumina-silicate should be rich in silicon by appropriate technology and used for
and aluminium . These could be natural concrete works in the form of geopolymer
minerals such as kaolinite, clays, concrete. The use of this concrete helps to
etc.Metakaolin or calcined kaolin , low- reduce the stock of wastes and also reduces
calcium ASTM Class F fly ash , natural Al- carbon emission by reducing Portland
Si minerals ,combination of calcined cement demand.
mineral and non-calcined materials, Composition of Geopolymer Concrete:
combination of fly ash and metakaolin, and
combination of granulated blast furnace slag Following materials are required to produce
and metakaolin have been studied as source this concrete:
materials.Metakaolin is preferred by the 1. Fly ash – A byproduct of thermal
niche geopolymer product developers due power plant
to its high rate of dissolution in the reactant
2. GGBS – A byproduct of steel plant
solution, easier control on the Si/Al ratio and
the white colour. However, for making 3. Fine aggregates and coarse aggregates
concrete in a mass production state, as required for normal concrete.
metakaolin is expensive. 4. Alkaline activator solution for GPCC
as explained above. Catalytic liquid
system is used as alkaline activator slag has a rough finish and larger surface
solution. It is a combination of area when compared to aggregates of that
solutions of alkali silicates and volume which allows it to bind well with
hydroxides, besides distilled water. portland cements as well as asphalt
APPLICATIONS OF GEOPOLYMER mixtures. GGBFS is produced when molten
CONCRETE: slag is quenched rapidly using water jets,
which produces a granular glassy aggregate.
1. The drying shrinkage of is much less
compared to cement concrete. This The production of GGBFS requires little
makes it well suited for thick and additional energy as compared with the
heavily restrained concrete structural energy needed for the production of Portland
members. cement. The replacement of Portland
cement with GGBFS leads to significant
2. It has low heat of hydration in reduction of CO2 gas emission.
comparison with cement concrete..
GGBFS has a positive effect on both the
3. This concrete are found to possess very flexural and compressive strength of
high acid resistance when tested under concrete after 28 days. In the first 7 days
exposure to 2% and 10% sulphuric the compressive strength is generally
acids and many more. slightly lower than pure 100% Portland
This concrete has been used for construction cement mixtures. In the 7 to 14 day range,
of pavements, retaining walls, water tanks, the compressive strength is about equal to
precast bridge decks. the strength of concrete without slag. The
real gain in strength is noticed after the 28
GROUND GRANULATED BLAST
day
FURNACE SLAG:
mark especially when 120 grade GGBFS is
Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag is a
used. The long term strength of slag cement
by product of the steel industry. Blast
depends on many factors such as the
furnace slag is defined as “the non-metallic
amount of slag and Portland cement, and
product consisting essentially of calcium
water to cement ratio.
silicates and other bases that is developed
in a molten condition simultaneously with GGBFS BASED GEOPOLYMER
iron in a blast furnace.” In the production CONCRETE:
of iron, blast furnaces are loaded with iron GGBS based geo-polymer is used as the
ore, fluxing agents, and coke. When the iron binder, as an alternative of Portland or some
ore, which is made up of iron oxides, silica, other hydraulic cement paste, to produce
and alumina, comes together with the geopolymer concrete. The geopolymer glue
fluxing agents, molten slag and iron are formed by combination of source material
produced. The molten slag then goes and alkaline activator solution binds the free
through a particular process depending on coarse aggregates and fine aggregates
what type of slag it will become. Air-cooled together to make the geopolymer concrete,
with or without the presence of admixtures. GROUND GRANULATED BLAST

The making of geopolymer concrete is FURNACE SLAG:
carried out by using the usual concrete Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag is
technology methods. In the normal concrete, obtained by quenching molten iron slag
the aggregates occupy the major volume, i.e. from a blast furnace in water or steam, to
about 75-80% by mass. Inthis study 78% produce a glassy, granular product that is
volume occupied by aggregates in then dried and ground into a fine powder.
geopolymer concrete. The silicon and the
aluminum present in the GGBS are activated The main components of blast furnace slag
by a mixture of sodium hydroxide and are CaO (30-50%), SiO2 (28-38%), Al2O3
sodium silicate solutions to make the (8-24%), and MgO (1-18%). In general
geopolymer paste that binds the aggregates. increasing the CaO content of the slag results
in raised slag basicity and an increase in
MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES : compressive strength. The MgO and Al2O3
Geopolymers are inorganic materials content show the same trend up to
produced by geosynthesis from silica– respectively 10-12% and 14%, beyond
alumina gels in an alkaline environment. which no further improvement can be
Their microstructure consists of chains or obtained.
networks of inorganic molecules linked by
S.No CHARACTERISTICS %
covalent bounds . These molecules are
composed from one silicon or aluminium 1 FINENESS 412
atom connected by four oxygen atoms 2 PARTICLE SIZE 94.25/100
forming tetrahedrons, which are connected
3 INSOLUBLE RESIDUE 0.23
to each other in a three-dimensional
network sharing one common oxygen atom. 4 MAGNESIA CEMENT 8.73
The main raw material (precursor) for the 5 SULPHIDE SULPHUR 0.54
production of geopolymers is an alumino- 6 SULPHIDE CONTENT 0.29
silicate material. Precursors can be of natural
origin such as kaolin, zeolite, volcanic ash 7 LOSS ON IGNITION 0.17
or natural pozzolans, but may also be 8 MANGTENTANESE CONTENT0.06
thermally treated material such as 9 CHLORIDE CONTENT 0.010
metakaolin, fly ash, granulated blast furnace
slag, calcined shales or other industrial 10 GLASS CONTENT 90
residues. The alumino-silicate material 11 MOISTURE CONTENT 0.14
must be activated by a second raw material,
FLYASH:
the so-called activator—alkaline solution, in
general. Common activators are sodium and Fly ash, which is largely made up of SiO2
potassium hydroxide, sodium and and CaO, can be used as a substitute for
potassium silicate solutions (water glass) Portland cement, or as supplement to it. The
and sodium carbonate. materials which make up of fly ash are
Cement Consistency Specific gravity Initial setting time Final setting time
Fly ash 37.5 2.8 3hr 50min 11hr 35min
cement
pozzolanic, meaning that they can be used resistant to weathering. It is used as fine
that to bind cement materials together. aggregate in concrete.
Pozzolanic materials, including fly ash SIEVE ANALYSIS OF SAND:
cement, addeddurability and strength to
concrete. The Sieve Analysis of sand is carried out to
know the zone of the sand:
CHEMICAl ANALYSIS OF FLYASH
CEMENT: SIEVE SIZE WEIGHT % PASSING
RETAINED IN GM
The chemical analysis of cement is done to
know the amount of chemical composition 4.75MM 16GM 98.4
present in cement. Its procedure is 2.36MM 11GM 97.3
accordingly Vogel’s Inorganic Quantitative
1.18MM 65GM 90.8
Analysis. This experiment was done in our
institute chemistry laboratory. Here our aim 600MICRON 391GM 51.6
is to determined actual chemical 300MICROM 420GM 9.4
composition of the specimen provided by
the company. 150MICRON 82GM 1.2
TOTAL 1000GM
Chemical compound Fly ash cement in(%)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SAND:
Sio2 6
Before going to the experimental work the
Cao 49
physical properties of sand is determined
Mgo 0.66 like specific gravity and water absorption:
Fe2O3 15 Fine Specific Water absorption
Al2O3 16 aggregate gravity in %
FINE AGGREGATE: Sand 2.65 0.6
Sand is a naturally occurring granular ALKALINE SOLUTION:
material composed of finely divided rock • To activate the fly ash, a combination
and mineral particles. The most common of sodium hydroxide s o l u t i o n and
constituent of sand, in inland continental sodium silicate solution was chosen as
settings and non-tropical coastal settings, is the alkaline activator. The Alkaline
silica(silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in solution used for experimental
the form of quartz which, because of its investigation is a combination of
chemical inertness and considerable Sodium silicate solution and Sodium
hardness, is the most common mineral Hydroxide solution. It is seen that the
Geo-polymers with Sodium Hydroxide MIX DESIGN PROCEDURE:

solution exhibit better Zeolitic 1. The 28-day strength of A, B, C, D, E, F.
properties than Potassium Hydroxide Category of cement is to be reviewed.
activated Geo-polymers.The sodium
hydroxide is in flakes and pellet form 2. The graph connecting, different
with about 98% purity. These pellets strength of cements and W/C is to be
were mixed with distilled water to reestablished.
obtain the sodium hydroxide solution 3. The graph connecting 28-day
of required molarity. In the present compressive strength of concrete and
study the molarity of the solution is W/C ratio is to be extended up to
kept constant at 12M for all the 80Mpa, if this graph is to be cater for
experimental investigations. high strength concrete.
Minimum assay(acidimetric) 96% 4. As per the revision of 456-2000, the

degree of workability is expressed in
Carbonate 2%
terms of slump instead of compacting
Chloride 0.1% factor. This results in change of values
Phosphate 0.001% in estimating approximate sand and
water contents for normal concrete up
Meta silicate 0.02%
to 35Mpa and high strength concrete
Sulphate 0.01% above 35Mpa.
Arsenic 0.0001% 5. In the view of the above and other
Iron 0.005% changes made in the revision of IS456-
2000,the mix design procedure as
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
recommended in IS 10262-82 is
MIX DESIGN OF CONCRETE:The strength required to be modified to the extent
is mainly influenced by water cement ratio, considered necessary and examples of
and is almost independent of the other mix design is worked out.
parameters the properties of concrete with
MIX DESIGN FOR SCM’S
a compressive strength of 25MPa. To obtain
(SUPPLIMENTARY CEMENTETIOUS
good strength, it is necessary to see the
MATERIALS) CONCRETE:
lowest possible w/c ratio which affects the
workability of the mix. In the present state a) Design stipulations
of art, concrete which has a desired 28days Characteristic compressive strength
compressive strength of minimum 25 MPa, required in the field at 28 days :25Mpa
can be made by suitable proportion of the
Maximum size of aggregate : 20mm
ingredients using normal methods for
compacting the mixes. Degree of quality control : Good
Type of exposure : Mild
b) Tested data for materials Water content per cubic meter of

Specific gravity of fly ash : 1.27 concrete = 186kg and sand content %
of total aggregate by absolute volume
Comp Strength of cement at 7 day = = 35%.
Satisfies the requirement IS: 269-1989
Water = 186kg/3 of concrete
Specific gravity of Coarse aggregates :
2.63 Sand = 35% of total aggregate by
absolute volume
Specific gravity of Fine aggregates :
2.79 Therefore, estimated water content for
100 mm slump= 186+ (186×6)/100
Water absorption of coarse aggregate :
0.74% = 186+11.16
Free moisture in CA & FA : Nil =197 lit/m3
c) Target mean strength of concrete Addition of Super palletizers will

reduce 20% of water
The target mean strength for specified
characteristic cube strength is =197*0.8
25+1.65*4=31.6N/mm2 =157.6 lit/m3
d) Selection of water - cement ratio g) Determination of cement content & fly
The free w/c ratio required for the ash content:
target mean strength of 31.6 N/mm2 is W/C ratio =0.50
0.455. Cementitious material (cement + fly
The maximum free water-cement ratio ash) content=157.6/0.50=315.2kg/ m3
for mild exposure is 0.55 As per code =300 kg/ m3
The free w/c ratio is taken as the Hence ok.
minimum of the above two values, i.e.
Cementitious material content =
W/c ratio = 0.455 3.15.2*1.1
e) Estimation of air content: =347kg/ m3
For maximum size of aggregate of Water = 157.6 lit
20mm, the air content is taken as 2.0%.
Water cement ratio =157.6/347=0.455
f) Selection of water and sand content
Fly ash @100% of total cementitious
From IS method for 10mm max size of material
aggregate, Sand conforming to grading
Zone II. For change in value in W/C Fly ash content = 347 kg/ m3
ratio, compacting factor and sand
belonging Zone II, following
adjustment required.
h) Determination of Coarse and Fine = 1-(0+0.273+1.158+0.003)= 0.566

aggregate contents m3
For 20 mm agg. w/c ratio 0.50=0.62 g) Mass of coarse aggregate = 0.566 0.58
0.45=0.64 2.79 1000
For pumpable concrete these values = 915.90kg/m3

should be reduced by 10 percent. h) Mass of fine aggregate = 0.566 0.42
Therefore, volume of coarse aggregate 1000
= 0.64 x 0.9 = 0.58. = 625.20kg/m3
Volume of fine aggregate content =1 - The mix proportion becomes
0.56 =0.42. GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE MIXING AND
MIX CALCULATIONS: CURING&CASTING:
The mix calculations per unit volume of MIXING:It was found that the fresh fly ash-
concrete shall be as follows: based geopolymer concrete was dark in
a) Volume of concrete =1 m3 colour (due to the dark colour of the fly ash),
and was cohesive. The amount water in the
b) Volume of cement = 0 mixture played an important role on the
c) Volume of fly ash. =(Mass of fly ash/ behavior of fresh concrete. When the mixing
specific gravity of fly ash) X 10-3 time was long, mixtures with high water
content blend and segregation of aggregates
=0.273 m3
and the paste occurred. This phenomenon
=(347/1.27) X 10-3= 0.273 m3 was usually followed by low compressive
d) Volume of water =(157/1)X10-3= strength result of hardened concrete. Ratio
0.158m3 =0.158 m3 of Sodium Hydroxide Solution to Sodium
Silicate Solution result as 1 : 1.4.
e) Volume of chemical admixture
CURING:
(Superplasticizer) (@ 1.0 percent By
mass of cementitious material) =(3.8/ Geopolymer concrete specimens should be
1.145) X 10-3= 0.0033 =0.0033 wrapped during curing at elevated
temperatures in a dry environment (in the
f) Volume of all in aggregate = [a- (b +c
oven) to prevent excessive evaporation. Here
+d+ e)}
Table 4.2. Mix proportion
Water Fly ash Fine agg. Coarse agg. Super plasticizer

158 347 625.2 915.9 0.00033
0.455 1 1.8 2.63
Hence the Mix is 1:1.8:2.63 (Designed for M25).
we follow the curing by laying the gunny 3. After 7 & 28 days completion take out
bags over the specimens in room the cubes and meant for drying for
temperature. But we follow the curing at 24hours.
room temperature i.e, 27+/-20C. Also, in 4. The next day it is subjected to
Curing Time After demolding curing is done compressive stress under CTM.
at room temperature for 7 days and 28days
by using gunny bags over the specimens. 5. Note the readings and calculate the
DENSITY :The density of concrete primarily results.
depends on the unit mass of aggregates used 3>PRISM CASTING
in the mixture.
SCM content (GGBS+Flyash) =6.96kg
CASTING:
Fine aggregate =12.52kg
1>CUBE CASTING
Coarse aggregate =18.30kg
SCM content (GGBS+Flyash) =1.49kg
Water/alkaline sol ratio =3.17kg
2. After casting the cubes they are
Coarse aggregate =3.918kg immersed in base solution for 7, 28
Water/alkaline sol ratio =0.678kg days.
2. After casting the cubes they are 3. After 7 & 28 days completion take out
immersed in base solution for 7, 28 the cubes and meant for drying for
days. 24hours. 4.The next day it is subjected
to flexure stress under Flexure testing
3. After 7 & 28 days completion take out machine.
the cubes and meant for drying for
24hours. 5. Note the readings and calculate the
results.
4. The next day it is subjected to
compressive stress under CTM. 4>CUBE CASTING
5. Note the readings and calculate the SCM content (GGBS+Flyash) =

results. 1.49kg
2>CYLINDER CASTING Fine aggregate = 2.68kg
SCM content (GGBS+Flyash) =2.34kg Coarse aggregate = 3.918kg
Fine aggregate =4.21kg Water/alkaline sol ratio = 0.678kg
Coarse aggregate =6.15kg 2. After casting the cubes they are

subjected to open curing for 28 days.
Water/alkaline sol ratio =1.06kg
3. The next day apply wax on 4bottom
2. After casting the cubes they are sides of the cubes up to 1cm height.
immersed in base solution for 7, 28
days. 4. Take initial weight of cube.
5. Place this cube in water without EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS:

touching its base with the help wooden FINDING THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
pegs . AND SPLIT TENSIL STRENGTH OF
6. After 15 min take out the cube and its CONCRETE: Remove the specimens from
final weight is measured. water after specified curing time and wipe
7. By using the formulae obtain the out and Leave the specimen in the
capillarity co-eff value. atmosphere for 24hours before testing. Place
the specimen in the machine in such a
The following formulae is used to find manner that the load shall be applies to the
the capillarity co-efficient opposite sides of the specimen cast. Align
C = {Q/A}*”T the specimen centrally on the base plate of
the machine for a cubical or cylindrical
WHERE, C= capillarty co-eff value
specimen and Apply the load gradually
Q=Difference in weight without shock and continuously at the rate
A=wetted area of140kg/cm2 minute till the specimen fails.
Increase the load until failure and note the
T=Time
max. load.
5> PERMEABILITY TEST
FINDING FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF
1. MOULDS FOR PERMEABILITY CONCRETE: Remove the specimens from
SCM content (GGBFS+Flyash) water after specified curing time and leave
=0.48kg the specimen in the atmosphere for 24hours
before testing. The specimen is then placed
in the machine in such a manner that the
Coarse aggregate =1.26kg load is applied to the uppermost surface as
Water/alkaline solution ratio =0.21kg cast in the mould, along the two lines spaced
20.0 cm apart. The load is then applied
2. After 24 hours of casting they are
without shock and increasing continuously
subjected to pressurized water under
at a rate of 400kg/minute.
permeability testing apparatus.
FINDING DURABILITY OF CONCRETE: A
3. Using the below formulae test results
material is assumed to reach the end of
are calculated.
service life when its properties under given
K=Q/{AT(“p/L)} conditions of use have deteriorated to an
4. The above formulae is given by Darcy extent that the continuing use of the material
s law. is ruled either unsafe or uneconomical.
5. Caluclations are done using IS:3085- FINDING THE CAPILLARITY OF

1965 CONCRETE:Two cube specimens were cast
for concrete cube to determine capillary
absorption coefficients after 28 days curing.
This test is conducted to check the capillary 25°C.steady state flow through the sample
absorption of different binder mix mortar has been achieved, monitor and plot volume
matrices which indirectly measure the flow (Q) against time (t) until the slope of
durability of the different concrete the inflow and outflow lines can be
matrices.The capillary absorption achieved. Calculate the permeability by
coefficient (k) was calculated by using taking the mean of the inflow and outflow
formula: plots within the steady state flow range.
k=Q/A X t1/2 Remove the test sample from the apparatus
and measure and record the mass of the test
Where Q is amount of water absorbed sample to 0.1gm .
A is cross sectional area in contact with TEST RESULTS:
water
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH:
t is time D = Breadth of Prism
a) At 7 days:
FINDING PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE:
Obtain samples the hardened concrete of For a blend of 20% fly ash and 80%
appropriate diameter.The test sample GGBFS, the compressive strength of
should have been a minimum length of 2.5 geo-polymer concrete 43.77 MPa and
times the maximum aggregate size. The cut for conventional concrete is 21.02 MPa.
section will also be the test sample. With this, the resulting incremental
Condition the test sample in accordance change is 42.77%.
with AASHTO T277 to a Saturated Surface b) At 28 days:
Dry state, deleting the section referring to For a mixture of 20% fly ash and 80%
the use of epoxy resins.Fill the voids that GGBFS, the compressive strength of
are 2mm or greater in diameter that occur geopolymer concrete reaches to 55.55
on the sides of the test sample with MPa and for the nominal mix
plasticine or a similar material. Measure and proportion is 32.8 MPa. Incremental
record the mass of the test sample to the change in the compressive strength at
nearest 0.1g and the diameter (D) and length 28 days is 54.55%.
(L) of the sample to the nearest 1mm. Seal
the test sample within the permeameter cell. SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH:
Apply a constant pressure head of water to a) At 7 days:
the inflow side of the permeameter cell and
When compared to the Split Tensile
continuously monitor the pressure
strength of nominal cement concrete,
throughout the duration of the test.
the Split Tensile strength of geo-
Continuously monitor and record the
polymer concrete with 60% fly ash and
volumetric inflow and outflow of water and
40% GGBFS proportion is increased by
also ambient temperature, to the nearest
14.29%.
0.1°C. Ensure that the temperature is
maintained within a range of 21 to
b) At 28 days: PERMEABILITY:
When compared with the Split Tensile With the composition of 60% fly ash and
strength of nominal cement concrete 40% GGBFS geo-polymer concrete, the
mix proportion with geo-polymer permeability coefficient is reduced by
concrete of blend 80% GGBFS and 20 52.33% when compared with the
% fly ash, Split Tensile strength is conventional concrete
increased by 65.85% for geo-polymer COST ANALYSIS:
concrete.
In this section the various material costs are
FLEXURAL STRENGTH: analyzed and comparisons are made for the
a) At 7 days: easy understanding of the cost effectiveness
For a mixture of 40% fly ash and 60% of the used SCM s i.e. supplementary
GGBFS geo-polymer concrete, the cementations materials. For this we have
Flexural strength is increased by calculated the cost per cubic meter of each
0.225% when compared with the material and costs were analyzed. And
nominal mix proportion. results were compared with the
conventional concrete. For estimating the
b) At 28 days: cost and to make the comparisons we need
For a blend of 40% fly ash and 60% o find out the cost per kg quantity of
GGBFS geo-polymer concrete, the concrete for the conventional and SCM
Flexure strength is increased up to an concretes.
extent of 13.82% when compared with For the current project we have used about
the nominal mix proportion of cement 0.4 cu.m of geo polymer concrete which cost
concrete. of Rs 4569/- Finally we achieved two times
DURABILTY: more than the strength of conventional
concrete with double the cost of
When compared with the Durability of
conventional concrete.
conventional concrete of M25 mix, the
Durability of geo-polymer concrete is CONCLUSIONS:
increased by 27.39% for a blend of 20% fly Based on the experimental work reported
ash and 80% GGBFS. in this study the following conclusions are
CAPILLARITY: drawn:-
For the composition of 20% fly ash and 80% 1. By blending the different compositions
GGBFS based geo-polymer concrete, the of fly ash and GGBFS replaced in place
capillarity coefficient is reduced by 50.13% of cement concrete and by getting the
when compared with the conventional mix geo-polymer concrete, the following
proportion of cement concrete. points are observed.
2. Compressive Strength: For a blend of
20% fly ash and 80% GGBFS
Cost analysis for the conventional concrete:
material/units per cu.m unit cost/Rs Total cost

(Cement)/bags 11 340 3740
(Sand)/M3 0.38 340 391.2
(Aggregate)/M3 0.76 1000 760
ADMIXTURES/M3 3.8 50 190
TOTAL COST Rs. 5009.2 / m3 of concrete
Cost analysis for the fly ash based geo polymer concrete:
material/units per cu.m unit cost/Rs Total cost

(fly ash & GGBS)/bags 7 50 350
SAND/M3 0.42 840 352.8
(Aggregate)/M 3 0.58 1000 580
(NaoH)/M3 22 170 3740
(Na2Sio3)/M3 92 60 5520
(Admixtures)/ M3 3.8 50 190
TOTAL COST Rs. 10732.8 / m3 of concrete
geopolymer concrete, the compressive decreased by 50.83%.

strength is increased by 42.77% at 7 7. Permeability: Permeability of 60% fly
days 54.55% at 28 days. ash and 40% GGBFS blended
3. Split Tensile strength: For a mixture of geopolymer concrete is decreased by
20% fly ash and 80% GGBFS 52.33%.
geopolymer concrete, the Split Tensile 8. Cost: The cost of geo-polymer concrete
strength is increased by 65.85% for 28 is approximately double the cost of
days. conventional concrete but giving
4. Flexural Strength: When compared strength approximately twice that of
with nominal cement concrete, conventional concrete.
strength is increased by 13.82% for To get the same strength as that of
40% fly ash and 60% GGBFS geo- conventional concrete, the ingredients
polymer concrete. like sodium hydroxide and sodium
5. Durability: With the composition of silicate can be reduced there by the
20% fly ash and 80% GGBFS geo-polymer concrete can be produced
geopolymer concrete, durability of at the same cost of conventional
concrete is increased by 27.39%. concrete.
6. Capillarity: For the composition of 20% 9. The waste material like fly ash and
fly ash and 80% GGBFS geopolymer GGBFS can effectively be used as
concrete, the Capillarity coefficient is construction material.
REFERENCES: Geopolymers and Geopolymer

1. Mehta, P. K. (1983). Mechanisms of Concrete (GGC), Perth, Australia.
Sulphate Attack on Portland cement 6. Rangan, B. V., Hardjito, D., Wallah, S.
Concrete-Another Look. Cement and E., & Sumajouw, D. M. J. (2005a). Fly
Concrete Research, 13(3), 401-406. ashbasedgeopolymer concrete: a
2. Joseph Davidovits (1987), ¯Ancient construction material for sustainable
and modern concretes: What is the real development. Concrete in Australia,
difference? Concrete International, 31, 25-30.
pp.23-28. 7. Xu, H., &Deventer, J. S. J. V. (2000). The
3. Davidovits, J. (1994b). Properties of geopolymerisation of aluminometa
Geopolymer Cements. In Kiev (Ed.), silicateminerals. International Journal
First International Conference on of Mineral Processing, 59(3), 247-266.
Alkaline Cements and Concretes (pp. 8. Davidovits, J. (1999, 30 June - 2 July
131-149).Kiev, Ukraine: Kiev State 1999). Chemistry of Geopolymeric
Technical University. Systems, Terminology. Paper presented
4. Davidovits, J. (1988b). Geopolymer at the Geopolymere 99
Chemistry and Properties. Paper InternationalConference, Saint-
presented atthe Geopolymer 88, First Quentin, France.
European Conference on Soft 9. Davidovits, J. (1988c). Geopolymers of
Mineralogy, Compiegne, France. the First Generation: SILIFACE-
5. Davidovits, J. (2005). Green-Chemistry Process. Paper presented at the
and Sustainable Development Granted Geopolymer 88, First European
and False Ideas About Geopolymer- Conference on Soft Mineralogy,
Concrete. Paper presented at the Compiegne, France.
International Workshop on
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON PUMICE

STONEAGGREGATE CONCRETE
Dr.N.Sivalingarao1 Dr.V. Bhaskar Desai2 and Dr. B.L.P Swami3
Synopsis
Light weight concrete and light weight concrete with light weight aggregate plays
a vital role in the recent infrastructural development activities in the area of
construction, beautification, elegant and feasible structural designs, repairs and
rehabilitation of massive structures(like bridges, flyovers, dams etc.,).Light weight
aggregate concrete mixes can be used for high raised civil engineering structures.
Based on the brief experimental investigation it may be concluded that the
compressive strength of pumice concrete is seen to increase with metakaoline
content and reaches an optimum value between 5% to 15% and afterwards it
gets decreased for various contents of pumice. Even with 40% of pumice and
10% of metakaolin the design strength is achieved. The compressive strength of
pumice concrete is seen to increase with the fiber content and reaches optimum
value at 1.5% of fiber content and afterwards it gets decreased for various contents
of pumice. The compressive strength of No - Fines Fibrous light weight aggregate
concrete gradually increases with the increase in percentage of fiber and then
reaches an optimum value for 1% of fiber and afterwards it gradually decreases
with the increase in percentage of fiber.
Key Words: Pumice Stone, Compressive Strength, Light Weight Aggregate,
NoFines, Beautification and Optimum.
1. INTRODUCTION: considerable economy. Another most

Industrial growth leads to the usage of important characteristic of light-weight
alternative materials for concrete concrete is its relatively low thermal-
constructions with and without admixtures. conductivity, a property which improves
Pumice Stone is a naturally occurring with the decreasing density. Hence in
volcanic based light weight aggregate. There extreme climatic conditions and also in case
are many advantages of having low density. of buildings with air conditioning, the use
It helps in the reduction of dead load, of light-weight concrete with low thermal
increases the progress of building and conductivity will be of considerable
lowers the haulage and handling costs. The advantage from the point of view of thermal
use of light-weight concrete has made it comforts and lower power consumption.
possible to proceed with the construction Structural lightweight aggregate concretes
of tall and heavy structures on soils with are considered as alternatives to concretes
low bearing capacities. In framed structures made with dense natural aggregates because
if floors and walls are made up of light- of the relatively high strength to unit weight
weight concrete, it would result in ratio that can be achieved.
1
Deputy Executive Engineer JNTUA CE Anantapuramu, 2 Professor in JNTUA CE Anantapuramu, 3 Professor
in Methodist College of Engg., and Technology, King Koti,Hyd.
Increasing utilization of lightweight combined with Portland cement and water

materials in structural applications is produce a lightweight thermal and sound
making pumice stone a very popular raw insulating, fire-resistant lightweight
material as a lightweight rock. In the initial concrete.Swamy, R. N et al. (1993)7reported
stage of a building project, the construction that further studies on fibrous concretes
material properties should be well have also shown that fibers are more
evaluated. Therefore, the need arises to effective in composites when they are free
analyze the materials to be used in from aggregate interference.Banthia, N. and
construction experimentally in detail. Trottier, J.,(1994) 8 suggested that the
Pumice stone has been used since centuries addition of fibers produces an increase in
in the world. Pumice aggregate can be found compressive strength with light weight
in many places around the world where aggregate concrete. SunilMistry
9
volcanoes are present. Although it has been (2010) conducted a study and reporting as
used successfully in many countries finding the high reactivity metakaolin enhances the
new and improved ways to use pumice is strength and durability of concrete to make
little bit slow. concrete even more suitable for sustainable
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE: construction.Khandaker M, et al.
(2003)10concluded that the volcanic pumice
Kayali, et al. (2003)1 reported that by adding concrete (vpc) has sufficient strength and
some mineral admixtures, using adequate density to be accepted as structural
higherdosage of cement and super lightweight concrete.. HabibUysal, et al.
plasticizer and decreasing the water to (2004)11concluded that pumice aggregate
cement ratio, make itpossible to produce would decrease the density and thermal
somewhat high strength light weight conductivity of concretes up to 40% and
concrete from scoria aggregates.Swamy and 46%, respectively.
Lambert (1981)2 reported that the water
absorption of LWA was considerably higher 3. OBJECT AND SCOPE OF
(12% to 45%) due to the presence of INVESTIGATION:
interconnected pores and cracks.Kohno et Light weight aggregate concrete is different
al., (1999)3stated that the higher absorbing from light weight concrete. In light weight
tendency of LWA causes problem in the aggregate concrete the aggregates are light
fresh state (i.e. workability). According to in weight when compared to conventional
Abeles and Bardhan-Roy (1981)4concretes granite aggregate. The recent research
containing light-weight aggregate preserve focuses on light weight aggregate concrete
their strength up to nearly 500oC.Nevile, because of rapid industrial growth,
A.M. (1995)5also stated that Pumice is a spreading of special economic zones, real
natural material of volcanic origin produced estate boom, advanced and technological
by the release of gases during the developments in construction materials and
solidification of lava.Neville A.M. science & technology, architectural needs,
(1996)6had reported that Pumice aggregates builder and customer choice, natural
hazards like earthquake, tsunami, industry concrete with the addition of steel fibers for
and institutional needs, economy in the volume of concrete in various
construction, durable and environmentally percentages of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.5.
sustainable buildings, low bearing capacity The study on no-fines light weight aggregate
of soils, recycling of industrial by products, concrete is also carried out to examine the
liberalization of export and import policies, properties of further reduced weight
globalization etc. concrete. The various strength properties of
Naturally occurring volcanic pumice stone admixture light weight concrete so
aggregates are more popular due to its produced are studied in conjunction with
inherent properties like very low density, those of conventional admixture concrete.
high range thermal insulation properties, 4. OVERVIEW ON VARIOUS MATERIALS
internal curing due to its porous structure, AND THEIR PROPERTIES
low handling, lifting, hauling, placing and 4.1. Cement:Ultra Tech Ordinary Portland
transportation charges. Due to this total Cement (OPC) of 43 grade of Cement
conventional granite aggregates are replaced conforming to
with pumice aggregates which lead to so
many benefits and advantages. IS:11269 standards has been procured and
used,
From the brief literature survey conducted
in this investigation it has been observed 4.2. Fine Aggregate:The locally available
that even though lot of work is conducted natural river sand is procured and isfound
earlier on light weight aggregate concrete, to be conforming to grading zone – I of Table
limited work has been reported on the study 4 of IS383-1970 and this has been used as
of concrete made with Pumice (a light fine aggregate in the present investigation
weight aggregate) as coarse aggregate as shown in plate 1.0.
partially/fully replacing the normal 4.3 Conventional Natural Aggregate
conventional aggregate along with the usage (Granite)
of pozzolana admixture in partial or full
Machine crushed granite aggregate
replacement of cement and with addition
confirming to IS 383-1970 consisting 20 mm
of steel fibres. Keeping this in view in this
maximum size of aggregates has been
investigation, an attempt has been made to
obtained from the local quarryas shown in
study various properties of the concrete by
plate 2.0.
replacing the normal weight aggregate with
light weight aggregate (pumice aggregate) in 4.4. Pumice Stone Aggregate: Light weight
various percentages 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 aggregate (pumice) is procured from Turkey.
by volume. Also pozzolonic materials like The size of light weight aggregate is 20 mm
metakaoline/metacem are added in various as shown in plate 3.0.
percentages of 0, 5, 8, 10, 15, 20% by weight 4.5. Water: Potable water has been used in
of cement to produce admixturedlight this experimental program for mixing and
weight concrete and fibrous light weight curing.
4.6Metacem/Metakaoline:The Metacem 85c tested. Here a constant water cement ratio

is obtained From the 20 Microns Limited of 0.25 has been adopted along with the
Company at Vadodara in Gujaratas shown usage of super plasticizer (SP-430) to
in plate 4.0.. maintain more or less same workability
4.7 Fibers:Rounded high tension Crimped throughout the investigation.For the study
type steel fibers procured from Nagpurhave of various properties, different specimens
been used .A view of these is as shown in have been cast and tested.
plate 5.0. 5.1 Mixing Of Concrete:
4.8 Super plasticizer(SP 430):Super Initially the ingredients such as cement and
Plasticizer (SP-430) is used to maintain more Metacem, are mixed, to which the fine
or less same workability throughout the aggregate and coarse aggregate, light weight
investigationas shown in plate 6.0. aggregate (Pumice) are added and
5.0 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION: thoroughly mixed. Water is measured
exactly. Then it is added to the dry mix and
To start with mix design has been conducted it is thoroughly mixed until a mixture of
for M20 concrete making use of ISI method uniform color and consistency are achieved
of mix design using normal constituents of which is then ready for casting. Prior to
concrete. In the course of first casting of specimens, workability is
phaseinvestigation, normal granite aggregate measured in accordance with the code IS
has been replaced by 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 1199-1959 and determined by slump and
80% and 100% of light weight aggregate compaction factor tests. By the addition of
namely pumice. In thesecond phase suitable dosage of the super plasticizer, the
investigation the normal cement has been workability of all mixes is maintained more
replaced by admixture (Metacem) in equal or less constant. This has been done by
proportions in six percentages i.e. 0, 5, 8, making some trial mixes.
10, 15 and 20. Here a constant water cement
ratio of 0.50 has been adopted along with 5.2 Details of Specimens Cast:
the usage of super plasticizer (SP-430) to For Compressive Strength of Concreteeach
maintain more or less same workability variable three cube specimens were cast.
throughout the investigation.In addition in Cubes of size 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm
the third phase investigation the crimpled were cast.
steel fibers are added in equal proportions 5.3 Curing Procedure:
in five volume percentages of concrete i.e.
0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0.Also in the fourth phase After casting the cube moulds were kept for
investigationa mix is prepared with 1 part air curing for one day and the specimens
of cement and 3 parts of Pre-wetted and were removed from the moulds after 24
surface dried Pumice by volume. In the hours of casting. Marking was done on the
course of investigation, the crimpled steel specimens to identify the variables used. All
fibers are added in equal proportions in the specimens were cured in curing tanks
seven percentages i.e. 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, for the desired age. Concrete specimens
1.25, 1.5. For the study of various properties, were cured for 7 days, 28 days, 90 days and
different specimens have been cast and 180 days to test for compressive strength.
6.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: investigation. For this combination more

6.1. CUBE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF than target mean strength of M20 concrete
PUMICE CONCRETE: (30.25 N/mm2) of the concrete is achieved.
However with 40% pumice content and
The compressive strength results with 0.5% of fibers more than the designed
various percentage replacements of natural strength of M20 concrete 25.13 N/mm2 is
aggregate by pumice are presented in achieved.
Table1.0 The compressive strength gets
decreased with increasing percentage of 6.4 CUBE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
pumice aggregate. NO-FINES FIBROUS LIGHT WEIGHT
CONCRETE:
6.2. CUBE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
METACEM PUMICE CONCRETE: The Cube compressive strength values with
various percentage additions of fibers are
Various cube compression tests with various presented in Table 4. The graphical variation
percentages of pumice and natural aggregate of compressive strength as shown in fig3.
and with various percentages of metacem From them it may be observed that there is
have been conducted. Cube compressive an increase in compressive strength with the
strength results with 40% natural aggregate increase in percentage of fiber up to 1.0%
being replaced by 40% pumice and with and afterwards the strength gets decreased.
different percentage replacements of cement
by metacem are presented in Table 2.0 and Hence, from the above discussions it can
Fig 1.0.Hence from above discussion (20% be concluded that 1.0% fiber is supposed to
pumice + 80% NA) with 5% metacem and be optimum percentage with respect to
(40% pumice + 60% NA) with 10% compressive strength within the scope of
metacem are the recommend economical present investigation, since here maximum
combinations. compressive strength i.e. 6.4 N/mm2 of the
concrete is achieved.
6.3 CUBE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
FIBROUS LIGHT WEIGHT PUMICE CONCLUSIONS:
CONCRETE: 1. The design strength of concrete is
In addition crimped steel fiber has been obtained with 20% replacement of
added in various percentages starting from coarse aggregate by pumice aggregate
0 to 2 percent in spells of 0.5 percent.In and with 5% of cement replaced with
Table 3.the cube compressive strength metacem. Even with 40% of pumice
values are presented with 40% natural and 15% of metacem the design
aggregate being replaced by 40% pumice strength is achieved.
stone and with different percentages of fiber. 2. Cube Compressive strength is
Hence, from the above discussions it can observed to vary from 26 to 9 MPa with
be concluded that 20% replacement of the replacement of natural aggregate
natural aggregate by 20% pumice and with by pumice from 0 to 100 percent.
1.5% fiber is supposed to be optimum 3. More than the target means strength
percentage with respect to compressive of M20 concrete is achieved with 20
strength within the scope of present percent replacement of natural coarse
aggregate by pumice aggregate and 4. Abeles PW and Bardhan-Roy BK.

with 1.5 percent of fibre. “Prestressed concrete designer’s
4. Also with 40% pumice and with 0.5% handbook”, Cement and concrete
of fibers average target mean strength association. Wexham Springs: A
of M 20 concrete is achieved. The Viewpoint Publication; 1981.
compressive strength of pumice 5. Nevile, A.M., “Properties of Concrete”,
concrete is seen to increase with the 4th Edition, Longman, Harlow,
fiber content and reaches a value at England, 1995.
1.5% of fibre content and afterwards 6. Neville AM. “Properties of concrete”,
it gets decreased for various contents 4th and final edition. Harlow (UK):
of pumice. Addison-Wesley/Longman Limited;
5. The compressive strength of concrete 1996.
gradually increases with the increase 7. Swamy, R. N., and Jones, R. et al.
in percentage of fibre and then reaches “Influence of steel fibers on the shear
a value i.e. 6.4 Mpa for 1.0% of fibre resistance of lightweight concrete I-
and afterwards it gradually decreases beam”, ACI structural Journal 90 (1)
with the increase in percentage of fiber. (1993) 103-114
6. The density of concrete increases with 8. Banthia, N. and Trottier, J., “Concrete
percentage increase of steel fibre(both reinforced deformed steel fibers, part
before and after curing). 1: Bond-slip mechanisms”, ACI
REFERENCES: Material Journal 91 (5) (1994) 435-446.
1. O. Kayaliand M.N. Haque at al. “Some 9. Sunil Mistry”MetaCem- Metakaolin: A
characteristics of high strength fiber High Strength Creation”[218-222]
reinforced lightweight aggregate TheMasterbuilder - July 2010.
concrete”, Cement and Concrete 10. Khandaker M and Anwar
Composites 25(2003) 207–213. Hossain”Blended cement using
2. Swamy, R.N., and Lambert, G.H., “The volcanic ash and pumice” Cement and
microstructure of Lytag aggregate”, The Concrete Research 33 (2003) 1601–
International Journal of cement 1605.
composites and Lightweight concrete, 11. HabibUysal, “The effects of different
Vol. 3 (1981) 273-282. cement dosages, slumps, and pumice
3. Kohno, K and Okimoto, T et al. “Effects aggregate ratios on the thermal
of artificial aggregate on autogenous conductivity and density of concrete”,
shrinkage of concrete”, Cement and Cement and Concrete Research 34
concrete research, Vol. 29 (1999) pp (2004) 845–848.
611-614.
Table 1.0 Cube Compressive Strength of Replacements of CGA with PSA
S No CGA:PSA IdentificationMark Compressive Strength (28Days)in N/mm2

1 100:0 N 26
2 80:20 P2 23
3 60:40 P4 16
4 40:60 P6 14
5 20:80 P8 11
6 0:100 P10 9
Table 2.0 Cube Compressive Strength of 60% NA +40% PSA
S No CGA:PSA Percentage of Identification Compressive Strength

Metakaoline Mark (28Days)in N/mm2
1 60:40 5 H1 19
2 60:40 8 H2 20
3 60:40 10 H3 21
4 60:40 15 H4 19
5 60:40 20 H5 17
Table 3.0 Cube compressive strength at 60% NA + 40% PSA
S No Identification Percentageof Steel Compressive Strength

Mark Fibreadded (28Days)in N/mm2
1 P4 0 15.8
2 L2 0.5 19.22
3 M2 1.0 21.23
4 N2 1.5 23.18
5 O2 2.0 20.47
Table 4.0 Cube Compressive Strength of No Fines Concrete
S No IdentificationMark Compressive Strength (28Days) in N/mm2

1 Cube – 0.00 2.94
2 Cube - 0.25 3.2
3 Cube - 0.50 3.8
4 Cube - 0.75 4.8
5 Cube - 1.00 6.4
6 Cube - 1.25 5.2
7 Cube - 1.50 4.23
Table 5.0Densities of No- Fines Fibrous Light Weight Pumice Concrete
S No Percentage of fiber added by Density in Kg/m3 Density in Kg/m3

volume of concrete Before curing after curing
1 0.0 919 939
2 0.25 950 965
3 0.5 1031 1054
4 0.75 1055 1072
5 1.0 1070 1096
6 1.25 1096 1125
7 1.5 1120 1155
Fig. 1.Typical variation of Cube compressive strength Vs Replacement of Cement by

metakaoline
Fig. 2. Typical variation of Cube compressive strength Vs Percentage of fiber

Fig. 3. Cube compressive strength Vs Percentage of fiber
Plate 1. Fine Aggregate Plate 2. Coarse Aggregate (Pumice)
Plate 3. Coarse Aggregate (Pumice) Plate 4. Metakaoline/Metacem 85C

ANALYSIS OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE IN

CONCRETE PRODUCTION
Pallavi Shelke1 and S.S.Deshmukh2
Abstract
Recycling of concrete waste as an aggregate for new concrete construction saves
huge disposal cost, conserves natural resources, and provides economical benefits
also. Accordingly recycled aggregates when replace natural aggregates, reduce
the unit cost of concrete and conserves energy. In addition, recycled aggregates
when used improve the economy too. Recycling of concrete is a relatively simple
process. It involves breaking, removing, and crushing existing concrete into a
material with a specified size and quality. The quality of concrete with recycled
concrete aggregates is very dependent on the quality of the recycled material
used.
The experimental analysis has been divided in to two categories by comparing
the quality of concrete produced by natural aggregates and crushed cubes
aggregates. The concrete mix is designed for characteristic M 30 strength. The
water/cement ratio is kept as variable. The qualities of these fresh concretes as
regards to workability are accessed. The strength parameters of hardened concrete
like compressive strength and split tensile strength will be observed.
I. INTRODUCTION from building can be used for recycled

Rapid growth in population and aggregate concrete.
urbanization are pushing the growth in II. LITERATURE REVIEW
construction. Especially in the developed S. Mandal, A.Chakraborty and A.Gupta
countries, old buildings are being investigated that the strength of RAC
demolished to be replaced with new one. (Recycled Aggregate Concrete) is
But most of the construction and comparatively lower than that of similar mix
demolished waste is used in land filling of of NAC (Natural Aggregate Concrete).
low laying area. But research in different
countries has suggested the possibility of However with the use of fly ash, it may be
reusing hard inert material in recycled possible to produce RAC with an
aggregate concrete. It may be point out that, improvement in strength. Therefore, the
the Asia alone produces about 760 million results of this study provided a strong
tones of construction waste every year. In support for the feasibility of using recycled
India, the waste from construction industry aggregates instead of natural aggregates for
is estimated to be about 12 to 14.7 million the production of concrete.
tones per annum. But this demolished part Dr. S. Chakraborty and Prof. P.G.Bhatta
such as, broken concrete and bricks mostly Charya which deals with the statistical
property of recycled aggregate concrete.
1,2
P.G Student, Civil Engg Dept. Asst Prof, Civil Engineering Dept. KJ COE, Pune KJ COE, Pune
They concluded that recycled aggregate replacement of coarse recycled aggregate

concrete showed inferior qualities in respect with the reference concrete made with
of normal concrete strength. The basalt coarse aggregates. The recycled
compressive cube strength of RAC lies aggregates were saturated before mixing.
between 19.62 N/mm² and 23.65 N/mm² Ravindrarajah et al. (1985) reported that the
though the recycled aggregate concrete. splitting tensile strength of RAC was
In evaluation of the recycled aggregate consistently 10% lower than that of
characteristics, it should be kept in mind conventional concrete. Tabsh and
that each recycled concrete aggregate Abdelfatah (2009) reported that about 25%–
particle is still a piece of concrete composed 30% drop in the tensile strength was
of the original coarse aggregate (OCA) and observed in concrete made with RCA. Kou
the adhered mortar (AM). The recombined et al. (2012), observed that regardless of the
form of these concrete particles with a new type of the recycled aggregate used, the
matrix is called recycled aggregate concrete. splitting tensile strength of the specimens
For a clear understanding of the recycled decreased as a function of increasing RCA
aggregate and to predict its possible effects replacement ratio before the age of 28 days.
on concrete, the constituents of these However, for some types of the RCAs used,
composite particles must be identified an increase in the splitting tensile strength
separately (Nagataki et al. 2000). at the age of 90 days is observed. Sagoe et
It is a believed concept that the quality of al. (2001), reported that there is no
RAC is tied to the properties of the original significant difference between the splitting
waste concrete, the new composition, the tensile strength of the reference and the
mixing approach, and the deterioration recycled aggregate concrete specimens.
conditions of the recycled aggregates. Initial Domingo-Cabo et al. (2009), found that the
investigations on the use of recycled shrinkage of RAC increased after 28 days.
aggregate usually focused on incorporating The RAC with a RCA replacement level of
recycled coarse aggregate and its influence 20% showed a similar shrinkage to the
on mechanical and durability properties of conventional concretes in the early stage.
the RAC. It was an adopted concept that For a period of 6 months, the shrinkage in
although the use of recycled coarse RAC was 4% higher. In the case of a RCA
aggregate may be viable, a decrease in the replacement level of 50%, the shrinkage was
performance of the RAC should be regarded 12% greater than that of the conventional
as a normal outcome which can be mitigated concrete after 6 months.
through various approaches such as
increasing cement content in mixture, etc. III. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
(Bagragi et al. 1990). RCA with use of geopolymer with fly ash,
Sagoe et al. (2001) observed no significant aggregates, sand, aggregates. The test results
difference in the compressive strength of the are taken at 7days and 28 days with varying
specimens made with up to 100% percentage of admixture with oven and
natural curing method. It also provides the concrete. As in the case of Portland cement
specification of the material that is to be concrete, the coarse and fine aggregates
used in concrete preparation. Properties of occupy about 75 to 80% of the mass of
admixture are followed by effects of geopolymer concrete. This component of
admixture on concrete. The mix proportion geopolymer concrete mixtures can be
is also described required for making the designed using the tools currently available
RCA workable, flow able. for Portland cement concrete.The
Production of Recycled Aggregate compressive strength and the workability of
geopolymer concrete are influenced by the
There are certain processes & equipment proportions and properties of the
which are available for recycling of constituent materials that make the
aggregates are given below. The following geopolymer paste. Higher concentration (in
are the most commonly used processes for terms of molar) of sodium hydroxide
the production of recycled aggregates, which solution results in higher compressive
are, strength of geopolymer concrete. Higher the
1) Crushing ratio of sodium silicate solution-to sodium
hydroxide solution ratio by mass, higher is
2) Grinding
the compressive strength of geopolymer
3) Screening concrete.The slump value of the fresh
geopolymer concrete increases when the
water content of the mixture increases.
A. MATERIAL USED:
Fly Ash
In the present experimental work, low
calcium, Class F were used.
Aggregate
Aggregate are used for making geo-polymer
concrete are fine aggregate and coarse
Mix Proportion for Geopolymer aggregate.
The primary difference between geopolymer Alkaline Activators

concrete and Portland cement concrete is To activate the fly ash, a combination of
the binder. The silicon and aluminum sodiumhydroxide solution and sodium
oxides in the low-calcium fly ash reacts with silicate solution was chosen as the alkaline
the alkaline liquid to form the geopolymer activator. Sodium-based activators were
paste that binds the loose coarse aggregates, chosen because they were cheaper than
fine aggregates, and other un-reacted Potassium-based activators.
materials together to form the geopolymer
Mixing and Casting

It was found that the fresh fly ash-based geo-
polymer concrete was dark in colour (due
to the dark color of the fly ash), and was
cohesive. The amount of water in the
mixture played an important role on the
behavior of fresh concrete. When the mixing
time was long, mixtures with high water
content bled and segregation of aggregates
and the paste occurred. This phenomenon
Graph 4.10 - Geopolymer Concrete with
was usually followed by low compressive
60%R.C.A
strength result of hardened concrete.
IV. RESULT AND DISSCUSSION
Graph 4.11- Geopolymer Concrete with

40%R.C.A.
Graph 4.8Geopolymer Concrete with
100%R.C.A
Graph 4.12- Geopolymer Concrete with

20%R.C.A.
V. CONCLUSION 5. Davidovits J. High-alkali Cements for

1. The absorption capacity of recycled 21st Century Concretes Concrete
coarse aggregate was 3.75 times higher Technology : Past, Presentand Future ,
than that of natural coarse aggregate. P.K.Mehta , ACI ,Detroit ,USASP144-
19:383-397 (1994).
2. The long term strength development
of recycled coarse aggregate concrete 6. Davidovits,J. Properties of Geo-
is more favorable than natural polymer Cements. First International
aggregate concrete. Conference on Alkaline Cement sand
Concretes , Kiev, Ukraine , SRIBM,
3. The durability performance of recycled Kiev State Technical University(1994).
concrete is affected by the higher
absorption and porosity of RCA. 7. Davidovits,J.Chemistry of Geo-
polymeric Systems,Terminology Geo-
4. The result of sulphate resistance of polymer International Conference,
recycled concrete was quite France (1999).
comparable to NAC. This study
showed that the chloride ion 8. Davidovits J. Personal Communication
ingression of RAC increased with the on the Process of Making of
increased RCA replacement level. Geopolymer Concrete(2002).
Repeated Recycled Coarse Aggregate 9. Davidovits . J, M .Davidovits , N.
Concrete Davidovits Process for Obtaininga
REFERENCES Geopolymeric Alumino-silicate and
Products thus Obtain US Patent USA.
1. Cheng , T. W. and J. P. Chiu 5,342,595(1994).
“Fireresistant Geo-polymer Produced
by Granulated Blast Furnace 10. Desai J .P Construction and
Slag.”Minerals Engineering16(3): 205- Performance of High-Volume Fly Ash
210 (2003). Concrete Roads in India . Eighth
CANMET/ACI International
2. Collins, D.Mitchell ,J.G MacGregor Conferenceon FlyAsh, Silica Fume
(1993) “Structural Design ,Slag ,and Natural Pozzolans in
Considerations for High Strength Concrete, Las Vegas, USA, American
Concrete.”ACIC on crete International Concrete Institute(2004).
15(5): 27-34(1993).
11. Fernández-Jiménez , A. and A.Palomo
3. DavidovitsJ.Mineral Polymers and (2003 “Characterisation of FlyAsh:
Methods of Making Them United Potential Reactivity as Alkaline
States Patent: 4,349,386. USA(1982). Cements.”Fuel 82(18): 2259-
4. Davidovits J..”Geo-polymers : 2265(2003).
Inorganic Polymeric New Materials” 12. Fortune, J. Global Dimming, BBC: 22
Journal of Thermal Analysis37:1633- March 2005.
1656(1991).
13. GourleyJ.T. (2003). Geo-polymers; 15. Kurtz . S , P . Balaguru, J . Davidovits

Opportunities for Environmentally Geo-polymer Composites Layers for
Friendly Construction Materials Strengthening Concrete Structures.
Materials 2003 Conference : Adaptive Geopolymer 99, St. Quentin, France
Materials fora Modern Society, Sydney, (1999).
Institute of Materials Engineering 16. Malhotra V . M , “Making Concrete”
Australia(2003). Greener “With Fly Ash.” ACI concrete
14. Heidric C.(2002) Ash Utilisation-An International 21(5): 61-25 Malhotra,
Australian Perspective ,Geo-polymers .”High-Performance High-Volume Fly
2002 International Conference, Ash Concrete.”ACI Concrete
Melbourne, Australia, Siloxo(2002). International 24(7): 1-5(1999).
ON THE CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF SUGARCANE

BAGASSE ASH AS AN INGREDIENT OF CONCRETE
Yogesh Iyer Murthy1, Sumit Gandhi1 and Abhishek Kumar2
Abstract
The current paper experimentally investigates the effect of partial replacement
of cement by sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) in concrete in varying proportions
by weight in M20 grade of concrete. The physical and mechanical properties of
concrete so produced were evaluated. The fresh concrete produced showed a
drastically reduced slump with increasing percentage replacement. The water
absorption, dry and bulk density, volume of voids showed a decreasing trend
with increase in SCBA content. Further, the compressive, flexural and split tensile
strength also showed a drop in strength. The durability aspects were studied
using sorpitivity tests. The study showed that mill scale acts as a filler material
and can be used as partial replacement of sand effectively up to 40% by weight
of cement in concrete producing a sustainable green concrete which is viable
scientifically and ecologically.
Keywords: sugarcane bagasse ash, green concrete production, physical and
mechanical properties
1. Introduction: reduces the carbon footprint, the volume of

Siliceous or alumino-siliceous compounds wastes in landfills, conserves energy and
which individually possess little or no reduces the cost of construction [6].
cementitious properties, but react with the Additives, which could potentially be used
calcium hydroxide present in hydrated as alternate materials for cement in concrete,
cement at ambient temperature to form are termed supplementary cementitious
compounds having agglomerative properties materials (SCM). Amongst the artificial
when finely ground are classified as pozzolana, SCBA is selected for in depth
pozzolanic materials [1-3]. These are study in the current work s a potential SCM.
broadly categorized into two classes: natural This is because India is a major producer of
and artificial [4].The natural sugar cane and hence, every year tons of
pozzolanaincludes diatomaceous earth, sugarcane bagasse is generated. Currently,
chert and pumice, while the examples of bagasse is used for production of bio-ethanol
artificial pozzolana are blast furnace slag andbiochar. It is also used as biofuel and as
and rice husk ash. Several studies raw material for paper. Apart from these, the
enumerate the use of such pozzolanic SCBA possesses pozzolanic properties and
materials in concrete for enhancing the hence has the potential to partially replace
physical, chemical, mechanical or durability fine aggregate or cement in concrete.
properties of the resulting concrete [5-7]. Moreover, high Silica content, in the form
Additionally, the use of such materials also of quartz, which is also a major ingredient
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Jaypee University of Engineering and Technology, Guna, India. yogesh.murthy@juet.ac.in
2
Deprtment of Applied Mechanics, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India
in fine aggregates supplements the potential Table 1: Nomenclature of concrete

application of SCBA as alternate material containing SCBA
in concrete. Investigating the structural
Content Nomenclature
performance of concrete containing SCBA
is thus an active area of research, especially 100% CEMENT + 0% SCBA SCBA0
in India and Brazil, which are leading 95% CEMENT + 5%SCBA SCBA5
producers of sugarcane.
90%CEMENT + 10%SCBA SCBA10
Hence, the primary objective of this work is
85% CEMENT + 15% SCBA SCBA15
to ascertain the physical and mechanical
aspects of the binary blended cement. The 80% CEMENT + 20% SCBA SCBA20
use of SCBA as replacements of fine SCBA SCBA
aggregate as well as partial replacements of
cement has been investigated by many Coarse aggregates Locally available crushed
researchers. In this work, SCBA is used as aggregate of maximum size 20 mm were
partial replacement of cement, forming used conforming to IS:383 (2016)[8] .
binary blended cement concrete. This is due The required gradation was achieved by
to the following reasons: combining the aggregates of two different
• Most of the particles (e” 98% by nominal sizes - 20 mm and 10 mm in the
weight) of SCBA were passing 60ìm. ratio of 60:40. The combined gradation
At this order of fineness, it is preferable curve is presented in Figure 1. The physical
to replace cement rather than fine properties of combined coarse aggregates are
aggregate; fineness modulus of 6.44, specific gravity
of 2.88 and water absorption of 2.02.
• Significant numbers of literature WaterPotable tap water was used for mixing
confirmed the pozzolanic activities of and curing of concrete confirming to IS:
SCBA upon partial replacement of 10262 (2009) [9].
cement. Thus, in order to verify these
findings, it was preferred to partially
replace cement by SCBA instead of
fine aggregate in concrete.
2. Materials and Methods:
The nomenclature of cement mix containing
SCBA is presented in Table 1. River sand
confirming zone I of IS: 383 (2016) [8] with
fineness modulus 3.6 and specific gravity
2.6 with water absorption 2.42% was used
and coarse aggregate 20mm down was used
in concrete. Figure 1 Combined grading curve of coarse
aggregates
The variation of specific gravity of cement Fresh concrete properties for concrete
containing SCBA in varying proportion is containing SCBA
shown in Figure 2: The slump value of the binary blended
concrete was determined at various
percentage replacements. It is presented
graphically in Fig.3. It could be inferred that
as the percentage of SCBA in the blend
increases, the slump of the resulting mix
decreases. This could be attributed to the
increased water demand of SCBA.
Figure 2 Variation of specific gravity of

cement with variation in % of SCBA.
The mix proportions of concrete containing
SCBA was done based on IS: 10262:2009
and are presented in Table 2.
3. Results and Discussion:he fresh concrete
properties, physical and mechanical
properties of the binary blended concrete Figure 3 Variation of fresh concrete
were determined from the standard properties for binary blended cement with
procedures and are presented below. SCBA.
Table 2: Design mix proportions of M20 grade concrete with varying % replacements of
cement with SCBA.
Mixes Composition Fine Coarse Water/

Cement SCBA Aggregate Aggregate Binder Ratio
SCBA0 1 0 1.79 3.15 0.5
SCBA5 0.95 5 1.79 3.15 0.5
SCBA10 0.90 10 1.79 3.15 0.5
SCBA15 0.85 15 1.79 3.15 0.5
SCBA20 0.80 20 1.79 3.15 0.5
This is also supported by the water the specific gravity of blended cement
absorption test results of the blended decreases with an increase in percentage
concrete cubes as shown in Fig.4. It is clearly replacement, it is evident that the dry and
seen that as the percentage replacement bulk density should decrease with increase
increases there is increase in water in this replacement.
absorbed.
Figure 4 Variation of percentage of water The variation in volume of voids and

absorbedby binary blended concrete with porosity of the hardened concrete are shown
SCBA. in Table (). It could be seen that as the %
4. Physical properties of hardened blended replacement increases the volume of voids
concrete containing SCBA remains nearly constant. But the porosity
The variations in dry and bulk densities, of concrete decreases up to 10% and then
volume of voids ad porosities of the binary increases.
blended concrete are discussed in this 5. Mechanical Properties of SCBA blended
section. concrete
Concrete Densities The 28 days compressive strength, flexural
The variations in the dry and bulk densities strength and split tensile strength of the
of blended concrete are shown in fig 5. Since blended concrete are presented in Table ().
Table 3 Volume of voids and porosity of concrete containing SCBA.
SCBA Volume of Voids Porosity

SCBA0 5 7.924
SCBA5 5.069 7.681
SCBA10 5.013 7.456
SCBA15 5.097 7.565
SCBA20 5.041 7.571
Table: 28 days strength values of blended concrete
SCBA Compressive strength Flexural Strength Split Tensile Strength

(%) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
SCBA0 27.2 6.12 3.2
SCBA5 28.5 6.33 3.4
SCBA10 32.96 7.1 3.6
SCBA15 28.32 6.45 3.5
SCBA20 26.5 6 3.36
These results indicate that the maximum • The mechanical properties such as
value is obtained at 10% replacement of compressive strength, flexural strength
cement with SCBA. Similar values are also and split tensile strength of the
reported in literature (Sriniavas) concrete containing SCBA decrease
(Kanchanlata) (Houssien) (Hailu). This with increasing replacements,
could be attributed to the combined of the although, replacement up to10% did
physical and chemical effects of SCBA in not result in drastic reductions of
concrete. (Table) strength of concrete. The relation
In the case of SCBA in the relationship between compressive strength,
between flexural strength and compressive flexural strength and split tensile
strength was founds to be the following: strength of the concrete containing MS
results in similar equations as
ft = 0.4911(fc)0.765 with an R2 value of 0.91. suggested by ACI.
The relation between split tensile strength REFERENCES:
and compressive strength was found to be
[1] R. A. Berenguer, F. A.Nogueira Silva,
Fs= 0.85(fc)0.412 with an R2 value of 0.87. S. Marden Torres, E. C.
5. Conclusions on concrete containing BarretoMonteiro, P. Helene, A. A. de
SCBA MeloNeto (2018), “On the influence of
sugarcane bagasse ashes as a partial
Based on the above results the following
replacement of cement in compressive
conclusions are drawn for concrete
strength of mortars”, Revista
containing SCBA:
ALCONPAT, 8 (1), pp. 30 – 37, DOI:
• The addition of SCBA results in http://dx.doi.org/10.21041/ra.v8i1.187
reduced workability
[2] Amin, N. U. (2010). “Use of bagasse
• Water absorption, volume of voids and ash in concrete and its impact on the
porosity and densities of concrete strength and chloride
containing SCBA decreased with resistivity”, Journal of materials in
higher percentages of the latter civil engineering, 23(5), 717-720.
[3] Km, P. T., & México, H. (2011). H. (1998), “Use of wastes of the sugar
“Electrochemical characterization of industry as pozzolana in
modified concretes with sugar cane limepozzolana binders: study of the
bagasse ash”, International Journal reaction”, Cementand Concrete
Electrochemical Science, 6, 4915- Research, 1525–36.
4926. [8] IS: 383-1970, Specifications for Coarse
[4] Singh NB, Singh VD, Rai and Fine Aggregates from Natural
S.(2000),”Hydration of bagasse ash- Sources for Concrete.
blended Portland cement”, Cement [9] IS: 10262-2009, Recommended
and Concrete Research,30(9):1485–8. Guidelines for Concrete Mix Design
[5] Otuoze, H. S., Amartey, Y. D., Sada, B. [10] KanchanLata Singh and S. M. Ali
H., Ahmed, H. A., Sanni, M. I.,& Jawaid (2013),”Utilization of
Suleiman, M. A. (2012, July), Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) as
“Characterization of sugar cane Pozzolanic Material in Concrete”,
bagasse ash and ordinary Portland IJBSTR, 1 (8).
cement blends in concrete”.
I n Proceedings 4th West Africa Built [11] AsmaAbdElhameed Hussein,
Environment Research (WABER) NasirShafiq, MuhdFadhilNuruddin
Conference, Abuja, Nigeria(pp. 1231- and Fareed Ahmed Memon,
1237). (2014),”Compressive Strength and
Microstructure of Sugar Cane Bagasse
[6] Pereira, A., Akasaki, J. L., Melges, J. L., Ash Concrete”, Research Journal of
Tashima, M. M., Soriano, L., Applied Sciences, Engineering and
Borrachero, M. V.,&Payá, J. (2015). Technology 7(12): 2569-2577, 2014
“Mechanical and durability properties ISSN: 2040-7459.
of alkali-activated mortar based on
sugarcane bagasse ash and blast [12] Md. Moinul Islam, Md. Saiful Islam,
furnace slag”, Ceramics Md. Al-Amin and Md. Mydul Islam,
International, 41(10), 13012-13024. (2012), “Suitability of sea water on
curing and compressive strength of
[7] MartineraHerna´ndez JFM, structural concrete”, Journal of Civil
Middeendorf B, Gehrke M, Budelmann Engineering (IEB), 40 (1) (2012) 37-45.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE

CONCRETE USING BENTONITE AND ROBO SAND-
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Shaista Begum1 and Mohd.WaleedHassanAnsari2
Abstract
The utilization of concrete has been increasing day by day due to rapid
industrialization, urbanization and infrastructural developments all over the
world. A huge quantity of natural coarse aggregate, natural river sand and also
cement is needed in order to fulfill the increasing demand. This is causing a
rapid depletion of the natural resources, be it rocks for coarse aggregate or the
natural river sand and need to be conserved urgently. It is also found that during
the production of cement, an equal amount of carbon dioxide is also produced
and to overcome the ill effects caused on the environment, attempts have been
made to replace the natural resources by some other materials such as recycled
aggregates and ROBO sand and cement by some other binding material like
bentonite.This work reports the results of an experimental study on the
mechanical propertiesof concrete produced with recycled coarse aggregate
(100%), ROBO sand (100%) and partial replacement of cement with Bentonite
(0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% replacement). The compressive strength,
split tensile strength and flexural strength of this concrete was tested by casting
cubes of size 150 X 150 mm, cylinders of diameter 150 mm and length 300 mm
and beams of length 500 mm and cross sectional dimensions 100 X 100 mm size
respectively and testing was done at 7 and 28 days.The fresh and harden concrete
properties were analysed after 28 days of curing and found that at 20%
replacement of OPC with bentonite along with super plasticizer was optimum
and gave compressive strength of 44.0 N/mm2 which is an increase of about
17.5%.Similarly the split tensile strength is found to12% more than at 0%
bentonite.. The workability was a problem initially but was able to achieve after
addition of super plasticizer.
Keywords—recycled aggregate, Bentonite, Robo sand, Natural aggregate, Super
Plasticizer.
1. INTRODUCTION to their extensive use are becoming scarce.

About 7.5 billion cubic meters of concrete River sand sources are fast depleting and
is produced each year, more than one cubic the quantity of sand required is falling short
meter for every person on the Earth. of demand. To overcome this deficit,
Production of concrete requires a host of alternative material to river sand, namely
material resources in terms of cement, sand manufactured stone crushed sand or ROBO
and aggregates. Most of these materials used sand is being used in the industry in making
in concrete are naturally occurring and due concrete. It is well known fact that even
1
AssociateProfessor, 2M.E Scholar, Civil Engineering, Deccan College of Engineering and Technology,
Darussalam, Hyderabad, 500001, TS, India. 1ershaistaw@gmail.com,2waleedansari87@gmail.com
aggregates are depleting and an alternative as ‘‘green’’ and environmental friendly

resource needs to be recognized and tried. construction material, but also useful in the
The Countries who have faced with issues quest to reduce the cement constituents of
pertaining to shortage of supply of raw concrete production. Thus the use of
materials have already switched on to bentonite will greatly reduce the
recycling for meeting their requirement. As environmental pollution, cost of
a large proportion of this requirement can construction, emission of carbon dioxide by
be supplemented by using the demolished reducing the cement content. Chemical
material, nevertheless this secondary admixture i.e., Super plasticizer of about
material needs to be assessed before being 0.8% of weight of binding material is used
used in making of second generation you improve its workability. Grading,
concrete. This work tests such demolished Specific gravity test and water absorption
material as an alternative material to be used tests are conducted on fine aggregate and
in concrete by recycling thus saving onto recycled Aggregates.LosAngeles test is also
the natural resources and also satisfying the performed to find recycled aggregate’s
social and environmental objective. resistance to abrasion. Compression tests,
Bentonite is a kind of clay that swells and Split tensile strength tests, flexural tests and
gels when mixed in water which is used in workability tests are conducted [12, 13].
construction majorly in excavation and 2. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
foundation works. It consists of more than
85% clay mineral called ‘montmorillonite’ 2.1 MATERIALS:
and is considered to be high plastic clay. The The following materials are used for the
use of bentonite as an important casting of Specimens:
construction element is still in its initial
2.1.1Cement: In the present investigation,
stages, since a major percentage of
ordinary Portland cement of type cement of
foundations and other civil engineering
53 Grade (Ultra tech) is used. Care is taken
activities are still constructed without the
that is freshly produced and from a single
use of bentonite and are causing higher
producer. The cement thus produced was
expenditure through the use of cast iron and
tested for physical properties in accordance
steel liners. In this present study the attempt
with IS 4031.
is made to use the recycled aggregate in new
concrete without compromising the 2.1.2Fine Aggregate: Fine aggregate is Robo
properties of fresh and harden concrete i.e., sand obtained locally. The physical
compressive strength , tensile strength and properties like specific gravity was
workability and to investigate the possibility determined in accordance with IS 383-
of using bentonite and robo sand to improve 1970[13]. Fineness modulus was found
the quality of RAC. The suitability of based on sieve analysis. Weight of sample
bentonite for the production of structural taken was 1000 grams.
concrete, having been classified as highly 2.1.3Recycled coarse aggregate: Recycled
reactive pozzolona, is not only considered course aggregate of 20mm maximum size
of angular shape obtained from recycled strength, cured for 7days and 28 days and
aggregate crushing plant, Osmania tested following standard procedures and
University, Civil Engineering Department, Beams of size 100mmx100mmx500mm
in Hyderabad is used in present study. were casted and tested for flexural strength.
Specific gravity was determined in 4. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
accordance with IS 2386.
4.1 WORKABILITY
2.1.4Water: Locally available portable water
was used formixing and curing which is Workability of the samples was decreasing
portable and free from injurioussubstances with the increase in the percentage of
that may be deleterious to concrete or steel. bentonite. This was because the bentonite
particles were absorbing certain amount of
2.1.4Bentonite:Bentonite used in the mixing water on its surface resulting in
presentinvestigation is calcium bentonite decrease in the free water and lowering the
obtained from a construction material workability. Table 3 shows the workability
supplier located at Secunderabad and the variance with the variation in percentage of
surface area of bentonite is 0.09 to 1.8m2/cc bentonite. (Fig.1)
and specific gravity is 2.6.Table 1 shows the
details of the properties of bentonite. 4.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
2.1.6Super plasticizer: The super plasticizer The Compressive strength of the cubes is
used in this investigation Roofplast SP-45 given in the Table4. In the present research
from Armstrong chemicals Ltd. it can be seen that at the end of 7 days, there
was increase in the compressive strength of
3. METHODOLOGY about 8% when about 10% bentonite is used
The properties of cement such as normal and 10% when 15% bentonite was used.
consistency, specific gravity, fineness etc., This compressive strength increases more,
and the properties of fine aggregates, natural about 11% when 20% bentonite is used but
coarse and recycled coarse aggregates like the compressive strength decreases about
specific gravity, grain size, and water 16.5% when 30% bentonite used. The
absorption are determined using the suitable results at the end of 28 days show increase
test procedures. The details of the M60grade in compressive strength of about 6% when
Concrete mix used are tabulated in Table 2 10% bentonite used, increase of about 13%
is arrived at as per IS: 10262[14]. Workability when 15% bentonite is used and an increase
test on concrete with different water-cement of 17.5% when 20% bentonite was used. But
ratio was carried out. Concrete cubes of size there is a decrease of about 16% when 30%
150 x 150 x 150 mm were casted in moulds bentonite is used.
as per the mix proportions obtained for The comparative results of compressive
determining the compressive strength and strength at 28 days are shown in fig 2.
cylinders of diameter 150mm and height
300mm for cylindrical specimen were 4.3 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH
casted for determining the split tensile The split tensile strength of the cylinders of
seven different batches is shown in the table 20% and 25% bentonite replacement. The
5.It is to be noted that from the literature split tensile strength for 30% was found to
review done we have seen that the be the same. Figure 4 showing the
compressive strength, split tensile strength comparative split tensile strength at the end
and flexural strength of the concrete which of 28 days.
is cast by replacing the coarse aggregate The flexure strength of the cylinders of
completely by recycled aggregate (100% seven different batches is shown in the table
replacement) is significantly lower than that 5.At the end of 28 days, the flexure strength
compared with the concrete cast out of of 5% and 10% bentonite replacement was
natural coarse aggregate for all concrete lower than 100% recycled aggregate (0%
grades. The results obtained in this research bentonite) by 14% and 7% respectively.
are to be compared with the results achieved Whereas, the flexural strength was found to
for the samples which consist of 100% be more, about 5%, 12.5%, 15% and 17%
replacement of natural coarse aggregate with for 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% bentonite
the recycled aggregate and 0% replacements respectively.Figure 5showing
Bentonite.The 28 day results show that the the comparative results of flexural strength
split tensile strength was lower by 17%, at the end of 28 days.
14%, 10%, 7% and 2.5% for 5%, 10%, 15%,
Table 1 showing physical properties of Bentonite
S. No Physical Property Value
3
1 Uncompacted Density(lbs./ft ) 47.5
2 Compacted Density (lbs./ft3) 37 to 56
3 Specific gravity 2.6
4 Appearance Odorless granules or
powder in variable colors
5 Surface area (m2/cc) 0.09 to 1.8
6 Solubility in water None
7 pH 8.5 to 10.5
8 colour Light cream
Table 2 showing the quantity of materials for M60 grade concrete
S.No Material (kg/m3) Quantity of materials (kg/m3)

1 Cement 517
2 Water 155
3 Fine Aggregate 607.75
4 Coarse Aggregate 1037.84
5 Super Plasticizer 2% by weight of binding material
6 Water Cement Ratio 0.3
7 Workability 100mm
Cement: Fine aggregate: Coarse aggregate is 1:1.17:2 with water-cement ratio 0.3
Table 3 showing workability in terms of slump
S.No Mix ID Slump in mm

1 B1 (0% Bentonite) 86
Figure 3 showing the variation of workability in terms of slump
Table 4 - Results of the compressive strengths of cubes at 7 and 28 days
S.No Mix ID Compressive strength Compressive strength

at 7 days (MPa) at 28 days (MPa)
1 B1 (0% Bentonite) 24 37.18
2 B2 (5% Bentonite) 25 37
3 B3 (10% Bentonite) 25.9 39.51
4 B4 (15% Bentonite) 26.3 42
5 B5 (20% Bentonite) 26.7 44
6 B6 (25% Bentonite) 24.5 38
7 B7 (30% Bentonite) 20 31
Figure 2 showing the comparative results of compressive strengths at 28 days

Table 5- Results of the split tensile strength at the end of 7 and 28 days
S.No Mix ID Split tensile strength Split tensile strength

1 B1 (0% Bentonite) 2.46 2.91
2 B2 (5% Bentonite) 1.86 2.4
3 B3 (10% Bentonite) 1.95 2.5
4 B4 (15% Bentonite) 2.07 2.62
5 B5 (20% Bentonite) 2.2 2.7
6 B6 (25% Bentonite) 2.46 2.83
7 B7 (30% Bentonite) 2.67 2.91
Figure 3 showing the comparative split tensile strength at the end of 28 days
Table 6 - Results of the flexural strength at the end of 7 and 28 days
S.No Mix ID Flexure strength Flexure strength

1 B1 (0% Bentonite) 3.25 3.73
2 B2 (5% Bentonite) 3 3.2
3 B3 (10% Bentonite) 3.18 3.47
4 B4 (15% Bentonite) 3.5 3.93
5 B5 (20% Bentonite) 3.85 4.2
6 B6 (25% Bentonite) 3.96 4.29
7 B7 (30% Bentonite) 4.1 4.37
Figure 4 showing the comparative results of flexural strength at the end of 28 days
Figure 5 compressive strength at 0% vs 20%
Figure 6 Split tensile strength at 0% vs 20%
Figure 7 Flexural strength at 0% vs 20%

5. CONCLUSION robo sand as the particle size of

Based on the present experimental study the bentonite makes the concrete dense
following conclusions are drawn: and workable hence it increases the
strength of concrete.
• The 7 day compressive strength of
100% recycled aggregate concrete was • It is noted that the split tensile strength
found to increase up to about 11% with and flexural strength majorly depend
an addition of 20% Bentonite as a on the binding material and here the
replacement of cement and is seen binding material used was cement
decreasing up to 16.5% when mixed with bentonite. Hence we can
bentonite content increases to 30%. conclude that addition of bentonite
increases the quality of the binding
• The 28 day compressive strength of material and overall increases the
100% recycled aggregate concrete was quality of concrete produced.
found to increase up to about 17.5%
with an addition of 20% Bentonite as • The research work shows that the
a replacement of cement and is seen optimum percentage to replace cement
decreasing up to 16% when bentonite was found to be 20% where the
content increases to 30%. compressive and flexural strength
increase considerably with minor loss
• The split tensile strength of the in split tensile strength. It is to be noted
cylinders made with the addition of that the main purpose of concrete is to
30% bentonite was found to be the provide compression and hence the
same as that of the split tensile strength minor loss in split tensile strength may
achieved in the 100% recycled be overlooked.
aggregate concrete. But for 5%, 10%,
15%, 20% and 25% bentonite • The workability of concrete was found
replacement, the split tensile strength to decrease by up to 35% with the
is found to be lower. change in bentonite content from 5%
to 30% and hence a super plasticizer
• The flexural strength of 5% and 10% (Roofplast sp-45) was used which
bentonite replacement was found to be increased the workability
lesser than that of the 100% recycled considerably.
aggregate but when the percentage of
bentonite added to the mix was REFERENCES
increased up to 30% replacement of [1] Dhivyana R (2015). An experimental
cement, there has been an increase of study on concrete using Bentonite and
about 17% in the flexural strength of Steel Slag. National Conference on
the beams. Research Advances in Communi-
• The increase in compressive strength cation, Computation, Electrical
is due to the addition of bentonite and Science and Structures.
[2] AAnbarasan, M Venkatesan. (2015) [7] Sandhya V, Lalitha A, K N, Vishwanath

Effect of Robo Sand on strength I. (2017) Enhancing Properties of
characteristic of recycled aggregate ferrocement Using Bentonite Clay And
concrete. International Journal of M-Sand.
Research in Engineering and [8] Praveen K, Rango R, Achyutha R.
Technology. (April 2017). Effect on strength
[3] Manjunatha M, Akshay N.K, jeevan properties of concrete by partial
H. (March 2016) Durability Studies on replacement of cement with calcium
Concrete by Replacing Natural Sand bentonite and Fly Ash. International
with M-Sand. International Journal of Journal of Civil Engineering and
Emerging Technology and Advanced Technology.
Engineering. [9] Abhinav Kumar (2018). Partial
[4] Akhil S, Ananya J, Anju P, Flemy M. replacement of Cement and Fine
(May 2016). Partial Replacement of aggregate by using Bentonite and
Fine aggregate with demolished Waste Sheet Glass Aggregate.
concrete fine aggregate and partial International Journal of Engineering
Replacement of Cement with Trends and Technology.
Bentonite. International Journal of [10] I.S. 6461 (Part 7) 1973, Mixing, laying,
Science Technology and Engineering. compaction, curing and other
[5] AbhishekKumar and ShwetaPuri construction aspects . BIS,New Delhi.
(March 2018). A New approach of [11] I.S. 516-1959 Methods of test for
using foundry sand for enhancing strength of concrete BIS,New Delhi.
concrete mechanical properties.
International Research Journal of [12] I.S. 12269-1987, Specification for 53
Engineering and Technology. grade ordinary Portland cement . BIS,
New Delhi.
[6] ShwetaPuri, Manish Bhutani.
(September 2016). Performance [13] I.S. 383-1970, Specification for course
evaluation of concrete with partial and fine aggregate from natural sources
replacement of cement with bentonite for concrete. BIS, New Delhi.
and natural coarse aggregates with [14] I.S. 10262-2009, Recommended
recycled coarse aggregates. guidelines for concrete mix design .
International Journal for Science, BIS, New Delhi.
Management, and Technology.
STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF TRIPLE BLENDED

FIBROUS GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE-
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Y. Naveen Kumar1, Chitresh Yadhav2 and Dr.B.L.P Swami3
Abstract
In the present experimental work, the admixtures like Fly ash, GGBS and Silica
Fume are going to be utilized in various percentages (i.e.,
Flyash+GGBS+Silicafume: 100+0+0, 90+0+10, 80+10+10, 70+20+10,
60+30+10,50+40+10) to prepare 8M concentration geopolymer concrete (i.e.
G40 grade) mix and specimens of size 100mm x 100mm x 100mm are prepared.
Similarly geopolymer concrete mix is prepared including steel fibres, and
specimens like cubes(i.e., 100mmx 100mm x100mm), beams (i.e. 150mm x
150mm x 700mm) and cylinders (i.e. 150mm × 300mm) are prepared using
various percentages of admixtures and steel fibre (i.e., 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%).The test
specimens are subjected to Ambient curing (i.e. direct sunlight) and tested for
the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength at the age of
28 days and 56days.
Key words:Fly ash, GGBS, Silica Fume, NaoH,Na2Sio3, polymerisation, molarity,
ambient curing.
INTRODUCTION: in source materials of geological origin or

1.1 Development of Geopolymer Concrete by-product materials such as fly ash and rice
(GPC) husk ash. He termed these binders as
Geopolymers. ‘Palomo et al’ suggested that
The risk of environmental change is thought pozzolans such as blast furnace slag might
to be one of the major ecological difficulties be activated using alkaline liquids to form a
for the general public. The generation of binder and hence totally replace the use of
concrete adds to the discharge of CO2 OPC in concrete. In this scheme, the main
through the decarbonisation of limestone. contents to be activated are silicon 0and
Bond is a standout amongst the most calcium in the blast furnace slag. Such
essential building materials utilized concrete which completely eliminated the
worldwide for the creation of cement. The use of OPC, developed from constituents of
bond business is a noteworthy wellspring geological origin, was termed as Geopolymer
of carbon emanations and merits Concrete.
consideration in the appraisal of carbon
discharge decrease alternatives.In 1978, 1.2 Properties of Geopolymer Concrete
Davidovits proposed that binders could be Geo-polymerization is a geo-synthesis–a
produced by a polymeric reaction of alkaline reaction that chemically integrates minerals.
liquids with the silicon and the aluminium The exposure of alumino silicate materials
1
Research scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, JNTU Hyderabad, (TS), naveenkumar2018@gmail.com,
2
M.tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology, Hyderabad-,
3
Prof. & Co-ordinator, Research & Consultancy, Methodist College of Engg. and Technology, Hyderabad, (TS)
such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, or binder is produced by the reaction of an
thermally activated substances to high- alkaline liquid with a source of material
alkaline environments (hydroxides, which is rich in silica and alumina.Fibre
silicates) gives rise to the formation of a reinforced concreteis a relatively a new
geopolymer. Geopolymers are characterized composite material in which fibres are
by a two- to three-dimensional Si-O-Al introduced in the matrix as micro
structure. These materials represent a new reinforcement, so as to improve the strength
order of cementitious products able to like compressive strength, cracking strength
provide ceramic and zeolitic properties not and other properties of concrete. Some types
normally present in traditional cement of fibres produce greater impact, abrasion,
materials. and shatter resistance in concrete. Glass
1.3 Advantages of Geopolymer Concrete: fibre reinforced concrete is a type of another
fibre reinforced concrete which is mainly
Geopolymeric materials have a wide range used in exterior building and as architecture
of applications in the field of industries such point of view.
as in the automobile and aerospace, non-
ferrous foundries and metallurgy, civil 1.5 Details of Present Experimental
engineering and plastic industries. The type Investigation
of application of geopolymeric materials is In the present experimental investigation,
determined by the chemical structure in GGBS and silica fume is tried as replacement
terms of the atomic ratio Si: Al in the to fly ash in various percentages. The
polysialate. A low ratio of Si: Al of 1, 2 or 3 molarity of the alkali sodium hydroxide
initiates a 3D-Network that is very rigid, (NaoH) is kept constant at 8. Crimped steel
while Si: Al ratio higher than 15 provides a fibres were added to the GPC mix in
polymeric character to the geopolymeric percentages varying from 0.0 to 1.0 by
material. For many applications in the civil volume. The specimens of GPC were cured
engineering fields, a low Si: Al ratio is at ambient temperature over various curing
suitable. periods ranging from 28 days to 56 days. By
1.4 Fibre Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete testing the fibrous GPC specimens,
conclusions are drawn on the optimum
Geopolymer is a type of concrete with combinations of fly ash, GGBS and silica
amorphous, alumino-silicate product that fume.
exhibits the ideal properties of rock forming
properties i.e. hardness, chemical stability 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
and longevity. The properties of Geopolymer 1. Davidovitsetal (1) studied the
concrete include high early strength, low environmental effects including
shrinkage, freeze-thaw resistance, sulphate temperature on geopolymer
resistance and corrosion resistance. concrete.
However, Geopolymer concrete does not 2. Ferria etal. (2) Reported that the
utilize any Portland cement in it and the presence of glass fibre in GPC
improves the properties of strain 3.1.3Silica fume:Silica fume is a by product

hardening and crack arresting of producing silicon metal or
mechanism. ferrosiliconAlloys. One of the most
3. Hardjito etal (3 and 4) tested and gave beneficial uses for silica fume is in concrete.
mechanical properties of geopolymer Because of its chemical and physical
cement and concretes. The results are properties, it is a very reactive pozzolan.
good Concrete containing silica fume can have
very high strength and can be very durable.
4. Lloyd etal (5) have studied the Silica fume for present experimental work
durability properties of GPC and was bought from Go green products Chennai
reported better results. with high purity i.e. 99.5%
5. Polomo,A etal (6) studied the 3.1.4 Aggregates: The fine aggregates used
properties of alkali-activated fly ashes. in the study was river sand and coarse
6. Wallah, S.Eetal (7) reported the results aggregates are crushed angular granite stone
on the long term properties of passing 12.5mm sieve. The results are found
geopolymer (fly ash based) concrete. to satisfy the specifications.
7. Vijay.k etal studied the properties of 3.1.5 Sodium Hydroxide: Solution of 8
glass fibre reinforced GPC and reported molar was prepared by mixing the pellets
the strength results. with distilled water. The mass of NaoH
solids in a solution varied depending on the
3. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
concentration of the solution expressed in
3.1. Materials of GPC terms of molar (M). Amount of sodium
3.1.1 Fly ash: Fly ash is the alumino silicate hydroxide solids are added to certain
source material used for the synthesis of geo- amount of water (in pellet form) to make up
polymer binder. Low calcium class fly ash the solution up to 1 litre and mixed well 24
was obtained from APARNA RMC plant hrs prior to usage.
located at Miyapur. The percentage of fly 3.1.6 Sodium Silicate: Sodium silicate
ash passing through 45μm is Sieve was solution of 8 molar was prepared by mixing
found to be 95%. the mass of Na 2sio 3 with diluted water.
3.1.2 Ground granulated blast furnace Concentration of the solution expressed in
slag:Groundgranulatedblast furnace slag terms of molar m and sodium silicate
(GGBS) is a by product of the steel industry. solution was 24 hrs prior to usage. By
Blast furnace slag is defined as “the non- combining NaoH with Na 2 sio 3 the
metallic product consisting essentially of polymerization reaction is activated.
calcium silicate and other bases that is 3.1.7Water:This is the least expensive but
developed in a molten condition most important ingredient in concrete. The
simultaneously with iron in a blast furnace”. water, which is used for making concrete,
The GGBS is used as a replacement to fly should be clean and free from harmful
ash by 0, 20 and 40 percents.
impurities such as oil, alkali, acid etc. in 3.2 MIX DESIGN FOR GEO POLYMER
general, the water which is fit for drinking CONCRETE (GPC 40)
was used for making concrete. Distilled The mix design procedure is adopted from
waterwas preferred in the present the literature and based on trial as per the
investigation. following steps.
3.1.8 Super Plasticizer:Super Plasticizersare 1. In 1 cubic meter of concrete (mass=
capable of reducing water content by about 2400 kg), total aggregate is adopted at
30% .However it is to be noted that full 78% .Out of this 30% is taken as fine
efficiency of super plasticizer can be aggregate (River sand). The coarse
obtained when it is added to a mix that has aggregate consists of 60% of 20mm size
as initial slump of 20 to 30 mm. Depending and 40% of 10 to 12mm size.
on the solid content of the mix, dosage of 1
to 2 % by weight is recommend. For the 2. In the remaining mass, the alkaline
present investigation, a super plasticizer solution is 40% of the mass binder(fly
namely CONPLASTSP 430 has been used ash)
for obtaining workable concrete. In addition 3. Out of the alkaline liquid NaoH
to the above, super plasticizer and extra solution and Na 2Sio3 solutions are
water are added to maintain the workability mixed in the ratio of 1:25.
of the GPC mix
4. Solids of Na in the NaoH solution are
3.1.9 Steel Fibre: 25.5% for molarity ‘8’. In the Na2Sio3
In the present experimental investigation solution the water content is 55.9%.
locally available binding wire is used as fibre 5. From the above the total solid
material which had a length of 40mm and chemicals and water are worked out.
diameter of 1mm which resulting an aspect
6. Hence finally the proportions of
ratio of 40. The tensile strength of fibre is in
various constituents are worked out.
the range of 1100 N/mm2. The density of
Quantities required for 1 cubic meter
steel fibre used is 7842 kg/m3.
of concrete are also shown in table 1.
Table 1: Materials required for GPC (40)
Sl Details Binder Sand Coarse NaoH Na2Sio3

No Fly ash aggregate Solution
1 Ratios 1.0 1.49 3.47 0.114 0.286
2 Masses for 1 cubic 377.14 561.16 1310.40 43.102 107.75
meter of GPC
3.2.1Mix combinations tried in the present 3.3.3 Testing of specimens:

investigation Specimens of respective ages were tested for
Three basic combinations between fly ash, compressive and split tension and flexural
GGBS and silica fume were tried. The strength. Standard procedures were
combinations were obtained by replacing fly followed for testing. Average strengths are
ash with GGBS and silica fume by 0+0%, used for plotting. The variations in the
0+10%, 10+10%, 20+10%, 30+10%, compressive, split tensile strength and
40+10%. These combinations of GPC were flexural strengths are shown by bar charts
tested for compressive and split tensile in fig 1, 4 and 7. The variations of
strength and flexural strengths. Further, steel compressive strength, split tensile strength
fibres were mixed at 0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 volume and flexural strength for different fibre
percentages. In total there were 18 percentages are shown in fig 2, 3, 5, 6, 8&9.
combinations tried for strength testing. 4. DISCUSSION OF THE RESUTLS.
3.3 EXPERIMENTAL WORK The results of the experimental
3.3.1 Mixing and Casting investigations are discussed herein.
The various materials of GPC like fly ash, 4.1 Workability of Geopolymer Concrete
GGBS,silica fume, Coarse aggregate, fine In the case of geopolymer concrete in
aggregate , super plasticizer have been general the workability is low for a given
weighted accurately as per the mix strength. To increase the workability if more
proportions. The alkaline solution (NaoH quantity of water is added the strength is
+Na2Sio3 ) is made ready by one day earlier reduced. Hence for a given strength and
to mixing. A dry mix with all the ingredients given alkaline solution to binder ratio to
is prepared in the pan mixer. The alkaline obtain sufficient workability super
solution is added and mixed. Super plasticizer is to be used. In the present
plasticizer is added to maintain workability. experimental investigation 2% super
Sufficient numbers of cube, cylinder and plasticiser i.e., conplast sp430 is applied.
beam specimens were cast for testing for Hence it can be stated that to maintain
compressive split tensile strength and workability for a given strength super
flexural strengths. plasticiser is necessary in the case of
3.3.2 Curing of GPC specimens. geopolymer concrete.
In the present investigation, curing at 4.2 Effect of Ambient Curing
ambient temperature was adopted for GPC Geopolymer concrete is quite strong in
specimens. Demoulding of specimens was compression just like plain concrete. It is
carried out two days after the casting and weak in tension & flexure. In the present
the specimens were subjected to curing at experimental investigation ambient curing
room temperature. Specimens were tested of specimens was adopted for 28 and 56 days
at the ages of 28 and 56 days. respectively. It is noted that specimens are
not giving the design strength at the age of

28 days but the design strength was obtained
at the age of 56 days.
4.3 Influence of Mineral Admixtures
It is found from results that the design
strength is obtained at the age of 56 days
when mineral admixtures are added in the
place of fly ash. It can be seen from Fig.1 to
Fig.1. % of (Flyash+GGBS+Silicafume)vs.
9 that with condensed silica fume of 10%
compressive strength with 0% steel fibre
and GGBS at the rate of 40% replacing fly
ash the specimens have given optimum
compressive strength agreeing with the
design strength. Hence it can be stated that
the loss of strength due to ambient curing
can be compensated with the presence of
mineral admixtures. The same pattern is
observed in case of split tensile strength and
flexural strength with condensed silica fume
10% and GGBS at the rate of 40% replacing
flyash.
Fig.2. % of (Flyash+GGBS+Silicafume)vs
4.4 Influence of Steel Fibres
compressive strength with0.5% steel fibre
It can be seen from table that the presence
of steel fibres has contributed towards
increase of 15% to 20% in compressive
strength. The increases in tensile and
flexural strengths are higher due to presence
of steel fibres. The strengths are increasing
as the percentage of fibre is increased. Hence
it can be stated that triple blended fibrous
geopolymer can be produced to have all
round properties. So that it is better suited Fig.3. % of (Flyash+GGBS+Silicafume)vs.
for various structural applications. compressive strength with1.0% steel fibre
4.5 Over All Remarks
In the present investigation the molarity of
a chemical solution i.e., NaoH is kept
constant i.e., 8M. If higher grade geopolymer
concrete is requited than the molarity may
be increased to 12M or 16M.
Fig.4. % of (Flyash+GGBS+Silicafume)vs. flexural strength with0% steel fibre
split tensile strength with0% steel fibre
Fig.5. % of (Flyash+GGBS+Silicafume)vs. flexural strength with0.5% steel fibre
split tensile strength with0.5% steel fibre
split tensile strength with1.0% steel fibre Fig.9. % of (Flyash+GGBS+Silicafume)vs.
flexural strength with1.0% steel fibre
5.CONCLUSIONS: 7. Though the initial cost of GPC is high

Based on the experimented investigation, because of chemicals, there is saving
the following conclusions are drawn. in water curing. GPC is more
impervious, chemical resistant and
1. By varying the relative properties of crack free. As such , geo polymer
NaoH, of molarity 8 GPC (40) can be concrete works out to be economical.
obtained with binder to chemical
solution ratio of 0.21. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:
2. To maintain workability of GPC the The authors thank the authorities of

required percentage of super Methodist College of Engineering and
plasticizer may be added to the mix. Technology, and Mahatma Gandhi institute
In the case fibrous GPC, without of technology for the encouragement and the
superplasticizer the workability will be facilities provided for conducting the
very low. present research investigation.
3. By curing at ambient temperature over REFERENCES:

28 days the required design strength 1. Davidovits J, Comrie DC, Paterson
can be obtained. Extended curing JH, Ritcey DJ(1990) “Geopolymer
periods give increased strength. concretes for environmental
4. The replacement of fly ash by GGBS protection”- Concrete International :
and Silica fume in various percentages Design and construction, No
yields higher compressive strength. 7,12(1990)30-40
With 40% GGBS and 10% silica 2. Ferria JG, Branco FA (2011). “GRC
fumereplacement, the56 days mechanical properties for structural
compressive strength is increased by applications.”Institute Superior
nearly 30 percentage. Technical, A.V. Rovisco Pias, 1049-001
5. The presence of steel fibre in GPC mix Lisbon , Portugal
has contributed to increased split 3. D.Hardjito and B.V.Rangan (2005)
tensile strength. With a maximum “Development and properties of low-
percentage of 1.0 percentage steel fibre, calcium fly-ash based Geo polymer
the basic split tensile strength of GPC concrete”- Research Report GC 1,
has increased by more than 50 Curtin University of Technology, Perth,
percentage. Australia.
6. The presence of steel fibre in GPC mix 4. Hardjito, D.S.Wallah, M. Sumajouw,
has contributed to increased flexural and V.B.Rangan. 2005. “Fly ash based
strength. With a maximum percentage geopolymer concrete.”Australian
of 1.0 percentage steel fibre, the basic Journal of Structural Engineering
flexural strength of GPC has increased 6(1):77-85
by more than 20 percentage.
5. Lloyd, N.A., Rangan, B.V., “Durability reinforced Geo polymer Concrete

of Geopolymer Concrete Box Culverts- composites, “Asian J.Civil Egg(Build
A Green Alternative”, Proceedings of House) 13(4):511-520
the 34th Conference on our world in 9. K.Vijai, R.Kumutha and
concrete structures, Singapore. B.G.Vidhnuram(2012), “Properties of
6. Palomo, A., M. W.Grutzeck, M.T. glass fibre reinforced Geopolymer
Blanco (1999). “Alkali-Activated Fly Concrete composites”, Asian journal of
Ashes, A Cement for the civil engineering(Building and
future.”Cement and Concrete Research housing), Vol 13, no 4 , pages 511-520
29(8):1323-1329 10. K.Vijai, R.Kumutha and B.G Vishnu
7. B.V.Rangan (2008) “Fly ash -Based ram(2012), “Investigation on
Geopolymer concrete”- Research properties of glass fibre reinforced fly
Report GC4 Curtin University of ash based Geopolymer concrete”,
Technology, Perth, Australia. International Journal of earth science
8. K.Vijai, R.Kumutha R., Vishnuram BG and engineering Vol 5, no 4, pp 817-
(2012. “Properties of glass fibre 824
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE STUDIES OF MIXED FIBRE

REINFORCED CONCRETE (MFRC)
Urooj Masood1 and B.L.P. Swami2
Abstract
This experimental investigation was carried out to study the chemical resistance
characteristics of MFRC by judiciously combining the two types of fibers of glass
and steel to make a concrete called Mixed Fiber Reinforced Concrete through
which the advantages of these both fibers can be achieved for an efficient concrete
to study the durability and permeability criteria to acids and salt resistance with
different proportions of mixed percentages of 0-100, 25-75, 50-50, 75-25 and
100-0, alkaline resistant glass fibers and steel fibers in total fiber content
percentages of 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.5. Comparison of texture, denseness of the
exposed and unexposed specimens are done by studying the properties like pH,
conductivity and weight loss at 30 days, 60 days, 90 days, 120 days and 180
days. The pH of the acids and salt is seen to increase and the conductivity values
were found to be decreasing for acids and increasing for Na‚ SO„ when compared
to fresh solutions. The specimens were tested for compressive strength after 180
days exposure. The specimens with 75 % glass fibers and 25% steel fibers in all
the total percentages of fiber with 1.0 % as optimum showed lesser deterioration
of surface texture. Strength was reduced for all the specimens in different
solutions. Brittle failure is reduced with increasing total percentages of fibers
compared to control specimens. Fiber reinforcement is holding together the
crushed specimens. The MFRC specimens with a total fiber percent of 1.5 are
found to have highest resistance to penetrability of chloride ions. With 100 percent
glass fiber in the total fiber percent of 1.5, the permeability of the specimens is
found to be negligible and is 05 coulombs. There is a decrease in penetrability
by 99.91 percent when compared to the base reference specimens.Thus MFRC
contributes to chemical resistance in terms of durability and better permeability
as a whole with glass fibers as a major binding reinforcement and steel fibers
providing more strength but lesser when compared to unexposed specimens.
Keywords: Concrete. Mixed Fibers. Acids. SaltspH. Conductivity. Strength.FRC,
Durability. Permeability.
INTRODUCTION less encouraging with problems of

The studies on durability of plain and permeability, alkaline and acidic exposure
reinforced concrete structures carried out by resulting in corrosion and deterioration of
various researchers indicated a satisfactory the structures. This and the last century has
performance of the structures during its life seen a vast progress in the development of
period. But when faced with different new cementitous materials like silicafume,
environmental exposures the results were ground granulated blast furnace slag being
blended with cement or in concrete that
1
Prof. in Civil Engg., Deccan College of Engineering, Hyderabad, uroojmasood@gmail.com;
2
Prof. in Civil Engg., Methodist College of Engineering, Hyderabad. blpswami@yahoo.com
helps in reducing the problems of durability. Grade from Ultra Tech conforming to I.S:
Over the years (1, 2, 3) discussed the 12269 [21] is used.
problems and the methods on mechanism Fine Aggregate: River sand locally available
of durability. Damage evaluation methods is used as fine aggregate conforming to I.S:
and effects on mortars and concrete exposed 2386 and I.S: 383 [18, 15].
to different percentages of different acids
were conducted (4, 5). The effect of pH and Coarse Aggregate : Machine crushed well
salt in 3 % solution of Na‚ SO„ was graded angular granite aggregate of nominal
evaluated on time period and conductivity size from local source is used.
(6). Different fibers were researched and Water : Potable water locally available is
introduced leading to the development of used for mixing and curing the concrete.
fiber reinforced concrete (7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
Glass Fiber and Steel Fiber : Fibers of alkali
12).Noaman and Shah [23] studied the bond
resistant glass with an aspect ratio of 857:1
properties of randomly oriented and aligned
and steel fiber with an aspect ratio of 55 are
steel fibers using steel fiber and concluded
used conforming to ASTM C 1666M [14] and
the fibers have good bonding characteristics
ASTM A 820M [13]. The details are given
and hence improvement in the properties
in table 1.
of concrete.Majumdar [22] carried out
investigations to study the influence of glass Concrete Mix Details : The details of the
fiber reinforcement in cement mortar and M25 Concrete mix used are given in table 2
concluded that the glass fiber enhances is arrived at as per I.S: 10262 [16, 20].
properties of cement mortar. The aim of this Preparation and Testing of the Test
work were to study the effect of acids and Specimens for Acid Resistance Test.
salts using mixed fibers in varying
Mixing and casting
percentages in different total fiber mixes by
volume in solutions of 5 % H‚ SO„ , HCl and The dry aggregates were mixed first in the
Na‚ SO„ on the immersed specimens of mixer. Then one third water is sprinkled on
mixed fiber reinforced concrete. Weight, the concrete and fibers are sprinkled and
strength, pH and conductivity changes then the remaining water is sprinkled. The
against period of exposure were mixed mix is taken out and the specimens
observed.The study also includes the were casted in moulds. Table vibration is
introduction of glass fiber into concrete at given and the mould surfaces are smooth
various percentages, combining glass fiber finished. The different total fiber
with steel fibers to enhance permeability percentages of 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.5 with
properties. five varying percentages of mix fiber
proportions in each total fiber percentage
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
were used to cast 160 numbers of
The following materials are used for the specimens.
casting of specimens.
Acid and Salt solution
Cement : Ordinary Portland cement of 53
Table 1 : Properties of Fibers (Glass and Steel)
Fiber Type Density Elastic Tensile Dia. Length No. of

kg/m3 modulus strength mm fiber
GPA MPA
AR-Glass Cem- FIL 2600 73 1700 14 12 212
ARC 14 micron million /kg
306 HD
Steel Steel 7850 210 250 1mm 55 Mono
wire filament
Table 2 : Materials Required for 1 Cubic Meter of Concrete
Grade Cement (kg) Fine Coarse Water

aggregate (kg) aggregate (kg) cement ratio
M25 425 682 1277.76 0.5
Sulphuric acid solution is made with 5 % weight losses at various periods of exposures
acid in deionised water and about. 98 % LR, were recorded and at 180 days the
having specific gravity of 1.835 and specimens were tested to compression for
molecular weight of 98.07. The molarity is strength. Percentages of weight loss or gain
0.52 M. Hydrochloric acid solution is made with a total percentage of 0.5 are shown in
with 5 % acid in deionised water and purity tables 3, 4 and 5 for different solutions. Fig.1
of 35-38 % LR, having specific gravity of 1.18 shows percentage weight loss with 1.5
and molecular weight of 36.46. The molarity percent total fiber in 5% H2So4 solution.
is 1.37 M. Sodium sulphate solution is made Similarly fig. 2 is with 1.5 percent total fiber
with 5 % crystals in deionised water having in 5% HCl solution. Fig. 3 shows the weight
anhydrous purity of 99 % LR and molecular gained in 5 percent Na2So4 solution with 1.5
weight of 142.04. The molarity is 0.36 M percent total fiber. Tables 6, 7 and 8 give
(50 gm + 975 ml to make 1000 ml solution) strength losses in different solutions (17).
Period of exposure Tables 9 and 10 give comparison of pH
values and conductivity.
The observations were recorded at exposed
periods of the specimens in the solutions at Preparation and Testing of the Test
30 days, 60 days, 90 days, 120 days, 150 Specimens for Rapid Chloride Permeability
days and 180 days. Test.
Testing Procedure The concrete mix with various percentages

of mixed fiber with and without microsilica
At the curing age of 28 days the specimens was cast in cylindrical moulds of size 50
were weighed and immersed in the made mm diameter x 200 mm height for each
solutions of 5 percent acids and salt. The varying proportion of replacement of glass
fiber by 0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 % in percentage of 100 percent to zero percent

the mixed proportions were casted with 0 in the mixed fiber in the total fiber
%, 0.50 %, 1.00 % and 1.50 % of total fiber percentage exposed to the solution of 5
for testing at the age of 28 days. percent sulphuric acid exhibited decreased
Demoulding of the specimens was done after weight loss. The weight loss was observed
24 hours and specimens were kept to be minimum in the specimens having 100
immersed in a curing tank for curing. After percent steel fiber. The same trend was
curing the specimens in water, the observed in the specimens with different
specimens of MFRC are removed at the age total fiber percentages of 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and
of 28 days and were tested as per ASTM C 1.5.
1202 (12) for evaluating the electrical The maximum percentage loss was observed
conductance of concrete samples to chloride in the specimens with 1.5 percentage total
ion penetration. The results are shown in fiber exposed to the sulphuric acid with
tables 11, 12 and figure 4. increasing period of exposure from 30 days
Preparation of the Salt Solutions to 180 days. The same trend was observed
in all the specimens in the total fiber
Sodium Chloride solution is made with 3 percentages of 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.5 as
% by mass in distilled water, abt. 99.5 % LR shown in table 3 and fig. 1.
and molecular weight 58.44. The molarity
is 0.51 M. Sodium Hydroxide solution is The control specimens without any fiber
made with 0.3 M in distilled water, purity immersed in the solution of 5 percent
97 % LR and molecular weight 40. Hydrochloric acid was found to have more
weight loss compared to specimens with
Sealant fiber. With decreasing percentage of glass
Ana bond and Fixit Silicone sealant are used fiber in the mixed fiber proportion in a total
for sealing the specimens in the cells. fiber percentage, the weight loss was
observed to increase and is maximum in the
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
specimens with 100 percent steel fiber. The
Effect on Specimens exposed to Acids same trend was observed in the other
Weight effect specimens in all the other total fiber
percentages 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.5 as shown
The control specimens without any fibers
in table 4 and fig. 2.
immersed in the solution of 5 percent
sulphuric acid was found to have less weight The percentage weight gain observed in the
loss than the specimens immersed in the control specimens immersed in the 5
same solution with 100 percent glass fiber percent sodium sulphate solution was
in a total fiber percentage. The same trend observed to be minimum when compared
was observed with different total fiber with all the other mixed fiber proportion in
percentages of 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.5. a total fiber percentage. The maximum
weight gain was observed to be in 100
The specimens with decreasing glass fiber
percent glass fiber proportion. With
Table 3. Percentage weight loss in the specimens with 0.5 total fiber percentage
exposed to 5 percent H2SO4 solution.
S.No. Mixed % weight % weight % weight % weight % weight % weight

fiber (%) loss at loss at loss at loss at loss at loss at
G.F S.F 30 days 60 days 90 days 120 days 150 days 180 days
1 0 0 4.78 5.88 7.11 8.1 8.8 9.19
2 100 0 5.09 6.52 7.56 8.67 9.94 10.88
3 75 25 3.61 4.15 5.14 5.92 6.98 7.14
4 50 50 3.38 3.75 4.2 4.94 5.67 6.25
5 25 75 2.56 3.43 3.99 4.37 5.05 5.49
6 0 100 2.35 2.72 3.21 3.54 4.17 4.89
Table 4. Percentage weight loss in the specimens with 0.5 total fiber percentage
exposed to 5 percent HCl solution.

1 0 0 1.7 3.04 4.06 5.7 7.18 7.72
2 100 0 1.26 2.32 3.18 3.78 5.06 5.94
3 75 25 1.36 2.38 3.38 4.08 5.4 6.28
4 50 50 1.44 2.58 3.54 4.38 5.72 6.58
5 25 75 1.58 2.8 3.74 4.72 5.92 6.84
6 0 100 1.66 2.98 3.96 5.42 6.52 7.18
Table 5. Percentage weight gain in the specimens with 0.5 total fiber percentage
exposed to 5 percent Na2SO4 solution.

1 0 0 0.24 0.27 0.34 0.42 0.46 0.53
2 100 0 0.46 0.52 0.62 0.67 0.75 0.82
3 75 25 0.38 0.48 0.59 0.62 0.7 0.75
4 50 50 0.32 0.4 0.52 0.57 0.63 0.7
5 25 75 0.28 0.34 0.43 0.52 0.58 0.66
6 0 100 0.26 0.29 0.38 0.44 0.5 0.57
decreasing glass fiber percentage the weight happened due to dissolving of steel fibers
gain was observed to be decreasing. With or iron oxide.
increasing exposed periods the specimens There was no deterioration of the surface of
exhibited increased weight gain. It was the specimens exposed to 5 percent sodium
observed that wit increase total percentages sulphate solution. The salt crystals deposits
of fiber the weight gain was decreasing. The were observed on the surface.
same trend was observed for all total fiber
percentages as shown in table 5 and fig. 3. Strength effect
Surface effect Compared to unexposed strength, the

specimens exposed to solution of sulphuric
Lesser texture deterioration in 75 % glass acid showed decreased strength at all the
fiber and 25 % steel fiber were observed total fiber percentages in the mixed
compared to other mix proportions in the proportion in a total fiber percentage. The
same total fiber percentages. The control specimens showed lesser strength
optimization in terms of surface compared to all the specimens with fibers.
deterioration with fibers is seen at 1.0 % The maximum strength was observed in
total fiber percentage. The surface color of specimens with 100 percent steel fiber. With
the specimens changed to whitish. The increase in total fiber percentages the
overall deterioration of the specimens in the strength was observed to be increasing with
H2So4 solution is more and denseness is less maximum at 1.5 percent total fiber as shown
compared to the specimens exposed to in table 6. In a total fiber percentage the
hydrochloric acid and sodium sulphate strength was found to be increasing as the
solutions. glass fiber percentage was decreasing and
The surface deterioration of the specimens the same trend is observed in all the total
immersed in 5 percent Hydrochloric acid fiber percentages.
solution is very much less compared to the The specimens exposed to Hydrochloric
specimens exposed in sulphuric acid acid solution are observed to have decreased
solution. Brittleness of the surface is more strength when compared to unexposed
compared to sodium sulphate solution specimens. Maximum strength was
exposed specimens. The increasing color observed in specimens with 100 percent
change to red is observed with black patches steel fiber. With decreasing glass fiber
with increasing exposed period and percentage in a total fiber percentage, the
denseness is reduced but is better than strength was found to be increasing. The
sulphuric acid exposed specimens. Lesser control specimens are observed to have
texture deterioration in 75 % glass fiber and lesser strength when compared to
25 % steel fiber were observed compared to specimens with fibers. The same trend was
other mix proportions in the same and other observed in all the total fiber percentages.
total fiber percentages. The glass fibers were The strength loss was observed to be
less affected than steel fibers and the increasing with maximum at 1.5 percent as
discoloration of the specimens to red is shown in table 7.
The strength of the specimens exposed to percentage the strength in the exposed
solution of 5 percent sodium sulphate was specimens was found to be increasing as
found to be higher when compared with shown in table 8. The minimum strength
unexposed specimens. The control was observed in the exposed specimens
specimens without any fibers and the with 100 percent glass fiber. The maximum
specimens with fibers are observed to have strength in the exposed specimens was
more strength when compared to unexposed observed with 100 percent steel fibers.
specimens. With decreasing glass fiber Increase in strength was observed with
increasing total fiber percentages in the showed increase in alkalinity upto 180 days,
specimens exposed to sodium sulphate with increase in both pH and conductivity
solution. indicating strength gain. The acidic nature
pH and conductivity effect of the acid solutions was observed to be
decreasing with increasing period of
With increasing period of exposure of the exposure of the specimens. The higher pH
specimens, the pH value of the sulphuric values of the acids showed decrease in
acid solution was increasing compared to strength compared to unexposed specimens,
fresh solution without the exposed indicating a lesser acidic solution. The
specimens. The conductivity of the solution conductivity suggests that the ions absorbed
decreases and was minimum at 180 days by the specimens relates to decreasing level
exposed age. With increase in period of of acidity of the solutions. High conductivity
exposure of the specimens, the pH value of value gives less strength change. Hence
the hydrochloric acid solution was concentration of acids and their molarity
increasing compared to fresh solution and normality are related with weight loss
without the exposed specimens. The and strength change.
conductivity of the solution decreases and
was minimum at 180 days exposed age. The Results and Discussions on Permeability
pH and conductivity of the solution of Properties of MFRC
sodium sulphate with the exposed In base reference specimens (control), the
specimens was observed to be increasing at chloride permeability is found to be
different exposed periodsupto 180 days. The maximum. The permeability in the control
tables 9 and 10 show the results ofpH and specimens is found to be high and it is 5411
Conductivity. The solution of Na 2 So 4 coulombs. The specimens with fibers are
observed to have more resistance to chloride percentage of glass fiber. The minimum
permeability when compared to control permeability is found in specimens with 100
specimens. With increase in total fiber percent glass fiber.
percentages upto 1.5, the chloride The MFRC specimens with a total fiber
permeability of the MFRC specimens is percent of 1.5 are found to have highest
found to decrease. The MFRC specimens resistance to penetrability of chloride ions.
with a total fiber percent of 1.5 have shown In the same 1.5 percent total fiber and 100
higher resistance to chloride penetrability percent steel fiber, the chloride penetrability
when compared to the MFRC specimens is found to be very low and is 106 coulombs.
with other different total fiber percentages. There is a decrease in penetrability by 98.04
In the various percentages of mixed fibers percent when compared to the base
in different total fiber percentages of 0.5, reference specimens (control). With 100
0.75, 1.0 and 1.5, the specimens with 100 percent glass fiber in the total fiber percent
percent steel fibers are found to have more of 1.5, the permeability of the specimens is
permeability. The chloride penetrability is found to be negligible and is 05 coulombs.
observed to be decreasing with increase in There is a decrease in penetrability by 99.91
percent when compared to the base the penetrability is found to be negligible

reference specimens. In the same total fiber and is 48 coulombs. There is a decrease in
percent of 1.5 and with mixed fibers of 25 penetrability by 99.11 percent when
percent glass fiber and 75 percent steel fiber, compared to the base reference specimens.
Figure 4. Comparison of Average charge Passed in Coulombs of MFRC Specimens with

Various Percentages of Mixed Fibers in Varying Total Fiber Percentages.
CONCLUSIONS have recorded better crushing strength

The following conclusions are drawn based compared to exposed control
on the experimental studies. specimens.
1) The resistance of the control 7) The resistance of the control

specimens without any fiber to specimens without any fibers to
sulphuric acid is higher when hydrochloric acid is lesser when
compared with 100 percent glass fiber compared with all the fiber reinforced
reinforced specimens and the weight exposed specimens. The weight loss
loss is more than two times to that of is maximum in the control specimens
the specimens with 100 percent steel at the age of 180 days exposure.
fiber. 8) The resistance of the specimens to HCl
2) The resistance of the specimens to acid with 100 percent glass fiber is
sulphuric acid with 100 percent steel maximum when compared to
fiber is maximum when compared to specimens with other varying fiber
specimens without fiber and with proportions. In the mixed fiber
other fiber proportions. specimens, the proportion of 75
percent glass fiber and 25 percent steel
3) In the mixed fiber specimens, the fiber exhibited higher resistance to HCl
proportion of 25 percent glass fiber and acid. The fiber reinforced specimens
75 percent steel fiber exhibited higher exposed to HCl acid exhibited more
resistance to sulphuric acid. resistance when compared to control
4) The mixed fiber reinforced specimens specimens without any fiber in terms
and the specimens with 100 percent of weight loss.
steel fiber when compared with 9) With increasing total fiber percentage,
control specimens exhibited more the resistance of the exposed
resistance to the sulphuric acid and specimens to HCL is increasing upto
this is true at all ages. 1.5 percent and this is true at all ages.
5) The specimens in 75 % glass fiber and 10) The mixed fiber and the 100 percent
25 percent steel fiber in1 % total fiber steel fiber reinforced exposed
percentage exhibited maximum specimens to HCl acid exhibited
resistance to sulphuric acid and this higher strength compared to exposed
is the optimisation. control specimens at all ages.
6) Compared to the unexposed 11) The resistance of the control
specimens to the sulphuric acid, the specimens without any fiber exposed
exposed specimens with fibers have to sodium sulphatesolution is lesser
lower strength at all ages. The exposed when compared with fiber reinforced
specimens with mixed fibers including specimens. The weight gain is less
specimens with 100 percent steel fiber when compared to specimens with
fiber. 16) The increases in values of pH and

12) The 100 percent steel fiber reinforced conductivity of sodium sulphate
specimen exposed to sodium sulphate solution have resulted in increased
is more resistant when compared to strength at all ages of exposure when
100 percent glass fiber reinforced compared to sulphuric acid and
specimens and the specimens with hydrochloric acid exposed specimens.
other mixed proportion. The weight The higher alkalinity of the solutions
gain of all the specimens is taking place gives higher strength to the fiber
and it is maximum in 1.5 percent at reinforced specimens.
the age of 180 days. 17) The crushed specimens showed better
13) The unexposed specimens with and bonding due to the presence of fiber
without fiber exhibited less strength after exposure.
compared to exposed specimens with Permeability Properties of MFRC
and without fiber. The strength of 100 The following conclusions are drawn.
percent steel fiber specimen is
maximum when exposed to sodium 18) With increase in total fiber percentages
sulphate solution. the penetrability of the MFRC
specimens was found to decrease.
14) With increasing period of exposure of
the specimens with and without fibers 19) The maximum resistance to charge
in acids, the pH of the sulphuric acid coulombs passing was observed in
is increasing and the conductivity specimens with total fiber percent of
values are decreasing compared to 1.5.
fresh acid indicating decreasing acidic 20) The specimens with 100% glass fiber
nature of the acid with age. The higher showed more resistance to
acidic nature has given higher penetrability of chloride ions.
deterioration, more weight loss and REFERENCES
less strength for the sulphuric acid
1. Adam Neville March 2001,
exposed specimens.
Consideration of durability of concrete
15) The specimens exposed to structures: Past, Present and Future,
hydrochloric acid exhibited lesser Materials and Structures/Materiaux ET
weight loss compared to other acids Constructions, Vol. 34, pp 114-118.
and higher strength due to the 2. O. Valenta 1970, From the 2nd RILEM
increasing values of pH and the Symposium Durability of concrete-In
decreasing value of the conductivity. Prague, Materiaux et Constructions
The low acidic nature has given less Vol. 3-17, pp 333-345
weight loss and more strength to the 3. Miguel Angel Bermudez Odriozola,
exposed specimens to HCl acid. PilarAlaejos Gutierrez, 2008,
Comparative study of different test
methods for reinforced concrete 13. ASTM A 820M-06, ‘Specification for

durability assessment in marine Steel Fibers for Fiber Reinforced
environment, Materials and Concrete’. ASTM International.
Structures, 41: 527-541. 14. ASTM C 1666M-08, ‘Standard
4. Marcos Lanzon.P.A.Garcia-Ruiz 2010 Specification for Alkali Resistant (AR)
Deterioration and damage evaluation Glass Fiber for GFRC and Fiber
of rendering mortars exposed to Reinforced Concrete and Cement’.
sulphuric acid, Materials and ASTM International.
Structures 43:417-427 15. I.S. 383-1970, ‘Specification for course
5. Pengfei Huang, YiwangBao, Yan Yao, and fine aggregate from natural sources
2005 Influence of HCl corrosion on the for concrete’. BIS.
mechanical properties of concrete 16. I.S. 456-2000, ‘Code of practice of plain
Cement and Concrete Research 35: and reinforced concrete’. BIS.
584-589
17. IS: 516-1959, Methods of Tests for
6. Jeewoong Kim, C. Vipulanandan, 2003 Strength of Concrete.
Effect of pH, Sulfate and Sodium on
the EDTA titration of calcium, Cement 18. I.S. 2386 (Part 1) 1963 ‘Methods of test
and Concrete Research 33: 621-627 for Aggregates for Concrete, Part 1
Particle Size and Shape’, BIS.
7. Fiber Concrete Materials, A report
prepared by RILEM technical 19. IS 5816, 1976. Method of Test for
committee 19 FRC, Vol 10-N 56- Splitting Tensile Strength of Concrete
MATERIAUX ET CONSTRUCTIONS, Cylinders. Bureau of Indian Standard,
pp 103 – 120 New Delhi, India.
8. ACI 544.1 R-96, (Reapproved 2009) 20. I.S. 10262-2009, ‘Recommended

‘Report on fiber reinforced concrete’. guidelines for concrete mix design’.
BIS.
9. ACI 544.2R-89, Measurement of
Properties of Fiber Reinforced 21. I.S. 12269-1987, ‘Specification for 53
Concrete. grade ordinary Portland cement’. BIS.
10. ACI 544.3 R-08, ‘Guide for specifying 22. Majumdar, A. J. ‘Fiber reinforced
proportioning and production of fiber cement and concrete composite’
reinforced concrete’. RILEM Symposium 1975. PP.279-313.
11. ACI 544.5R-10, Report on the Physical 23. Naaman A.E. and Shah S.P., ‘Bond
Properties and Durability of Fiber studies on oriented and aligned steel
Reinforced Concrete. fibers’, fiber reinforced cement and
concrete, RICEM Symposium 1975, PP.
12. ASTMC1202-09, ‘Standard test 171-178.
method for electrical indication of
concrete’s ability to resist chloride Ion
penetration.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON SISAL FIBER CONCRETE

WITH PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF GGBS
Ambati.Supraja 1, Kotapati Lakshmi Sravanthi2, Kopperi Prasanna Lakshmi3
Abstract
There is a steep increase in the usage of concrete these days due to an increase
in the construction of different structures. Concrete is fragile and its tensile
strength contributes to one tenths of its compressive strength. Manufacture of
cement from concrete releases huge contents of greenhouse gases. To reduce
this, use of other materials in combination with cement is encouraged to reduce
the harm to the environment and that keeps up the strength. One such material
is ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS).
Crack resistance of concrete can be increased with the use of fibers. It imparts
ductility to concrete, eliminates catastrophic nature of failure, increases energy
consumption capacity and toughness of the material. It also increases tensile
and flexural strength of concrete. Natural fibers are used to reduce the cost as
steel fibers are cost ineffective.
To increase the properties of concrete, we have used 30% GGBS as partial
replacement for cement and sisal fiber at different percentages by weight of
concrete as secondary reinforcement in this project. This study draws a
comparison of strength of fiber concrete with conventional concrete.
Key Words: Sisal Fiber, GGBS, Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength.
1. INTRODUCTION evolving. The demand for high strength,

Reinforced concrete can be used to produce crack, resistant and lighter concrete resulted
frames, columns, foundation, beams etc., in development of fiber reinforced concrete.
Reinforcement material used should have Fibers that are used are steel, nylon,
excellent bonding characteristic, high asbestos, glass, carbon, sisal, jute, coir,
tensile strength and good thermal polypropylene. The practice of adding
compatibility. Reinforcement requires that certain fibers to construction materials dates
there shall be smooth transmission of load back to ancient times when horse hair,
from the concrete to the interface between straws were used to strengthen bricks.
concrete and reinforcement material and 1.3 NECESSITY AND EFFECT OF FRC:
then on to reinforcement material. Thus the The use of concrete as a structural material
concrete and the material reinforced shall is limited to certain extent by deficiencies
have the same strain. like brittleness, poor tensile strength and
1.2 FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE: poor resistance to impact strength, fatigue,
The construction material is continuously low ductility and low durability. It is also
1
Asst. Prof. in Civil Engineering Department, BVRIT, Narsapur, Medak. 2 4th year student of Civil Engineering,
BVRIT, Narsapur, Medak. 3 4th year student of Civil Engineering, BVRIT, Narsapur, Medak .
very much limited to receive dynamic bleeding of water. Some types of fibers
stresses caused due to explosions. produce greater impact, abrasion and shatter
The brittleness is compensated in structural resistance in concrete. Generally fibers do
member by the introduction of not increase the flexural strength of
reinforcement (or) pre-stressing steel in the concrete, and so cannot replace moment
tensile zone. The main problem of low resisting or structural reinforcement.
tensile strength and the requirements of Indeed, some fibers actually reduce the
high strength still remain and it is to be strength of concrete.
improved by different types of reinforcing Under fatigue loads, concrete cracks easily,
materials. Further concrete is also deficient and cracks create easy access routes for
in ductility, resistance to fatigue and impact. deleterious agents leading to early
The importance of rendering requisite saturation, freeze-thaw damage, scaling,
quantities in concrete is increasing with its discoloration and sisal corrosion. The micro
varied and challenging applications in pre- and macro-fracturing processes described
cast and pre-fabricated experimental Study above can be favorably modified by adding
on Sisal Fiber Concrete with partial short, randomly distributed fibers of various
replacement of slag building elements. The suitable materials. Fibers suppress the
development in the requisite characteristics formation of cracks.
of concrete will solve the testing problems 2. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
of structural engineers by the addition of
fibers and admixtures. The role of fibers are Concrete is a composite material which
essentially to arrest any advancing cracks consists of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate
by applying punching forces at the rack tips, binded together with cement paste which
thus delaying their propagation across the hardens over time. The cement is a binding
matrix. The ultimate cracking strain of the material, it reacts chemically with water and
composite is thus increased to many times other materials and form hard matrix.
greater than that of un-reinforced matrix. 2.1. STUDY ON MATERIALS:
Admixtures like fly ash, silica fume,
2.1.1. CEMENT:
granulated blast furnace slag and meta-
kaolin can be used for such purposes. Ordinary Portland Cement of 53 Grade of
However addition of fibers and mineral brand name Ultra Tech Company, available
admixtures possess certain problems in the local market was used for the
regarding mixing, as fibers tends to form investigation. Care has been taken to see that
balls and workability tends to decrease the procurement was made from single
during mixing. batching in air tight containers to prevent it
from being effected by atmospheric
Fibers are usually used in concrete to control
conditions. The cement thus procured was
cracking due to both plastic shrinkage and
tested for physical requirements in
drying shrinkage. They also reduce the
accordance with IS: 169-1989 and for
permeability of concrete and thus reduce
chemical requirement in accordance IS: 2.1.3. COARSE AGGREGATE:

4032-1988. The aggregates which are greater than
Table 2.1: Properties Of Cement 4.75mm are termed as coarse aggregates.
Crushed aggregates of less than 20mm size
S.No Property Results
produced from local crushing plants were
1 Specific gravity 3.09 used. The aggregate exclusively passing
2 Normal consistency 30% through 20mm sieve size and retained on
3 Initial setting time 30min 12mm sieve is selected. The aggregates were
4 Final setting time 300min tested for their physical requirements such
as gradation, fineness modulus, specific
5 Finenesss 3.2%
gravity and bulk density in accordance with
6 Soundness 2mm
IS: 2386-1963.
2.1.2. FINE AGGREGATE:
Table2.3:Sieve Analysis Of Coarse
River sand locally available in the market Aggregates
was used in the investigation. The fine
S.no IS sieve size Cummulative
aggregate used in this project is locally
passing %
available sand conformed to grading zone
II as per IS 383-1970.Fine aggregates 1 20mm 98.7
generally consist of natural sand or crushed 2 12.5mm 93.9
stone with most particles passing through a 3 10mm 36.1
9.5mm sieve. The aggregate was tested for
4 4.75mm 1.9
its physical requirements such as gradation,
fineness modulus, specific gravity and bulk 5 Pan 1.6
density in accordance with IS: 2386- Specific gravity of coarse aggregates = 2.76
1963.The sand was surface dried before use. Bulk density = 1.410g/cc
Table 2.2: Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregates 2.1.4. SISAL FIBER:
S.No Is Sieve Size Cummulative Sisal fiber (Agave sisal fiberana) is an agave
Passing % that yields a stiff fiber traditionally used in
1 4.75mm 98.1 making twine rope and also dartboards. The
term may refer either to the plant or the fiber,
2 2.36mm 91.8
depending on context. It is sometimes
3 1.18mm 69
incorrectly referred to as sisal fiber hemp
4 600microns 44.6 because hemp was for centuries a major
5 300microns 11.3 source for fiber, so other fibers were
6 150microns 0.28 sometimes named after it.
7 Pan 0.05 The Sisal fiber plants consist of a rosette of
Specific gravity = 2.68,Bulk density = sword-shaped leaves about 1.5 to 2 meters
1.651g/cc tall. Young leaves may have a few minute
teeth along their margins, but lose them as

they mature. The sisal fiber plant has a 7–
10 year life-span and typically produces
200–250 commercially usable leaves. Each
leaf contains an average of around 1000
fibers.
2.1.4.1. SISAL FIBER EXTRACTION:
Fiber is extracted by a process known as
Decortication, where leaves are crushed and
beaten by a rotating wheel set with blunt
knives, so that only fibers remain. In India,
where production is typically on large
estates, the leaves are transported to a
central decortications plant where water is
used to wash away the waste parts of the
leaf. The fiber is then dried, brushed and
2.1.5.GROUND GRANULATED BLAST
baled for export. Superior quality sisal fiber
FURNACE SLAG (GGBS):
is found in East Africa. Proper drying is
important as fiber quality depends largely Ground granulated blast furnace slag
on moisture content. (GGBS) is obtained by quenching molten
iron slag (a by-product of iron and steel
2.1.4.2. SISAL FIBER TREATMENT:
making) from a blast furnace in water or
Sisal fiber is treated with NAOH solution of steam, to produce a glassy, granular product
0.1N to attain high performance in crack that is then dried and ground into a fine
resistance and durability in sisal fiber powder.
concrete. When the treated fibers were
It is a hydraulic binder, i.e. a cement, which
incorporated into an epoxy matrix,
has been known and used for 150 years. It
mechanical characterization of the
improves the quality and durability of
laminates revealed the importance of two
concrete, and its production is virtually
types of interface: one between fiber bundles
CO2-free. Yet its many advantages in
and the matrix and the other between the
producing sustainable, high-quality
ultimate cells. In general, fiber treatments
concrete remain underappreciated and
can significantly improve adhesion at the
underused. In an increasingly resource-
former interface and also lead to ingress of
constrained and environmentally conscious
the matrix resin into the fibers, obstructing
world, all that is about to change. Blast
pull-out of the cells. As a result, the
furnaces produce pig iron, together with a
dependence of laminate mechanical
slag by-product: a tightly controlled and
properties on treatment methods becomes
stable material with the same constituents,
complicated.
though in different proportions, to normal
cement. If the slag is vitrified by rapid different percentages of fibers used are
quenching as it comes from the blast 0.5%,1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%. The mix details
furnace, its cementitious qualities are of both conventional and sisal fiber concrete
preserved. Dried and ground to a fine for 1m3 volume are shown in the below
powder, GGBS can be used to make quality, tables.
sustainable concrete. To ensure its Mix proportion – grade of concrete M25.
activation, GGBS is most often used with
normal cement. It will typically replace 30 For conventional concrete: 1:1.71:2.73
- 70% of cement on an equal weight basis. For sisal fiber concrete with GGBS:
Table 2.4: Properties of GGBS 1:1.521:2.421
3.2. CASTING OF CONCRETE:
S.No. Chemical Mass
Constituents Percentage The cubes of 150mmx150mmx150mm size
are used as specimens to test the
1 CaO 42
compressive strength of concrete and prisms
2 SiO2 34 of 500mmx10mmx10mm size are used as
3 Al2O3 11 specimens to test the flexural strength of the
concrete. The materials are weighed
4 MgO 7
according to the mix proportions obtained.
Specific gravity=2.81,Finenessmodulus =
The concrete mix is prepared by pouring the
3.85%
cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate
3.MIX DETAILS OF CONCRETE according to the mix design into the rotary
machine and mixing it. Then the required
3.1. MIX DESIGN DETAILS:
amount of water is added to this mix and
The cement replacement by GGBS is 30% mixed thoroughly. The moulds in which the
and is constant throughout along with casting of concrete is to be done are cleaned
different percentages of fibers added by the and greased so that it can be demoulded
weight of cement in the concrete. The with an ease. Then the concrete is casted
Table 3.1: mix design details
S.No.Material Conventional Sisal fiber Concrete

(kg/m3) Concrete 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 2.5%
1 Cement 398.7 313.4 313.4 313.4 313.4 313.4
2 Fine aggregate 681.77 476.68 476.68 476.68 476.68 476.68
3 Coarse Aggregate 1088.451 758.74 758.74 758.74 758.74 758.74
4 Water 179.415 141.03 141.03 141.03 141.03 141.03
5 GGBS - 134.2 134.2 134.2 134.2 134.2
6 Fibres - 1.499 3.121 4.697 6.25 7.83
into these moulds in 3 layers by giving 25 4.TESTS CONDUCTED ON SPECIMENS

blows with the tamping rod of 16mm A number of tests are conducted on the
diameter in each layer. The surface of the concrete specimens to check its strength,
mould is smoothened and is demoulded design mix properties and other criteria in
after 24hrs when the concrete in it is the laboratory. The overall performance of
completely dried and hardened. It is placed any concrete is measured on the basis of
in curing tank until the day of testing. The strength and durability of hardened
testing can be done at the age of 3,7 and 28 concrete. Strength is the major governing
days. The results are recorded accordingly. attribute whereas durability is the measure
3.3. CURING OF CONCRETE: of performance.
The strength of the concrete is measured
Curing plays an important role on strength
from –
development and durability of concrete.
Curing takes place immediately after 1. Compressive strength on cubes.
concrete placing and finishing, and involves 2. Flexural strength for prisms.
maintenance of desired moisture and
4.1. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST:
temperature conditions, both at depth and
near the surface, for extended periods of The compressive strength test is conducted
time. Properly cured concrete has an for conventional concrete for 3 cubes each
adequate amount of moisture for continued on different curing periods. Then it is tested
hydration and development of strength, for different percentages of fiber in sisal fiber
volume stability, resistance to freezing and concrete along with 30% partial
thawing, and abrasion and scaling replacement of OPC by GGBS.
resistance. Curing is done before testing the The specimens with different percentages
specimen. The specimen must be placed in of sisal fiber along with 30% replacement
the curing tank immediately after of cement with GGBS by weight after 3, 7
demoulding. The temperature of the water and 28 days of curing are placed in
in the curing tank should be maintained at compression testing machine to determine
27 0C – 30 0C. The specimen should be the its compressive strength. The specimen
completely immersed in the curing tank to is tested in a compression testing machine
attain perfect curing and strengths. After of capacity 2000KN loading at a rate of
curing period the specimens are neatly 5.5KN/min.
wiped and dried before testing. Compressive strength of cube (Fc) = ultimate
load / cross section of cube
4.2. FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST: 5.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The flexural strength test is conducted for In this project work the observations were
conventional concrete for 3 cubes each on recorded for compressive and flexural
different curing periods. Then it is tested Strength by varying the different percentage
for different percentages of fiber in sisal fiber of sisal fiber with the constant percent of
concrete along with 30% partial GGBS.
replacement of OPC by GGBS. The flexural 5.1. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST:
strength is found to increase by the addition
of the fine grained particle and fibers due to Total number of cubes and prisms required
increase in bond strength as they form a for sisal fiber concrete with percentages of
rigid structure comparatively. If this 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% for 3, 7, and
addition of fibers increases more than the 28 days = 90 .Total number of cubes and
optimum value then the bond strength prisms required for conventional concrete
decreases. for 3, 7, and 28 days = 18.
The specimens after curing period are Cube size = 15x15x15 cm

cleaned to remove any sand or other 5.1.2. NUMBER OF SPECIEMNS
particles from the surface. The specimens REQUIRED:
are placed in the machine in contact with
Table 5.1: Number of specimens for
the rollers according to the specifications
Conventional Concrete
of IS 516:1959. The axis of the specimen is
aligned carefully with the axis of the loading S No Conven- No. of specimens Total
device and the load is applied uniformly on tional 3 days 7 days 28 days
the prism. The load at which the specimen 1 Cubes 3 3 3 9
fails is noted and its flexural strength is
2 Prisms 3 3 3 9
determined.
3 Total 6 6 6 18
Flexural strength of prism (Fb) = Pl/bd2
Table 5.2: Number of specimens required
Where, P = ultimate load ,l = effective span for sisal fiber Concrete
,b = breadth ,d = depth
S No. Sisal No. of specimens Total
fiber 3 days 7 days 28 days
Sisal 0.5%
1 Cubes 3 3 3 9
Prisms 3 3 3 9
Total 6 6 6 18
Sisal 1.0%
2 Cubes 3 3 3 9
prisms 3 3 3 9
Total 6 6 6 18
Sisal 1.5%
3 Cubes 3 3 3 9
Prisms 3 3 3 9
Total 6 6 6 18
Sisal 2.0%
4 Cubes 3 3 3 9
prisms 3 3 3 9 Fig. 5.1: compressive strength results of
Total 6 6 6 18 conventional concrete
Sisal 2.5% 5.1.4. RESULTS FOR SISAL FIBER
5 Cubes 3 3 3 9 CONCRETE WITH DIFFERENT
PERCENTAGES:
prisms 3 3 3 9
Total 6 6 6 18 Table 5.6: 3 day compressive test results of
sisal fiber concrete:
5.1.3.RESULTS FOR COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH OF CONVENTIONAL Trail Sisal Load Area Stress
CONCRETE: No. fiber % (kn) (mm2) (mpa)
1 0.5% 330 150x150 14.66
Table 5.3: 3 Day Compressive strength
2 1.0% 344 150x150 15.28
Results:
3 1.5% 401 150x150 17.82
Trail Load(kn) Area Stress 4 2.0% 339 150x150 15.07
No. Kn (mm2) (mpa) 5 2.5% 299 150x150 13.28
1 322 150x150 14.31
2 293 150x150 13.02
3 300 150x150 13.33
Results:
Trail Load(kn) Area Stress

No. Kn (mm2) (mpa)
Fig5.2:3day compressive test results of sisal
1 405 150x150 18.00
fiber concrete
2 436 150x150 19.37
3 442 150x150 19.64 Table 5.7: 7 day compressive test results of
sisal fiber concrete:
Results: Trail Sisal Load Area Stress
No. fiber % (kn) (mm2) (mpa)
Trail Load(kn) Area Stress 1 0.5% 419 150X150 18.62
No. Kn (mm2) (mpa) 2 1.0% 448 150X150 19.91
1 639 150x150 28.40 3 1.5% 537 150X150 23.87
2 679 150x150 30.17 4 2.0% 421 150X150 18.71
3 625 150x150 27.7 5 2.5% 398 150X150 17.68
of concrete since sisal reinforcing bars are

provided to resist all tensile forces. However,
tensile stresses are likely to develop in
concrete due to drying shrinkage, rusting of
sisal reinforcement, temperature gradients
and many other reasons. Therefore, the
knowledge of tensile strength of concrete is
of importance.
Prism size = 10x10x50 cm
Fig5.3: 7day compressive test results of sisal 5.2.1. RESULTS FOR FLEXURAL
fiber concrete STRENGTH OF CONVENTIONAL
Table 5.8: 28 day compressive test results CONCRETE:
of sisal fiber concrete: Table 5.9: 3 Day flexural strength Test
Trail Sisal Load Area Stress Results
No. fiber % (kn) (mm2) (mpa) Trail no Load Area Stress
1 0.5% 568 150x150 25.24 (kn) (mm2) (mpa)
2 1.0% 639 150x150 28.4 1 11 10x10x50 2.2
3 1.5% 806 150x150 35.82
2 12 10x10x50 2.4
4 2.0% 745 150x150 33.11
Table 5.10: 7 Day flexural strength Test
5 2.5% 685 150x150 30.44
Results
Trail no Load Area Stress

(kn) (mm2) (mpa)
1 14 10x10x50 2.8
2 15 10x10x50 3.0
Table 5.11: 28 Day flexural strength Test
Results
Trail no Load Area Stress

(kn) (mm2) (mpa)
Fig5.4: 28 day compressive test results of
sisal fiber concrete: 1 16 10x10x50 3.2
2 19 10x10x50 3.8
5.2. FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST:
3 18 10x10x50 3.6
Concrete as we know is relatively week in
tension and strong in compression. In
reinforced concrete members, little
dependence is placed on the tensile strength
Table 5.13: 7 Day flexure strength Results

of sisal fiber concrete
Trail Sisal Load Area flexural

No. fiber % (kn) (mm2) stress
(mpa)
1 0.5% 13 10x10x50 2.6
2 1.0% 13 10x10x50 2.6
3 1.5% 15 10x10x50 3.0
Fig 5.5: Flexural strength results of 4 2.0% 14 10x10x50 2.8
conventional concrete 5 2.5% 13 10x10x50 2.6
5.2.2. RESULTS OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH
WITH SISAL FIBER:
Table 5.12: 3 Day flexure strength Results
of sisal fiber concrete

(mpa)
1 0.5% 8 10x10x50 1.6 Fig 5.7: 7Day flexure strength Results of sisal
2 1.0% 12 10x10x50 2.4 fiber concrete
3 1.5% 13 10x10x50 2.6 Table 5.14: 28 Day flexure strength Results
4 2.0% 12 10x10x50 2.4 of sisal fiber concrete
5 2.5% 11 10x10x50 2.2
(mpa)
1 0.5% 12 10x10x50 2.4
2 1.0% 13 10x10x50 2.6
3 1.5% 16 10x10x50 3.2
4 2.0% 14 10x10x50 2.8
5 2.5% 12 10x10x50 2.4
Fig 5.6: 3Day flexure strength Results of sisal
fiber concrete
6. CONCLUSION
Below are the conclusions drawn based on
the experimental study conducted
1. When compared to conventional
concrete GGBS concrete gives more
strength.
2. The addition of fibers by weight of
Fig 5.8: 28 Day flexure strength Results of cementitious material ranged from
sisal fiber concrete 0.5% to 2.5%. Optimal percentage of
fiber at which the strength increment
5.3. COMPARISION OF SISAL FIBER AND
is significant is observed at 1.5%.
CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE:
5.3.1. COMPARISION OF FLEXURAL 3. The compressive strength of sisal fiber
STRENGTH: reinforced concrete increases up to
1.5% addition of fibers to the concrete
by weight of cementitious material and
there is notably decrease in the values
of strengths beyond.
4. There is an increase in the flexural
strength by up to 1.5% addition and
there is a decrease in the strength
Fig 5.9: comparison of conventional
beyond that.
concrete and sisal finer concrete at optimum
percentage of flexural strength 5. When compared with conventional
5.3.2. COMPARISION OF COMPRESSIVE concrete, flexural strength test results
STRENGTH: at 3,7& 28 days curing period with 30%
GGBS replacement along with 1.5%
addition of fibers increased by 1.94%,
2.98%, 29.8% respectively.
6. When compared with conventional
concrete, compression strength test
results at 3 days curing period with
30% GGBS replacement along with
1.5% addition of fibers increased by
33.21%, 25.75%, 25.04% respectively.
7. Workability of M25 grade concrete
increased with the addition of fibers
Fig6.11:comparison of conventional
concrete and sisal fiber concrete at optimum till 1.5% along with 30% partial
percentage of compressive strength replacement of cement by GGBS and
decreased when the fiber content is Composites, Edited by Haruhun G.

further increased. Karian, Mercel Dekker Inc, New York,
8. Therefore, it can be concluded that 1999.
mixture of concrete with cement 6. Frank, H.P., Sisal fiber, Gordon and
replacement by GGBS and fiber Breach Science Publishers, 1968.
addition improves crack resistance, 7. Thoedore, O.J. K., Sisal fiber, Reinhold
strength properties and is eco-friendly. Publishing Corporation, New
REFERENCES York,1960.
1. M.N Alias and R. Brown, FRC 8. Ahmed, M., Sisal fibers - Science and
Composites 48 (1992) p373-378. Technology, Society of Plastics
2. Daniel, J.I., Roller, J.J., and Engineers, Inc, New York, 1982.
Anderson.E.D., Fiber reinforced 9. Balaguru P., Slattum K., "Test methods
Concrete, Portland Cement for Durability of Sisalfiber in Concrete
Association, Chapter 5, pages 22- and UV Light Exposure", pp 115-136
26,1998. in Testing of Fiber Reinforced Concrete
3. Hannant, D.J., Fiber cements and fiber Edited by Stevens D.J., ACI SP-155,
concretes, John Wiley and Sons, ltd., American Concrete Institute,
New York, 1978, 213 pages. Detroit,1995.
4. Clive, M., Calafut, T., hybiscus mortar- 10. Fiber reinforced concrete by Professor
The definitive user's guide and data Kamran M. Nemati Spring Quarter
book, Plastics design library, PDL 2012
Handbook Series, 1998. 11. A.P.Singh, S.P.Singh, C.D.Modhera
5. William, J.K.James, H.H.Jefferey, S.Bhalla, B.Bhattacharjee, D.Shah,
A.M."SISAL FIBER: Structure, S.Bhalla, "Enhancing structural
Properties, Manufacturing Processes performance utilizing fibers",
and Applications" pp 15-33 in Proceedings of the international
Handbook of sisal fiber and sisal fiber UKIERI concrete congress new delhi
india 8-10 march 2011 page no.153-
176

All India Seminar On RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CONCRETE COMPOSITES (RDCC-2018)

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

All India Seminar On RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CONCRETE COMPOSITES (RDCC-2018)

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

The Institution of Engineers (India)

98 years of Relentless journey towards Engineering Advancement for Nation Building

All India Seminar on

Under the aegis of

The All India Seminar on “Recent Developments in Concrete Composites” is being

The implementation of the new technological developments in concrete composites is

A major objective of this programme is to create awareness of the current advances in

Secretary and Director General

CIVIL ENGINEERING DIVISION (CVDB)

Er H C S BERRFY, FIE Er ABHAI SINHA, FIE

Co-Chairman Dr P Suryanarayana, Director, HMWS & SB,

Org. Secretary: Dr G Rameshwar Rao, FIE, Hon. Secretary,

Convener: Dr G Shravan Kumar, FIE,

Er B Ananta Ramloo, FIE, Member, IEI, TSC

Chairman: Prof. K V L Subramaniam

Co-Chairmen: Prof. B L P Swamy, FIE

LIST OF STATE CENTRE COMMITTEE MEMBERS 2016-2018

MEMBERS ELECTED TO THE COUNCIL:

All India Seminar on

First Day, 24th August, 2018 (Friday)

Welcome Address Dr G RAMESHWAR RAO, FIE

Inauguration of the Seminar CHIEF GUEST

President’s Opening Dr S SATYANARAYANA, FIE

About the Seminar Dr. K V L SUBRAMANIAM

Address by Guest-of-Honour Er N VENKATESWARLU

Address by Chief Guest Dr B JANARDHAN REDDY, IAS

Vote of Thanks Dr G Shravan Kumar, FIE

1145 – 1200 hrs HIGH-TEA

1. “Pushing at the Frontiers – Innovations in Concrete”- Dr Manamohan

1330 – 1430 hrs LUNCH

1430 – 1600 HRS TECHNICAL SESSION II (Fibers Reinforcement)

Second Day – 25th August, 2018 (Saturday)

1. Er P Surya Prakash, FIE, Managing Director,

3. Er P Srinivasa Reddy, MIE

1530 hrs VALEDICTORY SESSION-

PUSHING AT THE FRONTIERS –

PREAMBLE important being able to pump the concrete

High Performance Concrete (HPC) characteristics that may not be

Using UHPC rather than High Strength

Pervious Concrete, also known as no-fines

Li is said to be working on his next project:

SELECTION OF CONCRETE FOR CONSTRUCTION

I. INTRODUCTION agricultural, etc., because of its versatility

*M.S. (Civil Engineering), IITM, India,

• Concrete Curing resistance and thermal conductivity of

1. Polymer fibre concrete: • Fibres improves the crack resistance

Snow world, Hyderabad

We (SVPCL) have used fibre reinforced

• Vacuum dewatering process basically

We (SVPCL) have used Precast concrete

IV. CONCLUSION • Swamy, R.N. Concrete Technology &

SEAMLESS FLOORS – ENHANCING PERFORMANCE

AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON FLEXURAL

1. INTRODUCTION cement was invented by a mansion Joseph

2. RECYCLED AGGREGATE Tensile Strength - 600 MPa

water cement ratio and concrete Effective depth = 0.23-0.03 = 0.20 m

=492.5kg/cu.m Ast= 461 mm2

Final cement content = 492.5 – 123 = So provide 2 number s of 16 mm dia

Proportion of volume of course Π (d)2 = Π(12)2

Volume of water = 0.197 m3 Volume W = 112 kN

(150) (200) fiber content, strength increased by 24%

Pt (Limit) = 1.91% In the present experimental procedure

Journal Proceedings Vo176, No.3 pp [2] Neville. A.M., “Properties of concrete”,